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The '''German Emperor''' ({{lang-de|Deutscher [[Kaiser]]}}, {{IPA-de|ˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃɐ ˈkaɪ̯zɐ|pron|De-Deutscher Kaiser.ogg}}) was the official title of the [[head of state]] and [[hereditary rule]]r of the [[German Empire]]. A specifically chosen term, it was introduced with the 1 January 1871 constitution and lasted until the official [[abdication of Wilhelm II]] on 28 November 1918.<ref>[[s:Statement of Abdication|Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II]]</ref> The [[Holy Roman Emperor]] is sometimes also called "German Emperor" when the historical context is clear, as derived from the [[Holy Roman Empire]]'s official name of "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" from 1512.
The '''German Emperor''' ({{lang-de|Deutscher [[Kaiser]]}}, {{IPA-de|ˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃɐ ˈkaɪ̯zɐ|pron|De-Deutscher Kaiser.ogg}}) was the official title of the [[head of state]] and [[hereditary rule]]r of the [[German Empire]]. A specifically chosen term, it was introduced with the 1 January 1871 constitution and lasted until the official [[abdication of Wilhelm II]] on 9 November 1918.<ref>[[s:Statement of Abdication|Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II]]</ref> The [[Holy Roman Emperor]] is sometimes also called "German Emperor" when the historical context is clear, as derived from the [[Holy Roman Empire]]'s official name of "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" from 1512.


Following the [[German Revolution of 1918–19|revolution of 1918]], the head of state was the [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|president of the Reich]] ({{lang-de|Reichspräsident}}), beginning with [[Friedrich Ebert]].
Following the [[German Revolution of 1918–19|revolution of 1918]], the head of state was the [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|president of the Reich]] ({{lang-de|Reichspräsident}}), beginning with [[Friedrich Ebert]].

Revision as of 04:06, 1 August 2022

This article is about the emperors of the German Empire. For a full list of German monarchs before 1871, see List of German monarchs.

Emperor of Germany
Deutscher Kaiser
Imperial
Imperial coat of arms
Last and longest to reign
Wilhelm II
15 June 1888 – 9 November 1918
Details
StyleHis Imperial Majesty
First monarchWilhelm I
Last monarchWilhelm II
Formation1 January 1871
Abolition28 November 1918
ResidenceBerlin City Palace
AppointerHereditary
Pretender(s)Georg Friedrich

The German Emperor (German: Deutscher Kaiser, pronounced [ˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃɐ ˈkaɪ̯zɐ] ⓘ) was the official title of the head of state and hereditary ruler of the German Empire. A specifically chosen term, it was introduced with the 1 January 1871 constitution and lasted until the official abdication of Wilhelm II on 9 November 1918.[1] The Holy Roman Emperor is sometimes also called "German Emperor" when the historical context is clear, as derived from the Holy Roman Empire's official name of "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" from 1512.

Following the revolution of 1918, the head of state was the president of the Reich (German: Reichspräsident), beginning with Friedrich Ebert.

German Empire (1848–49)

In the wake of the revolutions of 1848 and during the German Empire (1848–49), King Frederick Wilhelm IV of Prussia was offered the title "Emperor of the Germans" (German: Kaiser der Deutschen) by the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849, but declined it as "not the Parliament's to give". Frederick Wilhelm believed that only the German princes had the right to make such an offer, in accordance with the traditions of the Holy Roman Empire.

Creation

Further information: Kaiserbrief and Proclamation of the German Empire
Wilhelm I is proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles, France (painting by Anton von Werner)

The title was carefully chosen by Otto von Bismarck, Minister President of Prussia and Chancellor of the North German Confederation, after discussion which continued until the proclamation of King Wilhelm I of Prussia as emperor at the Palace of Versailles during the Siege of Paris. Wilhelm accepted this title grudgingly on 18 January, having preferred "Emperor of Germany" (German: Kaiser von Deutschland). However, that would have signaled a territorial sovereignty unacceptable to the South German monarchs, as well as a claim to lands outside his realm (Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, etc.).[2][3]

"Emperor of the Germans", as had been proposed at the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849, was ruled out by Wilhelm as he considered himself a king who ruled by divine right and chosen "By the Grace of God", not by the people in a popular monarchy.[4] But more in general, Wilhelm was unhappy about a crown that looked artificial (like Napoléon's), having been created by a constitution. He was afraid that it would overshadow the Prussian crown.

Since 1867, the presidency (Bundespräsidium) of the North German Confederation had been a hereditary office of the kings of Prussia. The new constitution of 1 January 1871, following Reichstag and Bundesrat decisions on 9/10 December, transformed the North German Confederation (German: Norddeutscher Bund) into the German Empire (German: Deutsches Reich). This empire was a federal monarchy; the emperor was head of state and president of the federated monarchs (the kings of Bavaria, Württemberg, Saxony, the grand dukes of Baden, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Hesse, among others, as well as the principalities, duchies and of the free cities of Hamburg, Lübeck and Bremen).[5][6][7]

Under the imperial constitution, the empire was a federation of states under the permanent presidency of the king of Prussia.[8] Thus, the imperial crown was directly tied to the Prussian crown—something Wilhelm II discovered in the aftermath of World War I. He erroneously believed that he ruled the empire in personal union with Prussia. With the war's end, he conceded that he could not remain emperor, but initially thought he could at least retain his Prussian crown.[9] However, his last chancellor, Prince Max of Baden, knew this was legally impossible, and announced Wilhelm's abdication of both thrones on 9 November, two days before the Armistice. Realizing his situation was untenable, Wilhelm went into exile in the Netherlands later that night. It was not until 28 November that Wilhelm formally gave up all "rights to the crown of Prussia and to the rights to the German imperial crown connected therewith."

