George Low

George M. Low
George M. Low
4th Deputy Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
In office December 3, 1969 – June 5, 1976
President	Richard Nixon Gerald Ford
Administrator	Thomas O. Paine (1969–1970) Himself (acting, 1970–1971) James C. Fletcher (1971–1976)
Preceded by	Thomas O. Paine
Succeeded by	Alan M. Lovelace
14th President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
In office Spring 1976 – July 17, 1984
Preceded by	Richard J. Grosh
Succeeded by	Daniel Berg
Personal details
Born	(1926-06-10)June 10, 1926 Vienna, Austria
Died	July 17, 1984(1984-07-17) (aged 58)
Alma mater	Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (BS, MS)

George Michael Low (born Georg Michael Löw, June 10, 1926 – July 17, 1984) was an administrator at NASA and the 14th president of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Low was one of the senior NASA officials who made decisions as manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office in the Apollo program of crewed missions to the Moon.

Low was born near Vienna, Austria, to Artur and Gertrude Löw (née Burger),^[1] who had a prosperous manufacturing business,^[2] and was educated in private schools in Switzerland and England.^[2] His father died in 1934. When Nazi Germany occupied Austria in 1938, Low's family—being Jewish—emigrated to the United States.^[3] In 1943, Low graduated from Forest Hills High School in Forest Hills, New York, and entered Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), where he joined the Delta Phi fraternity. His college education was interrupted by the Second World War and from 1944 to 1946, he served in the United States Army. During his military service, he became a naturalized American citizen and legally changed his name to George Michael Low.

After military service, Low returned to RPI and received his Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering in 1948. He then worked at Convair in Fort Worth, Texas, as a mathematician in an aerodynamics group. Low returned to RPI late in 1948 and received his Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering in 1950.

After completing his M.S. degree, Low joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) as an engineer at the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio, (later the Lewis Research Center and now the Glenn Research Center). He worked as the head of the Fluid Mechanics Section (1954–1956) and chief of the Special Projects Branch (1956–1958). Low specialized in experimental and theoretical research in the fields of heat transfer, boundary layer flows, and internal aerodynamics. In addition, he worked on such space technology problems as orbit calculations, reentry paths, and space rendezvous techniques.

During the summer and autumn of 1958, preceding the formation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Low worked on a planning team to organize the new aerospace agency. Soon after NASA's formal organization in October 1958, Low transferred to the agency's headquarters in Washington, D.C., where he served as Chief of Manned Space Flight. In this capacity, he was closely involved in the planning of Projects Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. Low played a critical role in advocating for a lunar landing as NASA's long-term goal. He testified before Congress, spoke to the media, and presented at industry conferences on behalf of NASA.^[4] Low also formed the Low Committee in 1960, which produced a lunar landing feasibility study that played a role in John F. Kennedy's decision to set a goal of landing humans on the Moon by the end of the 1960s.^[5]

In February 1964, Low transferred to NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, (now the Johnson Space Center) and served as Deputy Center Director. In April 1967, following the Apollo 1 fire, he was named manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO), where he was responsible for directing the changes to the Apollo spacecraft necessary to make it flightworthy. In this role he led the use of FMEA, or failure mode and effects analysis, to rigorously define the possible risks in human space flight. Low also created and chaired the Configuration Control Board, which had as its purpose to monitor technical changes that could inadvertently affect some other part of the complex Apollo system, thereby helping assure future mission safety.^[6] Flight Director Glynn Lunney praised Low's leadership, and his contributions helped return the Apollo project schedule to the promised date for the Moon landing.

George Low became NASA deputy administrator in December 1969, serving with Administrators Thomas O. Paine and James C. Fletcher. He served as acting administrator after Paine's resignation. In these roles, Low played a significant part in the development of the Space Shuttle program, the Skylab program, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Rocket engineer Wernher von Braun blamed Low for what he felt was shabby treatment in the early 1970s while he was at NASA Headquarters. According to Bob Ward's 2005 biography, von Braun believed Low was jealous of his fame and that Low helped force von Braun's unhappy departure from the space agency.^[7] However, another biography by space historian Michael J. Neufeld disputed Low's involvement in von Braun's resignation.^[8] Low's biography by Richard Jurek also disputes this account, indicating Low's efforts to try to retain and engage von Braun in strategic planning in the early 1970s and being pleased with von Braun's work. ^[9]

Retiring from NASA in 1976, Low became president of RPI. He held that position until his death in 1984. He initiated the Rensselaer Technology Park. The New York State Center for Industrial Innovation was renamed the George M. Low Center for Industrial Innovation by RPI shortly after his death.

In 1949, Low married Mary Ruth McNamara of Troy, New York. Between 1952 and 1963, they had five children: Mark S., Diane E., George David, John M., and Nancy A. His son David became an astronaut for NASA in 1985, flew three times on the Space Shuttle, and died in 2008.

On April 8, 1985, the White House announced that Low had been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contributions to the fields of education and science.^[10]

In the 1996 TV movie, Apollo 11 Low was played by Dennis Lipscomb. In the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon he was played by Holmes Osborne.

• Barnes, Julie (January 31, 2017). "2017 A Day of Remembrance, Apollo 1 Lessons and Legacies Panel Discussion". NASA Johnson. History. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2017. video moderated by Astronaut Nicole Mann{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
• Jurek, Richard (December 2018). "The Man Who Won the Moon Race". Air & Space Magazine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
• Jurek, Richard (2019a). The Ultimate Engineer: The Remarkable Life of NASA's Visionary Leader George M. Low. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-803-29955-9.
• McQuaid, Kim (2007). "CH. 22 "Racism, Sexism, and SpaceVentures": Civil Rights at NASA in the Nixon Era and Beyond" (PDF). In Dick, Steven J.; Launius, Roger D. (eds.). Societal Impact of Spaceflight (PDF). The NASA history series, NASA SP-2007-4801. Washington, DC: NASA. ISBN 978-0-16-080190-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
• Murray, Charles A.; Cox, Catherine Bly (1989). Apollo: The Race to the Moon. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-61101-9.
• NASA History Staff (June 30, 2008). "GEORGE M. LOW: NASA Deputy Administrator, December 3, 1969-June 5, 1976". NASA Headquarters, Public Affairs Office. History. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
• Neufeld, Michael (2007). Von Braun: Dreamer of Space Engineer of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26292-9.
• Rensselaer Staff (2013). "Rensselaer President George M. Low". Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Archives and Special Collections. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
• Ward, Bob (2005). Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher Von Braun. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-926-2.

• Guide to the George M. Low Papers, 1930-1984 Archived December 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine