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{{Short description|British socialist historian, economist and writer (1889–1959)}}
{{about|the English historian|the Canadian historian|Douglas Cole (historian)}}
{{about|the English historian|the Canadian historian|Douglas Cole (historian)}}
⚫
{{Short description|British socialist historian, economist and writer}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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| birth_place = [[Cambridge]], England
| birth_place = [[Cambridge]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|01|14|1889|09|25|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|01|14|1889|09|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| death_place = London, England
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| otherparty = [[Popular Front (UK)|Popular Front]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Margaret Cole]]|1918}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Margaret Cole]]|1918}}
| awards = <!--notable national-level awards only-->
| awards = <!--notable national-level awards only-->
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| academic_advisors =
| academic_advisors =
| influences = {{flatlist|
| influences = {{flatlist|
* [[John Neville Figgis]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Morris |year=2017 |chapter=F.&nbsp;D. Maurice and the Myth of Christian Socialist Origins |editor-last=Spencer |editor-first=Stephen |title=Theology Reforming Society: Revisiting Anglican Social Theology |location=London |publisher=SCM Press |page=3 |isbn=978-0-334-05373-6}}</ref>
[[John Neville Figgis]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Jeremy |author-link=Jeremy Morris |year=2017 |chapter=F.&nbsp;D. Maurice and the Myth of Christian Socialist Origins |editor-last=Spencer | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/theologyreformin0000unse/page/n17/mode/2up | chapter-url-access = registration |editor-first=Stephen |title=Theology Reforming Society: Revisiting Anglican Social Theology |location=London |publisher=SCM Press |page=3 |isbn=978-0-334-05373-6}}</ref>
* [[Sidney Webb]]
*[[Sidney Webb]]
}}
}}
| era =
| era =
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| notable_works = ''[[A History of Socialist Thought]]''
| notable_works = ''[[A History of Socialist Thought]]''
| notable_ideas =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = [[Harold Wilson]]
| influenced = {{flatlist|[[Harold Wilson]]
*[[Hugh Gaitskell]]}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
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{{Libertarian socialism sidebar|People}}
{{Libertarian socialism sidebar|People}}


'''George Douglas Howard Cole''' (25 September 1889 – 14 January 1959) was an English [[political theorist]], economist, and historian. As a believer in common ownership of the means of production, he theorised [[guild socialism]] (production organised through worker guilds). He belonged to the [[Fabian Society]] and was an advocate for the [[co-operative movement]].
'''George Douglas Howard Cole''' (25 September 1889 – 14 January 1959) was an English [[political theorist]], economist, historian, and novelist. As a believer in common ownership of the means of production, he theorised [[guild socialism]] (production organised through worker guilds). He belonged to the [[Fabian Society]] and was an advocate for the [[co-operative movement]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Cole was born in Cambridge<ref>[http://www.iisg.nl/archives/pdf/10741948.pdf "George Douglas Howard Cole Papers", p. 3. ''Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis,'' Amsterdam. On line.]</ref> to George Cole, a jeweller who later became a surveyor; and his wife Jessie Knowles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32486|title=Cole, George Douglas Howard (1889–1959)|last=Stears|first=Marc|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32486|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref>
Cole was born in Cambridge to George Cole, a jeweller who later became a surveyor; and his wife Jessie Knowles.<ref name="GDHColeODNB">{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32486|title=Cole, George Douglas Howard (1889–1959)|last=Stears|first=Marc|author-link=Marc Stears|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32486|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref>


Cole was educated at [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]] and [[Balliol College, Oxford]], where he achieved a First in [[Classical Moderations]] in 1910 and a First in [[Literae Humaniores]] ('Greats', a combination of Philosophy and Ancient History) in 1912.<ref>'Oxfod University Calendar 1913, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913, pp. 196, 222; Marc Stears, ‘Cole, George Douglas Howard (1889–1959)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32486, accessed 7 May 2017]</ref>
Cole was educated at [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]] and [[Balliol College, Oxford]], where he achieved a First in [[Classical Moderations]] in 1910 and a First in [[Literae Humaniores]] ('Greats', a combination of Philosophy and Ancient History) in 1912.<ref>'Oxford University Calendar 1913, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913, pp. 196, 222</ref><ref name="GDHColeODNB"/>


== First World War and early career ==
== First World War and early career ==


In the autumn of 1912 Cole accepted a post as lecturer in philosophy at [[Armstrong College, Newcastle|Armstrong College]], Newcastle-upon-Tyne<ref>M. Cole, *The Life of GDH Cole*, London: Macmillan, 1971, p.47</ref>. Conditions were far from ideal, since Cole's students were mainly students studying technical subjects who attended his lectures merely because they were compulsory<ref>M. Cole, *The Life of GDH Cole*, London: Macmillan, 1971, p.47</ref>. In the same year, however, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford, which ran for seven years; he had an annual income of several hundred pounds and no obligation to teach. He could research and write<ref>M. Cole, p.47</ref>.
In the autumn of 1912 Cole accepted a post as lecturer in philosophy at [[Armstrong College, Newcastle|Armstrong College]], Newcastle-upon-Tyne.<ref name="MColeLife">{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Margaret|author-link=Margaret Cole|title=The Life of G. D. H. Cole|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofgdhcole0000cole/page/n5/mode/2up|url-access=registration|year=1971|publisher=Macmillan St Martin's Press|location=London|isbn=0-333-00216-4}}</ref>{{rp|47}} Conditions were far from ideal, since Cole's students were mainly students studying technical subjects who attended his lectures merely because they were compulsory.<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|47}} In the same year, however, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], which ran for seven years; he had an annual income of several hundred pounds and no obligation to teach. He could research and write.<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|48}}


Cole adopted a pacifist attitude to the 1914-18 war<ref>L.P. Carpenter, 'G.D.H. Cole: An Intellectual Biography', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973: p.39</ref>. In 1915, however, he became an unpaid research officer at the [[Amalgamated Society of Engineers (UK)|Amalgamated Society of Engineers]]. He advised the union on how to respond to wartime legislation including the [[Munitions of War Act 1915]]. This role enabled him to escape [[Conscription in the United Kingdom|conscription]] on the grounds that he was conducting work of national importance.
Cole, personally a pacifist, took a pragmatic approach to the 1914-18 war.<ref name="CarpenterCole">{{cite book|last=Carpenter|first=L. P.|title=G. D. H. Cole: An Intellectual Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/gdhcoleintellect0000carp/page/n7/mode/2up|url-access=registration|year=1973|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-08702-3}}</ref>{{rp|39}} In 1915, however, he became an unpaid research officer at the [[Amalgamated Society of Engineers (UK)|Amalgamated Society of Engineers]]. He advised the union on how to respond to wartime legislation including the [[Munitions of War Act 1915]]. This role enabled him to escape [[Conscription in the United Kingdom|conscription]] on the grounds that he was conducting work of national importance.


Cole's involvement in the campaign against conscription introduced him to a co-worker, [[Margaret Cole|Margaret Postgate]], whom he married in 1918.
Cole's involvement in the campaign against conscription introduced him to a co-worker, [[Margaret Cole|Margaret Postgate]], whom he married in 1918.


