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m Edited Red River mudpuppy common name for consistency with references to this subspecies on other Necturus pages, and clarified that current genetic information places the Red River mudpuppy as a subspecies of N. maculosus.
 
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The [[family (biology)|family]] '''Proteidae''' is a group of aquatic salamanders found today in the [[Balkan Peninsula]] and North America. The range of the genus ''[[Necturus]]'' runs from southern central Canada, through the midwestern United States, east to [[North Carolina]] and south to Georgia and [[Mississippi]].<ref>[http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/mudpuppy.html Mudpuppies, Mudpuppy Pictures, Mudpuppy Facts]. Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-02.</ref> The range of the [[olm]], the only extant member of the genus ''Proteus'', is limited to the [[Western Balkans]]. The fossil record of the family extends into the end of the Late Cretaceous, with ''[[Paranecturus]]'' being known from the [[Maastrichtian]] of North America.
The [[family (biology)|family]] '''Proteidae''' is a group of aquatic [[Salamander|salamanders]] found today in the [[Balkan Peninsula]] and North America. The range of the genus ''[[Necturus]]'' (commonly known as waterdogs or mudpuppies) runs from southern central Canada, through the midwestern United States, east to [[North Carolina]] and south to Georgia and [[Mississippi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110211/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/mudpuppy.html Mudpuppies, Mudpuppy Pictures, Mudpuppy Facts]. Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-02.</ref> The range of the [[olm]], the only extant member of the genus ''Proteus'', is limited to the [[Western Balkans]]. The fossil record of the family extends into the end of the Late Cretaceous, with ''[[Paranecturus]]'' being known from the [[Maastrichtian]] of North America.


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
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**[[Western waterdog]] (''N. beyeri'')
**[[Western waterdog]] (''N. beyeri'')
**[[Necturus lewisi|Neuse River waterdog]] (''N. lewisi'')
**[[Necturus lewisi|Neuse River waterdog]] (''N. lewisi'')
⚫
**[[Red River waterdog]] (''N. louisianensis''), sometimes considered a subspecies of ''N. maculosus''
**[[Common mudpuppy]] (''N. maculosus'')
**[[Common mudpuppy]] (''N. maculosus'')
⚫
**[[Red River mudpuppy]] (''N. m. louisianensis''), sometimes considered a full species, ''N. louisianensis''
**[[Apalachicola waterdog]] (''N. moleri'')
**[[Apalachicola waterdog]] (''N. moleri'')
**[[Escambia waterdog]] (''N. mounti'')
**[[Escambia waterdog]] (''N. mounti'')
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**†''[[Proteus bavaricus|P. bavaricus]]'' (became extinct during the [[Pleistocene]])<ref name="rev">{{cite journal |author=Rocek, Z |year=1994 |title=A Review of the fossil Caudata of Europe |url=http://rocek.gli.cas.cz/Reprints/Magdeburg-1.pdf |journal=Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde |volume=17 |pages=51–56}}</ref>
**†''[[Proteus bavaricus|P. bavaricus]]'' (became extinct during the [[Pleistocene]])<ref name="rev">{{cite journal |author=Rocek, Z |year=1994 |title=A Review of the fossil Caudata of Europe |url=http://rocek.gli.cas.cz/Reprints/Magdeburg-1.pdf |journal=Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde |volume=17 |pages=51–56}}</ref>
* Genus †''[[Euronecturus]]''
* Genus †''[[Euronecturus]]''
** ''E. grogu'' (Mocene, Germany)
**†''E. grogu'' (Miocene, Germany)
* Genus †''[[Orthophyia]]''
* Genus †''[[Orthophyia]]''
**''[[Orthophyia longa|O. longa]]'' (Miocene species)<ref name="rev" />
**†''[[Orthophyia longa|O. longa]]'' (Miocene species)<ref name="rev" />
* Genus †''[[Paranecturus]]''
* Genus †''[[Paranecturus]]''
**''[[Paranecturus garbanii|P. garbanii]]'' (Miocene species)<ref name="rev"/>
**†''[[Paranecturus garbanii|P. garbanii]]'' (Miocene species)<ref name="rev"/>
* Genus †''[[Mioproteus]]''
* Genus †''[[Mioproteus]]''
**†''[[Mioproteus caucasicus]]'' (Middle Miocene)<ref name="rev"/>
**†''[[Mioproteus caucasicus]]'' (Middle Miocene)<ref name="rev"/>
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Members of the genus ''[[Necturus]]'', commonly called "mudpuppies" or "waterdogs", prefer shallow lakes and streams that have slow moving water and rocks to hide under, but have been found in up to 90 feet of water.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Reigle, R.J. Jr. |year=1967|title= The occurrence of Necturus in the deeper waters of Green Bay|journal= Herpetologica |volume=23|issue=3|pages=232–233|jstor=3890863}}</ref> Their name originates from the misconception that they make a dog-like barking sound.<ref name=EoR/> Diet consists of small fish and many [[invertebrates]], including [[crayfish]], [[snail]]s, and [[worm]]s. Mudpuppies mature at four to six years and can live to be more than twenty years old. [[Progenesis]] is common for mudpuppies, enabling them to reach sexual maturity in their [[larva]]l stage.
Members of the genus ''[[Necturus]]'', commonly called "mudpuppies" or "waterdogs", prefer shallow lakes and streams that have slow moving water and rocks to hide under, but have been found in up to 90 feet of water.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Reigle, R.J. Jr. |year=1967|title= The occurrence of Necturus in the deeper waters of Green Bay|journal= Herpetologica |volume=23|issue=3|pages=232–233|jstor=3890863}}</ref> Their name originates from the misconception that they make a dog-like barking sound.<ref name=EoR/> Diet consists of small fish and many [[invertebrates]], including [[crayfish]], [[snail]]s, and [[worm]]s. Mudpuppies mature at four to six years and can live to be more than twenty years old. [[Progenesis]] is common for mudpuppies, enabling them to reach sexual maturity in their [[larva]]l stage.