Full titles

Further information: Titles and Emblems of the German Emperor after 1873

The German Emperors had an extensive list of titles and claims that reflected the geographic expanse and diversity of the lands ruled by the House of Hohenzollern.

Wilhelm I

His Imperial and Royal Majesty Wilhelm I, By the Grace of God, German Emperor and King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Count of Hohenzollern; sovereign and supreme Duke of Silesia and of the County of Glatz; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, of Westphalia, of Angria, of Pomerania, Lunenburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, of Bremen, of Guelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, Duke of the Wends and the Kassubes, of Crossen, Lauenburg and Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Prince of Orange; Prince of Rügen, of East Friesland, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Cammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers; Princely Count of Henneberg; Count of Mark, of Ravensberg, of Hohenstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen; Lord of Frankfurt.[10][11]

Frederick III

His Imperial and Royal Majesty Frederick III, By the Grace of God, German Emperor and King of Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Count of Hohenzollern, Duke of Silesia and of the County of Glatz, Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen, Duke of Saxony, of Angria, of Westphalia, of Pomerania and of Lunenburg, Duke of Schleswig, of Holstein and of Crossen, Duke of Magdeburg, of Bremen, of Guelderland and of Jülich, Cleves and Berg, Duke of the Wends and the Kashubians, of Lauenburg and of Mecklenburg, Landgrave of Hesse and in Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, of Rugen, of East Friesland, of Paderborn and of Pyrmont, Prince of Halberstadt, of Münster, of Minden, of Osnabrück, of Hildesheim, of Verden, of Kammin, of Fulda, of Nassau and of Moers, Princely Count of Henneberg, Count of the Mark, of Ravensberg, of Hohenstein, of Tecklenburg and of Lingen, Count of Mansfeld, of Sigmaringen and of Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt.[12]

Wilhelm II

His Imperial and Royal Majesty Wilhelm II, By the Grace of God, German Emperor and King of Prussia, Margrave of Brandenburg, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Count of Hohenzollern, Duke of Silesia and of the County of Glatz, Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen, Duke of Saxony, of Angria, of Westphalia, of Pomerania and of Lunenburg, Duke of Schleswig, of Holstein and of Crossen, Duke of Magdeburg, of Bremen, of Guelderland and of Jülich, Cleves and Berg, Duke of the Wends and the Kashubians, of Lauenburg and of Mecklenburg, Landgrave of Hesse and in Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, of Rugen, of East Friesland, of Paderborn and of Pyrmont, Prince of Halberstadt, of Münster, of Minden, of Osnabrück, of Hildesheim, of Verden, of Kammin, of Fulda, of Nassau and of Moers, Princely Count of Henneberg, Count of the Mark, of Ravensberg, of Hohenstein, of Tecklenburg and of Lingen, Count of Mansfeld, of Sigmaringen and of Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt.[13]

German Emperors (1871–1918)

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Wilhelm I
(1797-03-22)22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888(1888-03-09) (aged 90)1 January 18719 March 1888
(17 years, 69 days)		Held the presidency of the Confederation (Bundespräsidium) in the North German Confederation from 1867 (such title being retained as a subsidiary title following the creation of the German Empire).HohenzollernWilhelm I, German Emperor
Frederick III
[15]		(1831-10-18)18 October 1831 – 15 June 1888(1888-06-15) (aged 56)9 March 188815 June 1888
(99 days)		Son of Wilhelm IHohenzollernFrederick III, German Emperor
Wilhelm II(1859-01-27)27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941(1941-06-04) (aged 82)15 June 188828 November 1918
(abdicated)
(30 years, 167 days)		Grandson of Wilhelm I
Son of Friedrich III		HohenzollernWilhelm II, German Emperor

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II
  2. ^ William Dawson (14 July 2017). History of the German Empire. Merkaba Press. p. 355.
  3. ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3rd edition, W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1988, p. 750-753.
  4. ^ Heinrich August Winkler (2006). Germany: 1789–1933. Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-19-926597-8.
  5. ^ Karl Kroeschell: Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, Bd. 3: Seit 1650, 5. Aufl., Böhlau/UTB, Köln/Weimar/Wien 2008, S. 235.
  6. ^ Michael Kotulla: Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934), 2008, Rn. 2042.
  7. ^ Klaus Stern: Das Staatsrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Band V: Die geschichtlichen Grundlagen des deutschen Staatsrechts. Die Verfassungsentwicklung vom Alten Deutschen Reich zur wiedervereinigten Bundesrepublik Deutschland. C.H. Beck, München 2000, ISBN 978-3-406-07021-1, Rn. 128.
  8. ^ Burgess, John W. (1888). "Tenure and Powers of the German Emperor". Political Science Quarterly. 3 (2): 334–357. doi:10.2307/2139036. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2139036.
  9. ^ Wilhelm II (1922). The Kaiser's Memoirs. Translated by Thomas R. Ybarra. Harper & Brothers Publishers. pp. 285-91.
  10. ^ "Archived copy". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ Rudolf Graf v. Stillfried: Die Titel und Wappen des preußischen Königshauses. Berlin 1875.
  12. ^ "Titles of Frederick III". Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  13. ^ "Titles of Wilhelm II". Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  14. ^ Hull 2004, p. 31.
  15. ^ Enumerated as successor of Frederick II who was King of Prussia 1740–1786 but not German Emperor.

Bibliography

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