Having secured exemption from military service, Cole was practically active first with his union work and with journalism in defence of workers' rights<ref>M. Cole, *The Life of GDH Cole*, London: Macmillan, 1971, pp.61-73</ref>; he also found time to develop a political theory of [[guild socialism]].<ref name=":0">Marc Stears, ‘Cole, George Douglas Howard(1889–1959)’, ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 <nowiki>[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32486, accessed 25 Oct 2017]</nowiki></ref> which had first engaged his attention during his undergraduate years<ref>L.P. Carpenter, 'G.D.H. Cole: An Intellectual Biography', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973: pp. 49ff</ref>.
Having secured exemption from military service, Cole was practically active first with his union work and with journalism in defence of workers' rights;<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|61–73}} he also found time to develop a political theory of [[guild socialism]].<ref name="GDHColeODNB"/> which had first engaged his attention during his undergraduate years.<ref name="CarpenterCole"/>{{rp|49ff}}


Cole's Prize Fellowship ended in 1919. He needed employment. He moved to London. His first job, provided by [[Arthur Henderson]], was as part-time secretary to the Advisory Committees which had been established by the Labour Party in 1918 to create a clear and comprehensive political programme, a programme for a full-fledged political party and not a pressure group. The work was congenial and satisfactory but the requirements of the job proved too much for Cole's part-time commitment<ref>L.P. Carpenter, 'G.D.H. Cole: An Intellectual Biography', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973: p.104</ref>.
Cole's Prize Fellowship ended in 1919. He needed employment. He moved to London. His first job, provided by [[Arthur Henderson]], was as part-time secretary to the Advisory Committees which had been established by the Labour Party in 1918 to create a clear and comprehensive political programme, a programme for a full-fledged political party and not a pressure group. The work was congenial and satisfactory but the requirements of the job proved too much for Cole's part-time commitment.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}


He then secured a job with the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'' as its Labour Correspondent. He did not stay with the paper for long. His wife commented:
He then secured a job with the ''[[Manchester Guardian]]'' as its Labour Correspondent. He did not stay with the paper for long. His wife commented:


{{Block quote|'he was not really at all fitted to be a regular journalist on a daily. Though his contributions were well informed and generally readable, and though, so far as my knowledge goes, their accuracy went unchallenged, he was quite incapable of giving to the ''Guardian'' that priority of service and attention which any good newspaperman must give to his paper; and I very clearly recollect the amazed exasperation displayed on more than one occasion by the London Editor, or the Night Editor as the case might be, when a piece of news requiring instant comment had turned up, and their Labour Correspondent was not available on the telephone, had gone out, nobody knew where, or for how long<ref>M. Cole, *The Life of GDH Cole*, London: Macmillan, 1971, p.105</ref>}}.
{{Blockquote|he was not really at all fitted to be a regular journalist on a daily. Though his contributions were well informed and generally readable, and though, so far as my knowledge goes, their accuracy went unchallenged, he was quite incapable of giving to the ''Guardian'' that priority of service and attention which any good newspaperman must give to his paper; and I very clearly recollect the amazed exasperation displayed on more than one occasion by the London Editor, or the Night Editor as the case might be, when a piece of news requiring instant comment had turned up, and their Labour Correspondent was not available on the telephone, had gone out, nobody knew where, or for how long<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|105}}}}


== Professional life ==
== Professional life ==
[[File:F. H. S. Shepherd, University College Fellows.jpg|thumb|[[F. H. S. Shepherd]], "University College Fellows", 1934: grouped under the college's bust of [[Alfred the Great|King Alfred]] are [[David Keir (historian)|D. L. Keir]], E. W. Ainley-Walker, A. D. Gardner, G. D. H. Cole, [[John Redcliffe-Maud, Baron Redcliffe-Maud|J. P. R. Maud]], [[Arthur Lehman Goodhart|A. L. Goodhart]], [[John Wild (priest)|J. H. S. Wild]], [[E. J. Bowen]], [[Arthur Blackburne Poynton|A. B. Poynton]], [[Michael Sadler (educationist)|Sir Michael Sadler]], [[A. S. L. Farquharson]] (in the centre), E. F. Carritt, G. H. Stevenson and K. K. M. Leys.]]

Cole authored several economic and historical works including biographies of [[William Cobbett]] and [[Robert Owen]].
Cole authored several economic and historical works including biographies of [[William Cobbett]] and [[Robert Owen]].


In 1925, he became reader in economics at [[University College, Oxford]].
In 1925, he became reader in economics at [[University College, Oxford]].


In 1929, he was appointed to the [[National Economic Advisory Council]] when it was set up by the [[Second MacDonald ministry|second Labour government]]. In 1944, Cole became the first [[Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory]] at Oxford. He was succeeded in the chair by [[Isaiah Berlin]] in 1957.<ref name=":0" />
In 1929, he was appointed to the [[National Economic Advisory Council]] when it was set up by the [[Second MacDonald ministry|second Labour government]]. In 1944, Cole became the first [[Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory]] at Oxford. He was succeeded in the chair by [[Isaiah Berlin]] in 1957.<ref name="GDHColeODNB"/>


Cole pacifism of 1914-18 was abandoned around 1938, stating: "Hitler cured me of pacifism".<ref>Martin Ceadel, "The Peace Movement Between the Wars: Problems of Definition", in ''Campaigns for Peace : British peace movements''. Edited by Richard Taylor and Nigel Young. Manchester University Press, 1987. {{ISBN|0719018927}} (p. 84).</ref> During the 1930s, Cole sought to construct a British popular front against [[fascism]]. He identified the extent of the military threat before many of his colleagues had abandoned their pacifism. Cole lent strong support to the [[Second Spanish Republic|republican cause]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name=":1" />
Cole's pacifism of 1914-18 was abandoned by 1940 when he said: "Hitler cured me of pacifism".<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Taylor|editor1-first=Richard|editor2-last=Young|editor2-first=Nigel|author-last=Ceadel|author-first=Martin|title=Campaigns for Peace: British peace movements in the twentieth century|year=1987|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=0-7190-1892-7|chapter=The Peace Movement between the wars: problems of definition|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/campaignsforpeac00tayl/page/72/mode/2up|chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|84}} During the 1930s, Cole sought to construct a British popular front against [[fascism]]. He identified the extent of the military threat before many of his colleagues had abandoned their pacifism. Cole lent strong support to the [[Second Spanish Republic|republican cause]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref name="GDHColeODNB" />


He was listed in [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[The Black Book (list)|Black Book]] of prominent subjects to be arrested in the case of a successful [[Operation Sea Lion|invasion of Britain]].<ref>Walter Schellenberg, The Schellenberg Memoirs, London 1956 (Deutsch: Aufzeichungen, München 1979) pp 174.</ref>
He was listed in [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[The Black Book (list)|Black Book]] of prominent subjects to be arrested in the case of a successful [[Operation Sea Lion|invasion of Britain]].<ref>Walter Schellenberg, The Schellenberg Memoirs, London 1956 (Deutsch: Aufzeichungen, München 1979) pp 174.</ref>


In 1941, Cole was appointed sub-warden of [[Nuffield College, Oxford]]. He was central to the establishment of the Nuffield College Social Reconstruction Survey which collected a large amount of demographic, economic and social data. This information was used to advocate for an extensive programme of social reform.<ref name=":1" />
In 1941, Cole was appointed sub-warden of [[Nuffield College, Oxford]]. He was central to the establishment of the Nuffield College Social Reconstruction Survey which collected a large amount of demographic, economic and social data. This information was used to advocate for an extensive programme of social reform.<ref name="GDHColeODNB" />