Even though they eat fish eggs, negative effects on fish populations have not been documented. Fishermen have been known to catch mudpuppies, sometimes in large numbers, but most often when ice fishing.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eycleshymer, A.C.|year= 1906|title=The habits of ''Necturus maculosus''|journal=The American Naturalist |volume=40|issue=470|pages=123–136|doi=10.1086/278597|doi-access=free}}</ref> Necturus salamanders also commonly feed on mollusks, worms, insects and small fish.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
Even though they eat fish eggs, negative effects on fish populations have not been documented. Fishermen have been known to catch mudpuppies, sometimes in large numbers, but most often when ice fishing.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eycleshymer, A.C.|year= 1906|title=The habits of ''Necturus maculosus''|journal=The American Naturalist |volume=40|issue=470|pages=123–136|doi=10.1086/278597|doi-access=free}}</ref> Necturus salamanders also commonly feed on mollusks, worms, insects and small fish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wayne |first=Josh |date=August 20, 2023 |title=Mudpuppy VS Axolotl {Unbiased Comparison in Detail} |url=https://fitaquarium.com/freshwater/mudpuppy-vs-axolotl/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=FitAquarium.com}}</ref>


To distinguish between a larval mudpuppy and other larval [[salamander]]s, note that larval mudpuppies have distinct longitudinal banding and four toes on their hind legs, the combination of which is not found in most larval salamanders within the same range.<ref>Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press {{ISBN|1588343081}}</ref> The main difference between a mudpuppy and a [[Sirenidae|siren]] is that, whereas mudpuppies have both front and hind legs, a siren will only have one pair of very small, atrophied front legs.
To distinguish between a larval mudpuppy and other larval [[salamander]]s, note that larval mudpuppies have distinct longitudinal banding and four toes on their hind legs, the combination of which is not found in most larval salamanders within the same range.<ref>Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press {{ISBN|1588343081}}</ref> The main difference between a mudpuppy and a [[Sirenidae|siren]] is that, whereas mudpuppies have both front and hind legs, a siren will only have one pair of very small, atrophied front legs.

Latest revision as of 19:38, 20 May 2024

"Proteid" redirects here. For the group of organic compounds, see Protein.

Proteidae
Temporal range: Maastrichtian–Recent
Necturus maculosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Suborder: Salamandroidea
Family: Proteidae
Gray, 1825
Genera

The family Proteidae is a group of aquatic salamanders found today in the Balkan Peninsula and North America. The range of the genus Necturus (commonly known as waterdogs or mudpuppies) runs from southern central Canada, through the midwestern United States, east to North Carolina and south to Georgia and Mississippi.[1] The range of the olm, the only extant member of the genus Proteus, is limited to the Western Balkans. The fossil record of the family extends into the end of the Late Cretaceous, with Paranecturus being known from the Maastrichtian of North America.

Taxonomy

[edit]

Proteidae, is divided into two extant genera, Necturus with five North American species, and Proteus with one extant European species, the olm. A number of extinct genera are known extending back to the end of the Late Cretaceous.

Family Proteidae

Life history

[edit]

In contrast to many salamanders, proteids never lose their gills during maturation from larvae. This aspect of their physiology is known as pedomorphosis. Despite having lungs, which appear to provide little use in respiration,[3] mudpuppies spend their entire lives underwater. The adult gills resemble fish gills in many ways, but differ from fish gills in that they are external and lack any form of operculum, or covering. The bright red exposed gills are often found closed against the body in cool, highly oxygenated water. In warmer, poorly oxygenated water, the gills expand to increase water circulation and provide greater surface area for oxygen intake. Necturus salamanders such as "mudpuppies" also absorb oxygen through their skin and by occasionally breathing air at the surface.[3]

Other distinguishing features of proteid salamanders, as compared with other salamanders, are the absence of eyelids and a lack of maxillary bones in the upper jaw. They show a degree of parental care, tending to the eggs after attaching them to submerged stones and logs. Proteid salamanders range in size from 28 centimetres (11 in) to 40 centimetres (16 in) in length.[4]

Members of the genus Necturus, commonly called "mudpuppies" or "waterdogs", prefer shallow lakes and streams that have slow moving water and rocks to hide under, but have been found in up to 90 feet of water.[5] Their name originates from the misconception that they make a dog-like barking sound.[4] Diet consists of small fish and many invertebrates, including crayfish, snails, and worms. Mudpuppies mature at four to six years and can live to be more than twenty years old. Progenesis is common for mudpuppies, enabling them to reach sexual maturity in their larval stage.

Even though they eat fish eggs, negative effects on fish populations have not been documented. Fishermen have been known to catch mudpuppies, sometimes in large numbers, but most often when ice fishing.[6] Necturus salamanders also commonly feed on mollusks, worms, insects and small fish.[7]

To distinguish between a larval mudpuppy and other larval salamanders, note that larval mudpuppies have distinct longitudinal banding and four toes on their hind legs, the combination of which is not found in most larval salamanders within the same range.[8] The main difference between a mudpuppy and a siren is that, whereas mudpuppies have both front and hind legs, a siren will only have one pair of very small, atrophied front legs.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mudpuppies, Mudpuppy Pictures, Mudpuppy Facts. Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-02.
  2. ^ a b c d e Rocek, Z (1994). "A Review of the fossil Caudata of Europe" (PDF). Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde. 17: 51–56.
  3. ^ a b Harris, J.P. Jr. (1959). "The natural history of Necturus: II". Field and Laboratory. 27 (2): 71–77.
  4. ^ a b Lanza, B.; Vanni, S. & Nistri, A. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  5. ^ Reigle, R.J. Jr. (1967). "The occurrence of Necturus in the deeper waters of Green Bay". Herpetologica. 23 (3): 232–233. JSTOR 3890863.
  6. ^ Eycleshymer, A.C. (1906). "The habits of Necturus maculosus". The American Naturalist. 40 (470): 123–136. doi:10.1086/278597.
  7. ^ Wayne, Josh (August 20, 2023). "Mudpuppy VS Axolotl {Unbiased Comparison in Detail}". FitAquarium.com. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  8. ^ Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press ISBN 1588343081
[edit]

Data related to Proteidae at Wikispecies Media related to Proteidae at Wikimedia Commons

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