== Socialism ==
== Socialism ==
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Cole said his interest in socialism was kindled by his reading ''[[News from Nowhere]]'', the [[utopian]] novel by [[William Morris]], writing:
Cole said his interest in socialism was kindled by his reading ''[[News from Nowhere]]'', the [[utopian]] novel by [[William Morris]], writing:
{{Block quote|I became a Socialist because, as soon as the case for a society of equals, set free from the twin evils of riches and poverty, mastership and subjection, was put to me, I knew that to be the only kind of society that could be consistent with human decency and fellowship and that in no other society could I have the right to be content.|''World Socialism Restated'' quoted by Margaret Cole, ''The Life of G. D. H. Cole''<ref>[http://threescoreyearsandten.blogspot.com/2006/07/gdh-cole-and-root-of-matter.html G. D. H Cole, "World Socialism Restated," pamphlet (1956), quoted by Margaret Cole, ''The Life of G. D. H. Cole,'' Macmillan/St. Martin's (1971); cited, Harry Barnes, ''Three Score Years and Ten'' (24 July 2006).]</ref>}}
{{Blockquote|I became a Socialist because, as soon as the case for a society of equals, set free from the twin evils of riches and poverty, mastership and subjection, was put to me, I knew that to be the only kind of society that could be consistent with human decency and fellowship and that in no other society could I have the right to be content.|''World Socialism Restated''<ref>[http://threescoreyearsandten.blogspot.com/2006/07/gdh-cole-and-root-of-matter.html G. D. H Cole, "World Socialism Restated," pamphlet (1956); cited, Harry Barnes, ''Three Score Years and Ten'' (24 July 2006).]</ref>}}


Neither a [[Marxist]] nor a [[social democrat]], Cole envisioned a [[guild socialism]] of decentralised association and active, [[participatory democracy]], whose basic units would be sited at the workplace and in the community rather than in any central apparatus of the state. Cole criticized both [[state socialism]] and [[syndicalism]] as leaving open the possibility of tyranny, and envisioned a form of socialism where all enterprises would be democratically run by the workers through trade unions with the state remaining to guarantee consumers' rights and [[civil liberties]]. Cole's ideas were influential in intellectual circles but were generally dismissed by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] leaders such as [[Ramsay MacDonald]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Andrew| author-link = Andrew Thorpe |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |title=A History of the British Labour Party |publisher=Red Globe Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-333-56081-5 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=29 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |lccn=96031879 |oclc=1285556329 |ref=None}}</ref><ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/sedgwick/1980/xx/gdhcole.htm Peter Sedgwick, "A Return to First Things", ''Balliol College Annual Record 1980,'' pp.86–88 (review of A. W. Wright, ''G.D.H. Cole and Socialist Democracy''). Marxists’ Internet Archive. Online.]</ref>
Neither a [[Marxist]] nor a [[social democrat]], Cole envisioned a [[guild socialism]] of decentralised association and active, [[participatory democracy]], whose basic units would be sited at the workplace and in the community rather than in any central apparatus of the state. Cole criticized both [[state socialism]] and [[syndicalism]] as leaving open the possibility of tyranny, and envisioned a form of socialism where all enterprises would be democratically run by the workers through trade unions with the state remaining to guarantee consumers' rights and [[civil liberties]]. Cole's ideas were influential in intellectual circles but were generally dismissed by [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] leaders such as [[Ramsay MacDonald]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Andrew| author-link = Andrew Thorpe |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |title=A History of the British Labour Party |publisher=Red Globe Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-333-56081-5 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=29 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |lccn=96031879 |oclc=1285556329 |ref=None}}</ref><ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/sedgwick/1980/xx/gdhcole.htm Peter Sedgwick, "A Return to First Things", ''Balliol College Annual Record 1980,'' pp.86–88 (review of A. W. Wright, ''G.D.H. Cole and Socialist Democracy''). Marxists’ Internet Archive. Online.]</ref>


In the 1920s, [[Hugh Gaitskell]], a student of Cole, became his driver during the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-23|title=PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/feb/23/ppe-oxford-university-degree-that-rules-britain|access-date=2021-08-03|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
In the 1920s, [[Hugh Gaitskell]], a student of Cole, became active supporter of the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-23|title=PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/feb/23/ppe-oxford-university-degree-that-rules-britain|access-date=2021-08-03|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Cole also was a powerful influence on the life of the young [[Harold Wilson]], whom he taught, worked with and convinced to join the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].


Cole formed the Society for Socialist Inquiry and Propaganda to advance his views, which combined with former members of the [[Independent Labour Party]] defecting to the mainstream Labour Party after its disaffiliation to form the [[Socialist League (UK, 1932)|Socialist League]] in 1932.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Andrew | author-link = Andrew Thorpe|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |title=A History of the British Labour Party |publisher=Red Globe Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-333-56081-5 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=80–81 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |lccn=96031879 |oclc=1285556329 |ref=None}}</ref> In 1936, Cole began calling for a [[Popular Front (UK)|popular front]] movement in Britain in which the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] would ally with other [[political parties]] against [[appeasement]] and the threat of fascism.<ref>Daniel Ritschel, ''The Politics of Planning: The Debate on Economic Planning in Britain in the 1930s''. Oxford University Press, 1997 {{ISBN|019820647X}} (pp. 282–83)</ref>
Cole formed the Society for Socialist Inquiry and Propaganda to advance his views, which combined with former members of the [[Independent Labour Party]] defecting to the mainstream Labour Party after its disaffiliation to form the [[Socialist League (UK, 1932)|Socialist League]] in 1932.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorpe |first=Andrew | author-link = Andrew Thorpe|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |title=A History of the British Labour Party |publisher=Red Globe Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-333-56081-5 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=80–81 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0 |lccn=96031879 |oclc=1285556329 |ref=None}}</ref> In 1936, Cole began calling for a [[Popular Front (UK)|popular front]] movement in Britain in which the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] would ally with other [[political parties]] against [[appeasement]] and the threat of fascism.<ref>Daniel Ritschel, ''The Politics of Planning: The Debate on Economic Planning in Britain in the 1930s''. Oxford University Press, 1997 {{ISBN|019820647X}} (pp. 282–83)</ref>

Cole was a powerful influence on the life of the young [[Harold Wilson]], whom he taught, worked with and convinced to join the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].
Cole wrote at least seven books for the [[Left Book Club]], all of which were published by [[Victor Gollancz Ltd.]] They are marked with LBC in the list of his books given below. He and his wife, [[Margaret Cole]], together wrote 29 popular detective stories,<ref name=marg>Marc Stears, ‘Cole , Dame Margaret Isabel (1893–1980)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30953, accessed 7 May 2017]</ref> featuring the investigators Superintendent Wilson, Everard Blatchington and Dr. Tancred. Cole and his wife created a partnership but not a marriage. Cole took little interest in sex and he regarded women as a distraction for men. Margaret documented this comprehensively in a biography she wrote of her husband after his death.<ref name="Evans2016">{{cite book|author=Curtis Evans|title=Murder in the Closet: Essays on Queer Clues in Crime Fiction Before Stonewall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM27DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT131|date=28 November 2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9992-2|pages=131–}}</ref>
Cole wrote at least seven books for the [[Left Book Club]], all of which were published by [[Victor Gollancz Ltd.]] They are marked with LBC in the list of his books given below. He and his wife, [[Margaret Cole]], together wrote 29 popular detective stories,<ref name=marg>Marc Stears, ‘Cole, Dame Margaret Isabel (1893–1980)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30953, accessed 7 May 2017]</ref> featuring the investigators Superintendent Wilson, Everard Blatchington and Dr. Tancred. Cole and his wife created a partnership but not a marriage. Cole took little interest in sex and he regarded women as a distraction for men. Margaret documented this comprehensively in a biography she wrote of her husband after his death.<ref name="Evans2016">{{cite book|author=Curtis Evans|title=Murder in the Closet: Essays on Queer Clues in Crime Fiction Before Stonewall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM27DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT131|date=28 November 2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9992-2|pages=131–}}</ref>


Although Cole admired the [[Soviet Union]] for creating a [[Socialist economics|socialist economy]], he rejected its [[Dictatorship|dictatorial government]] as a model for socialist societies elsewhere. In a 1939 lecture, Cole stated:
Although Cole admired the [[Soviet Union]] for creating a [[Socialist economics|socialist economy]], he rejected its [[Dictatorship|dictatorial government]] as a model for socialist societies elsewhere. In a 1939 lecture, Cole stated:


{{Block quote|
{{Blockquote|
If I do not accept [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s answer, it is because I am not prepared to write off [[Democratic Socialism]], despite all its failures and vacillations of recent years, as a total loss.... Democratic Socialism offers the only means of building the new order on what is valuable and worth preserving in the civilisation of to-day.<ref>"The Decline of Capitalism". Lecture to [[Fabian Society]], 1939.|Quoted in
If I do not accept [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s answer, it is because I am not prepared to write off [[Democratic Socialism]], despite all its failures and vacillations of recent years, as a total loss.... Democratic Socialism offers the only means of building the new order on what is valuable and worth preserving in the civilisation of to-day.<ref>"The Decline of Capitalism". Lecture to [[Fabian Society]], 1939.|Quoted in
A. W. Wright, ''G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy''. Clarendon Press, 1979. {{ISBN|0-19-827421-1}} (p. 226).</ref>}}
A. W. Wright, ''G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy''. Clarendon Press, 1979. {{ISBN|0-19-827421-1}} (p. 226).</ref>}}


In his book ''Europe, Russia and the Future'' published in 1941, Cole claimed that however immoral the new [[German-occupied Europe|Nazi-dominated Europe]] was in some ways it was better than the "impracticable" system of [[Sovereign state|sovereign states]] that had preceded it. In economic terms, it could be said that "it would be better to let [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] conquer all [[Europe]] short of the Soviet Union, and thereafter exploit it ruthlessly in the [[Nazism|Nazi]] interest, than to go back to the pre-war order of independent [[Nation state|Nation States]] with frontiers drawn so as to cut right across the natural units of production and exchange".<ref>G. D. H. Cole, ''Europe, Russia and the Future'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1941), p. 104.</ref> Cole also stated:
In his book ''Europe, Russia and the Future'' published in 1941, Cole claimed that however immoral the new [[German-occupied Europe|Nazi-dominated Europe]] was in some ways it was better than the "impracticable" system of [[sovereign state]]s that had preceded it. In economic terms, it could be said that "it would be better to let [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] conquer all [[Europe]] short of the Soviet Union, and thereafter exploit it ruthlessly in the [[Nazism|Nazi]] interest, than to go back to the pre-war order of independent [[Nation state|Nation States]] with frontiers drawn so as to cut right across the natural units of production and exchange".<ref>G. D. H. Cole, ''Europe, Russia and the Future'' (London: Victor Gollancz, 1941), p. 104.</ref> Cole also stated:


{{Block quote|I would much sooner see the Soviet Union, even with its policy unchanged, dominant over all Europe, including Great Britain, than see an attempt to restore the pre-war States to their futile and uncreative independence and their petty [[economic nationalism]] under capitalist domination. Much better be ruled by Stalin than by the destructive and monopolistic cliques which dominate Western capitalism.<ref>Cole, ''Europe, Russia and the Future'', p. 104.</ref>}}
{{Blockquote|I would much sooner see the Soviet Union, even with its policy unchanged, dominant over all Europe, including Great Britain, than see an attempt to restore the pre-war States to their futile and uncreative independence and their petty [[economic nationalism]] under capitalist domination. Much better be ruled by Stalin than by the destructive and monopolistic cliques which dominate Western capitalism.<ref>Cole, ''Europe, Russia and the Future'', p. 104.</ref>}}


==Co-operative studies==
==Co-operative studies==
Line 115: Line 117:
== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
[[File:G D H Cole by Stella Bowen.jpg|thumb|G.&nbsp;D.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Cole portrayed by [[Stella Bowen]], c. 1944/1945. [[National Portrait Gallery, London]]]]
[[File:G D H Cole by Stella Bowen.jpg|thumb|G.&nbsp;D.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Cole portrayed by [[Stella Bowen]], c. 1944/1945. [[National Portrait Gallery, London]]]]
In August 1918, Cole married [[Margaret Cole|Margaret Isabel Postgate]] (1893–1980). Margaret was the daughter of the classical scholar [[John Percival Postgate]].<ref name=":1" />
In August 1918, Cole married [[Margaret Cole|Margaret Isabel Postgate]] (1893–1980). Margaret was the daughter of the classical scholar [[John Percival Postgate]].<ref name="GDHColeODNB" />


The couple had one son and two daughters in a marriage that lasted forty-one years. However, the marriage does not seem to have been especially happy. Cole expressed little interest in actual romantic attachment and even less in sexual relations. Friends observed that emotional attachments tended to be with men rather than women. Cole was very fond of some of his male students. They included the future leader of the Labour Party [[Hugh Gaitskell]]. There is no evidence of any homosexual encounters either before or during his marriage.<ref name=":1" />
The couple had one son and two daughters in a marriage that lasted forty-one years. However, the marriage does not seem to have been especially happy. Cole expressed little interest in actual romantic attachment and even less in sexual relations. Friends observed that emotional attachments tended to be with men rather than women. Cole was very fond of some of his male students. They included the future leader of the Labour Party [[Hugh Gaitskell]]. There is no evidence of any homosexual encounters either before or during his marriage.<ref name="GDHColeODNB" />


Cole and his wife jointly wrote a number of books and articles, including twenty-nine detective stories.<ref name=":1" />
Cole and his wife jointly wrote a number of books and articles, including twenty-nine detective stories.<ref name="GDHColeODNB" />


Cole could not accept the idea of a "determinate human superior". His wife recalled that "he... never gave orders except in a purely routine and non-significant sense (this somehow did not conflict that he employed household servants throughout his life)".<ref>{{cite book |last=Cole |first=Dame Margaret |date=1971 |title=The Life of G. D. H. Cole |publisher=McMillan |page=35 }}</ref><ref>ibid. p. 145</ref> His dislike of all forms of hierarchy and hatred of ritual led to [[atheism]] at an early age, though he never engaged in anti-religious [[polemics]].<ref>ibid.</ref> While no [[luddite]], he greatly admired everything produced by [[William Morris]] including his affection for the [[Cotswolds]]. Though he enjoyed [[classical music]], he derided the [[radio]] as "so much noise."<ref>Ibid. p. 36</ref> Almost allergic to [[higher mathematics]] (he did not understand [[Algebra]]) he distrusted [[science]], as it was being used to quantify things that were best left to interpretation.<ref>Ibid. p. 35-36</ref>
Cole could not accept the idea of a "determinate human superior". His wife recalled that "he... never gave orders except in a purely routine and non-significant sense".<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|35}} His dislike of all forms of hierarchy and hatred of ritual led to [[atheism]] at an early age, though he never engaged in anti-religious [[polemics]].<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|143}} While no [[luddite]], he greatly admired everything produced by [[William Morris]] including his affection for the [[Cotswolds]]. Though he enjoyed [[classical music]], he regarded the radio as making a horrible noise<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|47}} Almost allergic to [[higher mathematics]] (he did not understand [[Algebra]]) he distrusted [[science]], as he believed it was being used to quantify things that were best left to interpretation.<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|34}}


In literature and poetry he enjoyed (after Morris) [[Daniel Defoe|Defoe]], [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[Henry James]], [[William Cobbett]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[George Bernard Shaw]] and [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]], but he found [[Edmund Burke]] and [[Thomas Carlyle]] pretentious. He disliked the "imperialism" of [[Shakespeare]] and hated [[D. H. Lawrence]].<ref>Ibid. p. 47</ref>
In literature and poetry he enjoyed (after Morris) [[Daniel Defoe|Defoe]], [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[Henry James]], [[William Cobbett]], [[Bertrand Russell]], [[George Bernard Shaw]] and [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]], but he found [[Edmund Burke]] and [[Thomas Carlyle]] pretentious. He disliked the "imperialism" of [[Shakespeare]] and hated [[D. H. Lawrence]].<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|38}}


He was admired by his students, but [[Gaitskell]] said he was much too sensitive, self-critical and sardonic to play the part of the master at all willingly.<ref>Ibid. p. 144</ref>
He was admired by his students, but Gaitskell said he was much too sensitive, self-critical and sardonic to play the part of the master at all willingly.<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|144}}


In the Spring of 1929 the Coles returned to London, living in [[West Hampstead]] for six years until buying a "rambling Victorian" house called "Freeland" in [[Hendon]] where he lived for most of the last three decades of his life.<ref>Cole p. 171-173</ref> In early 1957 he and his wife moved to a flat in [[Holland Park]], [[Kensington]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Cole, George Ddouglas Howard |work=The Times |location=London |date=4 September 1959 |page= 12 }}</ref> He died after going into a [[diabetic coma]] in the early hours of 14 January 1959 in hospital in [[Hampstead]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=G. D. H. Cole |work=The Times |location=London |date=15 Jan 1959 }}</ref> In lieu of religious rites his brother-in-law, [[Raymond|Raymond Postgate]], read two passages from the works of [[William Morris]] at his funeral in [[Golders Green Crematorium]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=G. D. H. Cole |work=The Times |location=London |date=17 Jan 1959 }}</ref> His estate was offered for [[probate]] at £46,617 (equivalent to £1,097,364 in 2020).<ref>The Times 4 September 1959 Ibid.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=cole&yearOfDeath=1959&page=6#calendar |title=Find a will &#124; GOV.UK |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130155513/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=cole&yearOfDeath=1959&page=6#calendar |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In the spring of 1929 the Coles returned to London, living in [[West Hampstead]] for six years until buying a "rambling Victorian" house called "Freeland" in [[Hendon]] where he lived for most of the last three decades of his life.<ref name="MColeLife"/>{{rp|171–173}} In early 1957 he and his wife moved to a flat in [[Holland Park]], [[Kensington]].<ref name=times4 >{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Cole, George Douglas Howard |work=The Times |location=London |date=4 September 1959 |page=12 }}</ref> He died after going into a [[diabetic coma]] in the early hours of 14 January 1959 in hospital in [[Hampstead]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=G. D. H. Cole |work=The Times |location=London |date=15 Jan 1959 }}</ref> In lieu of religious rites his brother-in-law, [[Raymond Postgate]], read two passages from the works of [[William Morris]] at his funeral in [[Golders Green Crematorium]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=G. D. H. Cole |work=The Times |location=London |date=17 Jan 1959 }}</ref> His estate was offered for [[probate]] at £46,617 (equivalent to £1,097,364 in 2020).<ref name=times4 /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=cole&yearOfDeath=1959&page=6#calendar |title=Find a will &#124; GOV.UK |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130155513/https://probatesearch.service.gov.uk/Calendar?surname=cole&yearOfDeath=1959&page=6#calendar |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
Line 150: Line 152:
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:xuc583mom ''The Life of William Cobbett''] (1925)
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:xuc583mom ''The Life of William Cobbett''] (1925)
* ''The Life of Robert Owen'' (1925, second ed. 1930, third ed. 1965)
* ''The Life of Robert Owen'' (1925, second ed. 1930, third ed. 1965)
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.25413/page/n9/mode/2up ''The next ten years in British social and economic policy''] (1929)
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:peg506vud ''Some Essentials of Socialist Propaganda''] (1932)
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:peg506vud ''Some Essentials of Socialist Propaganda''] (1932)
* [https://archive.org/details/intelligentmansg032782mbp ''The Intelligent Man's Guide through World Chaos''] (1932)
* [https://archive.org/details/intelligentmansg032782mbp ''The Intelligent Man's Guide through World Chaos''] (1932)
Line 156: Line 159:
* ''[[What Marx Really Meant]]'' (1934)
* ''[[What Marx Really Meant]]'' (1934)
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.50252 ''Principles of Economic Planning''] (1935)
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.50252 ''Principles of Economic Planning''] (1935)
* ''Planned Socialism: The Plan du Travail of the Belgian Labour Party, drawn up and explained by Henri de Man, translated and edited by G. D. H. Cole'' (London: New Fabian Research Bureau, pamphlet 25, December 1935)
* ''The Condition of Britain'' (Left Book Club, 1937) [with Margaret Cole]
* ''The Condition of Britain'' (Left Book Club, 1937) [with Margaret Cole]
* ''The People's Front'' (Left Book Club, 1937)
* ''The People's Front'' (Left Book Club, 1937)
Line 161: Line 165:
* [https://archive.org/details/personsandperiod035028mbp ''Persons & Periods''] (1938)
* [https://archive.org/details/personsandperiod035028mbp ''Persons & Periods''] (1938)
* ''Socialism in Evolution'' (1938) Pelican<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinfirsteditions.com/index.php?cat=pelican001-099|title=Penguin First Editions|publisher=Penguin Publishing}}</ref>
* ''Socialism in Evolution'' (1938) Pelican<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinfirsteditions.com/index.php?cat=pelican001-099|title=Penguin First Editions|publisher=Penguin Publishing}}</ref>
* ''British Trade Unionism To-day. A Survey'' (1939)
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:kir476hax ''The War on the Home Front''] (1939)
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:kir476hax ''The War on the Home Front''] (1939)
* ''War Aims'' (Left Book Club, 1939)
* ''War Aims'' (Left Book Club, 1939)
Line 190: Line 195:
===Novels and short story collections===
===Novels and short story collections===
====G D H Cole====
====G D H Cole====
*''The Brooklyn Murders'' (1923)
*''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73716 The Brooklyn Murders]'' (1923)

====G D H and M Cole====
====G D H and M Cole====
*''The Death of a Millionaire'' (1925)
*''The Death of a Millionaire'' (1925)
*''The Blatchington Tangle'' (1926); serialised in ''The Daily Herald'' (1926)
*''The Blatchington Tangle'' (1926); serialised in ''The Daily Herald'' (1926)
*''The Murder at Crome House'' (1927)
*''The Murder at Crome House'' (1927)
*''The Man from the River'' (1928)
*''[[The Man from the River]]'' (1928)
*''Superintendent Wilson's Holiday'' (1928)
*''Superintendent Wilson's Holiday'' (1928)
*''Poison in the Garden Suburb'' (1929); serialised in ''The Daily Herald'' (1929). Also known as ''Poison in a Garden Suburb''
*''Poison in the Garden Suburb'' (1929); serialised in ''The Daily Herald'' (1929). Also known as ''Poison in a Garden Suburb''
Line 207: Line 213:
*''The Affair at Aliquid'' (1933)
*''The Affair at Aliquid'' (1933)
*''End of an Ancient Mariner'' (1933)
*''End of an Ancient Mariner'' (1933)
*''Death in the Quarry'' (1934)
*''[[Death in the Quarry]]'' (1934)
*''Big Business Murder'' (1935)
*''Big Business Murder'' (1935)
*''Dr Tancred Begins'' (1935)
*''Dr Tancred Begins'' (1935)
Line 218: Line 224:
*''Off with her Head!'' (1938)
*''Off with her Head!'' (1938)
*''Double Blackmail'' (1939)
*''Double Blackmail'' (1939)
*''Greek Tragedy'' (1939)
*''[[Greek Tragedy (novel)|Greek Tragedy]]'' (1939)
*''Wilson and Some Others'' (1940)
*''Wilson and Some Others'' (1940)
**''Death in a Tankard'' (Wilson); ''Murder in Church'' (Wilson); ''The Bone of the Dinosaur'' (Wilson); ''A Tale of Two Suitcases'' (Wilson); ''The Motive'' (Wilson); ''Glass'' (Wilson); ''Murder in Broad Daylight'' (Wilson); ''Ye Olde Englysshe Christmasse or Detection in the Eighteenth Century''; ''The Letters''; ''The Partner''; ''A Present from the Empire''; ''The Strange Adventures of a Chocolate Box''; ''Strychnine Tonic''.
**''Death in a Tankard'' (Wilson); ''Murder in Church'' (Wilson); ''The Bone of the Dinosaur'' (Wilson); ''A Tale of Two Suitcases'' (Wilson); ''The Motive'' (Wilson); ''Glass'' (Wilson); ''Murder in Broad Daylight'' (Wilson); ''Ye Olde Englysshe Christmasse or Detection in the Eighteenth Century''; ''The Letters''; ''The Partner''; ''A Present from the Empire''; ''The Strange Adventures of a Chocolate Box''; ''Strychnine Tonic''.
*''Murder at the Munition Works'' (1940)
*''[[Murder at the Munition Works]]'' (1940)
*''Counterpoint Murder'' (1940)
*''Counterpoint Murder'' (1940)
*''Knife in the Dark'' (1941)
*''Knife in the Dark'' (1941)
*''Toper's End'' (1942)
*''[[Toper's End]]'' (1942)
*''Death of a Bride'' (1945)
*''Death of a Bride'' (1945)
*''Birthday Gifts'' (1946)
*''Birthday Gifts'' (1946)
Line 233: Line 239:
* ''Murder in Broad Daylight''. BBC Home Service, 1 June 1934
* ''Murder in Broad Daylight''. BBC Home Service, 1 June 1934
* ''The Bone of the Dinosaur''. (Detection Club: Series 1, Episode 6). BBC Home Service, 23 and 27 November 1940
* ''The Bone of the Dinosaur''. (Detection Club: Series 1, Episode 6). BBC Home Service, 23 and 27 November 1940

===Short stories===
===Short stories===
====G D H and Margaret Cole====
====G D H and Margaret Cole====
Line 239: Line 246:


==References==
==References==
{{Ibid|date=July 2020}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
* Margaret Cole, ''The Life of G. D. H. Cole,'' Macmillan/St. Martin's (1971) {{ISBN|1-4191-0535-3}}
* Margaret Cole, ''The Life of G. D. H. Cole,'' Macmillan/St. Martin's (1971) {{ISBN|0-333-00216-4}}
* A. W. (Tony) Wright, ''G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy'' New York, Oxford (1979) {{ISBN|0-19-827421-1}}
* A. W. (Tony) Wright, ''G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy'' New York, Oxford (1979) {{ISBN|0-19-827421-1}}
* L. P. Carpenter, ''G.D.H. Cole: An Intellectual Biography,'' Cambridge (1974) {{ISBN|0-521-08702-3}}
* L. P. Carpenter, ''G.D.H. Cole: An Intellectual Biography,'' Cambridge (1974) {{ISBN|0-521-08702-3}}
Line 253: Line 259:
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=43277}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=43277}}
* {{Librivox author|id=18556}}
⚫
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:sug908yob ''Guild Socialism'' (1920)]
* [https://www.marxists.org/archive/cole/index.htm G. D. H. Cole Archive] at [[marxists.org]]
⚫
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:peg506vud ''Some Essentials of Socialist Propaganda'' (1932)]
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:kir476hax ''The War on the Home Front'' (1939)]
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:sug908yob ''Guild Socialism''] (1920)
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:dos556hot ''Capitalism in the Modern World'' (1957)]
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:peg506vud ''Some Essentials of Socialist Propaganda''] (1932)
⚫
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:kir476hax ''The War on the Home Front''] (1939)
⚫
* [http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/health/2012/11/evils-want-disease-ignorance-squalor-and-idleness ''New Statesman'' article on G.D.H. Cole (2012)]
⚫
* [http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:dos556hot ''Capitalism in the Modern World''] (1957)
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/challinor/1960/xx/gdhcole.html "In Memory of G.D.H. Cole"] by Ray Challinor.
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/challinor/1960/xx/gdhcole.html "In Memory of G.D.H. Cole"] by [[Raymond Challinor|Ray Challinor]] (1960)
⚫
* [http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/health/2012/11/evils-want-disease-ignorance-squalor-and-idleness ''New Statesman'' article on G.D.H. Cole] (2012)
* [http://gadetection.pbworks.com/w/page/7930232/Cole,%20GDH%20and%20M Mike Grost on Cole's detective novels]
* [http://gadetection.pbworks.com/w/page/7930232/Cole,%20GDH%20and%20M Mike Grost on Cole's detective novels]


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[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century British economists]]
[[Category:20th-century British economists]]
[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:20th-century British short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century British short story writers]]
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[[Category:European democratic socialists]]
[[Category:European democratic socialists]]
[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) people]]
[[Category:Postgate family]]
[[Category:Postgate family]]
[[Category:Deaths from diabetes]]
[[Category:Deaths from diabetes in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford]]

Revision as of 14:47, 23 October 2024

This article is about the English historian. For the Canadian historian, see Douglas Cole (historian).

G. D. H. Cole
Born
George Douglas Howard Cole

(1889-09-25)25 September 1889
Cambridge, England
Died14 January 1959(1959-01-14) (aged 69)
London, England
Alma materBalliol College, Oxford
Political partyLabour
Other political
affiliations		Popular Front
Spouse
​
(m. 1918)​
Academic background
Influences
John Neville Figgis[1]
Academic work
Discipline
Sub-discipline
School or traditionGuild socialism
Institutions
Notable worksA History of Socialist Thought
Influenced
Harold Wilson
Part of a series on
Socialism
Development
Ideas
Models
Variants
Intellectuals
Politicians
Organizations
Related topics
Lists
Part of a series on
Libertarian socialism
Political concepts
Economics
People
Philosophies and tendencies
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History
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George Douglas Howard Cole (25 September 1889 – 14 January 1959) was an English political theorist, economist, historian, and novelist. As a believer in common ownership of the means of production, he theorised guild socialism (production organised through worker guilds). He belonged to the Fabian Society and was an advocate for the co-operative movement.

Early life

Cole was born in Cambridge to George Cole, a jeweller who later became a surveyor; and his wife Jessie Knowles.[2]

Cole was educated at St Paul's School and Balliol College, Oxford, where he achieved a First in Classical Moderations in 1910 and a First in Literae Humaniores ('Greats', a combination of Philosophy and Ancient History) in 1912.[3][2]

First World War and early career

In the autumn of 1912 Cole accepted a post as lecturer in philosophy at Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.[4]: 47  Conditions were far from ideal, since Cole's students were mainly students studying technical subjects who attended his lectures merely because they were compulsory.[4]: 47  In the same year, however, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford, which ran for seven years; he had an annual income of several hundred pounds and no obligation to teach. He could research and write.[4]: 48 

Cole, personally a pacifist, took a pragmatic approach to the 1914-18 war.[5]: 39  In 1915, however, he became an unpaid research officer at the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. He advised the union on how to respond to wartime legislation including the Munitions of War Act 1915. This role enabled him to escape conscription on the grounds that he was conducting work of national importance.

Cole's involvement in the campaign against conscription introduced him to a co-worker, Margaret Postgate, whom he married in 1918.

Having secured exemption from military service, Cole was practically active first with his union work and with journalism in defence of workers' rights;[4]: 61–73  he also found time to develop a political theory of guild socialism.[2] which had first engaged his attention during his undergraduate years.[5]: 49ff 

Cole's Prize Fellowship ended in 1919. He needed employment. He moved to London. His first job, provided by Arthur Henderson, was as part-time secretary to the Advisory Committees which had been established by the Labour Party in 1918 to create a clear and comprehensive political programme, a programme for a full-fledged political party and not a pressure group. The work was congenial and satisfactory but the requirements of the job proved too much for Cole's part-time commitment.[citation needed]

He then secured a job with the Manchester Guardian as its Labour Correspondent. He did not stay with the paper for long. His wife commented:

he was not really at all fitted to be a regular journalist on a daily. Though his contributions were well informed and generally readable, and though, so far as my knowledge goes, their accuracy went unchallenged, he was quite incapable of giving to the Guardian that priority of service and attention which any good newspaperman must give to his paper; and I very clearly recollect the amazed exasperation displayed on more than one occasion by the London Editor, or the Night Editor as the case might be, when a piece of news requiring instant comment had turned up, and their Labour Correspondent was not available on the telephone, had gone out, nobody knew where, or for how long[4]: 105 

Professional life

F. H. S. Shepherd, "University College Fellows", 1934: grouped under the college's bust of King Alfred are D. L. Keir, E. W. Ainley-Walker, A. D. Gardner, G. D. H. Cole, J. P. R. Maud, A. L. Goodhart, J. H. S. Wild, E. J. Bowen, A. B. Poynton, Sir Michael Sadler, A. S. L. Farquharson (in the centre), E. F. Carritt, G. H. Stevenson and K. K. M. Leys.

Cole authored several economic and historical works including biographies of William Cobbett and Robert Owen.

In 1925, he became reader in economics at University College, Oxford.

In 1929, he was appointed to the National Economic Advisory Council when it was set up by the second Labour government. In 1944, Cole became the first Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford. He was succeeded in the chair by Isaiah Berlin in 1957.[2]

Cole's pacifism of 1914-18 was abandoned by 1940 when he said: "Hitler cured me of pacifism".[6]: 84  During the 1930s, Cole sought to construct a British popular front against fascism. He identified the extent of the military threat before many of his colleagues had abandoned their pacifism. Cole lent strong support to the republican cause in the Spanish Civil War.[2]

He was listed in Nazi Germany's Black Book of prominent subjects to be arrested in the case of a successful invasion of Britain.[7]

In 1941, Cole was appointed sub-warden of Nuffield College, Oxford. He was central to the establishment of the Nuffield College Social Reconstruction Survey which collected a large amount of demographic, economic and social data. This information was used to advocate for an extensive programme of social reform.[2]

Socialism

Cole became interested in Fabianism while studying at Balliol College, Oxford. He joined the Fabian Society's executive under the sponsorship of Sidney Webb. Cole became a principal proponent of guild socialist ideas, a libertarian socialist alternative to Marxian political economy. These ideas he put forward in The New Age before and during the First World War and also in the pages of The New Statesman, the weekly founded by the Beatrice Webb and George Bernard Shaw.

Cole said his interest in socialism was kindled by his reading News from Nowhere, the utopian novel by William Morris, writing:

I became a Socialist because, as soon as the case for a society of equals, set free from the twin evils of riches and poverty, mastership and subjection, was put to me, I knew that to be the only kind of society that could be consistent with human decency and fellowship and that in no other society could I have the right to be content.

— World Socialism Restated[8]

Neither a Marxist nor a social democrat, Cole envisioned a guild socialism of decentralised association and active, participatory democracy, whose basic units would be sited at the workplace and in the community rather than in any central apparatus of the state. Cole criticized both state socialism and syndicalism as leaving open the possibility of tyranny, and envisioned a form of socialism where all enterprises would be democratically run by the workers through trade unions with the state remaining to guarantee consumers' rights and civil liberties. Cole's ideas were influential in intellectual circles but were generally dismissed by Labour Party leaders such as Ramsay MacDonald.[9][10]

In the 1920s, Hugh Gaitskell, a student of Cole, became active supporter of the 1926 United Kingdom general strike.[11] Cole also was a powerful influence on the life of the young Harold Wilson, whom he taught, worked with and convinced to join the Labour Party.

Cole formed the Society for Socialist Inquiry and Propaganda to advance his views, which combined with former members of the Independent Labour Party defecting to the mainstream Labour Party after its disaffiliation to form the Socialist League in 1932.[12] In 1936, Cole began calling for a popular front movement in Britain in which the Labour Party would ally with other political parties against appeasement and the threat of fascism.[13]

Cole wrote at least seven books for the Left Book Club, all of which were published by Victor Gollancz Ltd. They are marked with LBC in the list of his books given below. He and his wife, Margaret Cole, together wrote 29 popular detective stories,[14] featuring the investigators Superintendent Wilson, Everard Blatchington and Dr. Tancred. Cole and his wife created a partnership but not a marriage. Cole took little interest in sex and he regarded women as a distraction for men. Margaret documented this comprehensively in a biography she wrote of her husband after his death.[15]

Although Cole admired the Soviet Union for creating a socialist economy, he rejected its dictatorial government as a model for socialist societies elsewhere. In a 1939 lecture, Cole stated:

If I do not accept Stalin's answer, it is because I am not prepared to write off Democratic Socialism, despite all its failures and vacillations of recent years, as a total loss.... Democratic Socialism offers the only means of building the new order on what is valuable and worth preserving in the civilisation of to-day.[16]

In his book Europe, Russia and the Future published in 1941, Cole claimed that however immoral the new Nazi-dominated Europe was in some ways it was better than the "impracticable" system of sovereign states that had preceded it. In economic terms, it could be said that "it would be better to let Hitler conquer all Europe short of the Soviet Union, and thereafter exploit it ruthlessly in the Nazi interest, than to go back to the pre-war order of independent Nation States with frontiers drawn so as to cut right across the natural units of production and exchange".[17] Cole also stated:

I would much sooner see the Soviet Union, even with its policy unchanged, dominant over all Europe, including Great Britain, than see an attempt to restore the pre-war States to their futile and uncreative independence and their petty economic nationalism under capitalist domination. Much better be ruled by Stalin than by the destructive and monopolistic cliques which dominate Western capitalism.[18]

Co-operative studies

Cole was also a theorist of the co-operative movement and made a number of contributions to the fields of co-operative studies, co-operative economics and the history of the co-operative movement. In particular, his book The British Co-operative Movement in a Socialist Society examined the economic status of the English CWS (the predecessor of the modern Co-operative Group), evaluated its possibility of achieving a Co-operative Commonwealth without state assistance and hypothesised what the role the co-operative might have in a socialist state.[19]

A second book, titled A Century of Co-operation, examined the history of the movement from the very first co-operatives to the contribution of the Chartists and Robert Owen, through to the Rochdale Pioneers as well as the movement's development (in Great Britain) over the following century.[20]

Cole contributed to An Outline of Modern Knowledge, ed. William Rose (Victor Gollancz, 1931) along with other leading authorities of the time, including Roger Fry, C. G. Seligman, Maurice Dobb and F. J. C. Hearnshaw.

Personal life

G. D. H. Cole portrayed by Stella Bowen, c. 1944/1945. National Portrait Gallery, London

In August 1918, Cole married Margaret Isabel Postgate (1893–1980). Margaret was the daughter of the classical scholar John Percival Postgate.[2]

The couple had one son and two daughters in a marriage that lasted forty-one years. However, the marriage does not seem to have been especially happy. Cole expressed little interest in actual romantic attachment and even less in sexual relations. Friends observed that emotional attachments tended to be with men rather than women. Cole was very fond of some of his male students. They included the future leader of the Labour Party Hugh Gaitskell. There is no evidence of any homosexual encounters either before or during his marriage.[2]

Cole and his wife jointly wrote a number of books and articles, including twenty-nine detective stories.[2]

Cole could not accept the idea of a "determinate human superior". His wife recalled that "he... never gave orders except in a purely routine and non-significant sense".[4]: 35  His dislike of all forms of hierarchy and hatred of ritual led to atheism at an early age, though he never engaged in anti-religious polemics.[4]: 143  While no luddite, he greatly admired everything produced by William Morris including his affection for the Cotswolds. Though he enjoyed classical music, he regarded the radio as making a horrible noise[4]: 47  Almost allergic to higher mathematics (he did not understand Algebra) he distrusted science, as he believed it was being used to quantify things that were best left to interpretation.[4]: 34 

In literature and poetry he enjoyed (after Morris) Defoe, Swift, William Wordsworth, Walt Whitman, Henry James, William Cobbett, Bertrand Russell, George Bernard Shaw and Samuel Butler, but he found Edmund Burke and Thomas Carlyle pretentious. He disliked the "imperialism" of Shakespeare and hated D. H. Lawrence.[4]: 38 

He was admired by his students, but Gaitskell said he was much too sensitive, self-critical and sardonic to play the part of the master at all willingly.[4]: 144 

In the spring of 1929 the Coles returned to London, living in West Hampstead for six years until buying a "rambling Victorian" house called "Freeland" in Hendon where he lived for most of the last three decades of his life.[4]: 171–173  In early 1957 he and his wife moved to a flat in Holland Park, Kensington.[21] He died after going into a diabetic coma in the early hours of 14 January 1959 in hospital in Hampstead.[22] In lieu of religious rites his brother-in-law, Raymond Postgate, read two passages from the works of William Morris at his funeral in Golders Green Crematorium.[23] His estate was offered for probate at £46,617 (equivalent to £1,097,364 in 2020).[21][24]

Bibliography

Non-fiction works

Detective fiction

Novels and short story collections

G D H Cole

G D H and M Cole

  • The Death of a Millionaire (1925)
  • The Blatchington Tangle (1926); serialised in The Daily Herald (1926)
  • The Murder at Crome House (1927)
  • The Man from the River (1928)
  • Superintendent Wilson's Holiday (1928)
  • Poison in the Garden Suburb (1929); serialised in The Daily Herald (1929). Also known as Poison in a Garden Suburb
  • Burglars in Bucks (1930) aka The Berkshire Mystery
  • Corpse in Canonicals (1930) aka The Corpse in the Constable's Garden
  • The Great Southern Mystery (1931) aka The Walking Corpse
  • Dead Man's Watch (1931)
  • Death of a Star (1932)
  • A Lesson in Crime (1933)
    • A Lesson in Crime; A Question of Coincidence; Mr. Steven's Insurance Policy; Blackmail in the Village; The Cliff Path Ghost; Sixteen Years Run; Wilson Calling (Wilson); The Brentwardine Mystery; The Mother of the Detective; A Dose of Cyanide; Superintendent Wakley's Mistake.
  • The Affair at Aliquid (1933)
  • End of an Ancient Mariner (1933)
  • Death in the Quarry (1934)
  • Big Business Murder (1935)
  • Dr Tancred Begins (1935)
  • Scandal at School (1935) aka The Sleeping Death
  • Last Will and Testament (1936)
  • The Brothers Sackville (1936)
  • Disgrace to the College (1937)
  • The Missing Aunt (1937)
  • Mrs Warrender's Profession (1938)
  • Off with her Head! (1938)
  • Double Blackmail (1939)
  • Greek Tragedy (1939)
  • Wilson and Some Others (1940)
    • Death in a Tankard (Wilson); Murder in Church (Wilson); The Bone of the Dinosaur (Wilson); A Tale of Two Suitcases (Wilson); The Motive (Wilson); Glass (Wilson); Murder in Broad Daylight (Wilson); Ye Olde Englysshe Christmasse or Detection in the Eighteenth Century; The Letters; The Partner; A Present from the Empire; The Strange Adventures of a Chocolate Box; Strychnine Tonic.
  • Murder at the Munition Works (1940)
  • Counterpoint Murder (1940)
  • Knife in the Dark (1941)
  • Toper's End (1942)
  • Death of a Bride (1945)
  • Birthday Gifts (1946)
  • The Toys of Death (1948)

Radio plays

G D H and M Cole

  • Murder in Broad Daylight. BBC Home Service, 1 June 1934
  • The Bone of the Dinosaur. (Detection Club: Series 1, Episode 6). BBC Home Service, 23 and 27 November 1940

Short stories

G D H and Margaret Cole

  • Death in the Tankard. (London) Daily News, 15 to 19 January 1934
  • Too Clever by Half. (London) Daily News, 20 to 24 April 1936

References

  1. ^ Morris, Jeremy (2017). "F. D. Maurice and the Myth of Christian Socialist Origins". In Spencer, Stephen (ed.). Theology Reforming Society: Revisiting Anglican Social Theology. London: SCM Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-334-05373-6.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stears, Marc (2004). "Cole, George Douglas Howard (1889–1959)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32486. Retrieved 25 October 2017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. ^ 'Oxford University Calendar 1913, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913, pp. 196, 222
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cole, Margaret (1971). The Life of G. D. H. Cole. London: Macmillan St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-333-00216-4.
  5. ^ a b Carpenter, L. P. (1973). G. D. H. Cole: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08702-3.
  6. ^ Ceadel, Martin (1987). "The Peace Movement between the wars: problems of definition". In Taylor, Richard; Young, Nigel (eds.). Campaigns for Peace: British peace movements in the twentieth century. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-1892-7.
  7. ^ Walter Schellenberg, The Schellenberg Memoirs, London 1956 (Deutsch: Aufzeichungen, München 1979) pp 174.
  8. ^ G. D. H Cole, "World Socialism Restated," pamphlet (1956); cited, Harry Barnes, Three Score Years and Ten (24 July 2006).
  9. ^ Thorpe, Andrew (1997). A History of the British Labour Party (1 ed.). London: Red Globe Press. p. 29. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0. ISBN 978-0-333-56081-5. LCCN 96031879. OCLC 1285556329.
  10. ^ Peter Sedgwick, "A Return to First Things", Balliol College Annual Record 1980, pp.86–88 (review of A. W. Wright, G.D.H. Cole and Socialist Democracy). Marxists’ Internet Archive. Online.
  11. ^ "PPE: the Oxford degree that runs Britain". the Guardian. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  12. ^ Thorpe, Andrew (1997). A History of the British Labour Party (1 ed.). London: Red Globe Press. pp. 80–81. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0. ISBN 978-0-333-56081-5. LCCN 96031879. OCLC 1285556329.
  13. ^ Daniel Ritschel, The Politics of Planning: The Debate on Economic Planning in Britain in the 1930s. Oxford University Press, 1997 ISBN 019820647X (pp. 282–83)
  14. ^ Marc Stears, ‘Cole, Dame Margaret Isabel (1893–1980)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 7 May 2017
  15. ^ Curtis Evans (28 November 2016). Murder in the Closet: Essays on Queer Clues in Crime Fiction Before Stonewall. McFarland. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-0-7864-9992-2.
  16. ^ "The Decline of Capitalism". Lecture to Fabian Society, 1939.|Quoted in A. W. Wright, G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy. Clarendon Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-827421-1 (p. 226).
  17. ^ G. D. H. Cole, Europe, Russia and the Future (London: Victor Gollancz, 1941), p. 104.
  18. ^ Cole, Europe, Russia and the Future, p. 104.
  19. ^ Cole, G. D. H., "The British Co-operative Movement in a Socialist Society: A Report for the Fabian Society", London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1951.
  20. ^ Cole, G.D.H., A Century of Co-operation, Oxford: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1944.
  21. ^ a b "Cole, George Douglas Howard". The Times. London. 4 September 1959. p. 12.
  22. ^ "G. D. H. Cole". The Times. London. 15 January 1959.
  23. ^ "G. D. H. Cole". The Times. London. 17 January 1959.
  24. ^ "Find a will | GOV.UK". Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  25. ^ "Penguin First Editions". Penguin Publishing.

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Party political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the New Fabian Research Bureau
1937–1939 		Office abolished
New office Chairman of the Fabian Society
1937–1946 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the Fabian Society
1948–1950 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Fabian Society
1952–1959 		Succeeded by
Academic offices
New office Chichele Professor of
Social and Political Theory
1944–1957 		Succeeded by
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