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{{short description|American white supremacist and domestic terrorist (born 1966)}}
{{short description|American domestic terrorist (born 1966)}}


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'''Eric Robert Rudolph''' (born September 19, 1966), also known as the '''Olympic Park Bomber''', is an American [[domestic terrorist]] convicted for a series of bombings across the [[Southern United States]] between 1996 and 1998, which killed two people and injured over 100 others,<ref name="FBI announcement">{{cite web |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1998/October/477crm.htm |title=Eric Rudolph charged in Centennial Olympic Park bombing |website=Viceland News |access-date=September 19, 2019|archive-date=June 18, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030618150204/http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1998/October/477crm.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/08/rudolph.plea/|title=Rudolph agrees to plea agreement|last1=Schuster|first1=Henry|date=April 12, 2005|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 8, 2016|quote="The many victims of Eric Rudolph's terrorist attacks in Atlanta and Birmingham can rest assured that Rudolph will spend the rest of his life behind bars," [U.S. Attorney General Alberto] Gonzales said in press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409061947/http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/08/rudolph.plea/#|archive-date=April 9, 2005|url-status=live}}</ref> including the [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]] at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta]]. His stated motive was an opposition to "the ideals of global socialism" and to "abortion on demand," both of which he claimed were condoned by the United States government.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4600480 |title= Full Text of Eric Rudolph's Confession |publisher= NPR (National Public Radio) |date= April 14, 2005 |access-date= December 6, 2013 |archive-date= December 3, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203065049/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4600480 |url-status= live }}</ref> For five years, Rudolph was listed as one of the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] until he was caught in 2003.
'''Eric Robert Rudolph''' (born September 19, 1966), also known as the '''Olympic Park Bomber''', is an American [[domestic terrorist]] convicted for a series of bombings across the [[Southern United States]] between 1996 and 1998, which killed two people and injured over 100 others,<ref name="FBI announcement">{{cite web |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1998/October/477crm.htm |title=Eric Rudolph charged in Centennial Olympic Park bombing |website=Viceland News |access-date=September 19, 2019|archive-date=June 18, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030618150204/http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1998/October/477crm.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/08/rudolph.plea/|title=Rudolph agrees to plea agreement|last1=Schuster|first1=Henry|date=April 12, 2005|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 8, 2016|quote="The many victims of Eric Rudolph's terrorist attacks in Atlanta and Birmingham can rest assured that Rudolph will spend the rest of his life behind bars," [U.S. Attorney General Alberto] Gonzales said in press release.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409061947/http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/08/rudolph.plea/|archive-date=April 9, 2005|url-status=live}}</ref> including the [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]] at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta]]. His stated motive was an opposition to "the ideals of global socialism" and to "[[abortion law|abortion on demand]]", both of which he claimed were condoned by the United States government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2005/04/14/4600480/full-text-of-eric-rudolphs-confession |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203065049/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4600480 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |title=Full Text of Eric Rudolph's Confession |publisher= [[National Public Radio|NPR]] |date=April 14, 2005 |access-date=July 3, 2024 |url-status=live }}{{void|Fabrickator|comment|alternate archive url:https://web.archive.org/web/20240524131433/https://www.npr.org/2005/04/14/4600480/full-text-of-eric-rudolphs-confession}}</ref> For five years, Rudolph was listed as one of the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] until he was caught in 2003.


In 2005, as part of a [[plea bargain]], Rudolph pleaded guilty to numerous state and federal [[homicide]] charges and accepted four [[consecutive life sentences]] in exchange for avoiding a trial and a potential [[Capital punishment in the United States|death sentence]]. He remains incarcerated at the [[ADX Florence]] [[supermax]] prison near [[Florence, Colorado]].
In 2005, as part of a [[plea bargain]], Rudolph pleaded guilty to numerous state and federal [[homicide]] charges and accepted four [[consecutive life sentences]] in exchange for avoiding a trial and a potential [[Capital punishment in the United States|death sentence]]. He remains incarcerated at the [[ADX Florence]] [[supermax prison]] near [[Florence, Colorado]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
Rudolph was born in [[Merritt Island, Florida]], in 1966.<ref name="TruTV">{{cite web|last=Noe|first=Denise|title=Eric Rudolph: Serial Bomber|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/terrorists/eric_rudolph/6.html|publisher=TruTV|access-date=January 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305022651/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/terrorists/eric_rudolph/6.html#|archive-date=March 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> After his father Robert died in 1981, he moved with his mother and siblings to [[Nantahala, North Carolina|Nantahala]], [[Macon County, North Carolina|Macon County]], in western [[North Carolina]].<ref name="SPLC">{{Citation | year = 2001 | title = Tim and Sarah Gayman Discuss Growing Up in the Anti-Semitic Christian Identity Movement | periodical = Intelligence Report | edition = Summer 2001 | issue = 102 | publisher = Southern Poverty Law Center | url = http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2001/summer/coming-out?page=0,1 | access-date = August 16, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110712035613/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2001/summer/coming-out?page=0,1# | archive-date = July 12, 2011 | url-status = live | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
Rudolph was born in [[Merritt Island, Florida]], in 1966.<ref name="TruTV">{{cite web|last=Noe|first=Denise|title=Eric Rudolph: Serial Bomber|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/terrorists/eric_rudolph/6.html|publisher=TruTV|access-date=January 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305022651/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/terrorists/eric_rudolph/6.html|archive-date=March 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> After his father Robert died in 1981, he moved with his mother and siblings to [[Nantahala, North Carolina|Nantahala]], [[Macon County, North Carolina|Macon County]], in western [[North Carolina]].<ref name="SPLC">{{Citation | year = 2001 | title = Tim and Sarah Gayman Discuss Growing Up in the Anti-Semitic Christian Identity Movement | periodical = Intelligence Report | edition = Summer 2001 | issue = 102 | publisher = Southern Poverty Law Center | url = http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2001/summer/coming-out?page=0,1 | access-date = August 16, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110712035613/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2001/summer/coming-out?page=0,1 | archive-date = July 12, 2011 | url-status = live | df = mdy-all }}</ref>


Rudolph attended ninth grade at the [[Nantahala School]] but dropped out after that year and worked as a carpenter with his older brother Daniel. When Rudolph was 18, he spent time with his mother at a [[Christian Identity]] compound in [[Missouri]] known as the [[Church of Israel]].<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |title=Rudolph's mother: Son not a 'monster' |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2005-08-22/justice/rudolph.mother_1_eric-rudolph-bombings-abortions?_s=PM:LAW |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=February 14, 2011 |date=April 4, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715230302/http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/08/22/rudolph.mother/index.html?_s=PM%3ALAW |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Rudolph attended ninth grade at the [[Nantahala School]] but dropped out after that year and worked as a carpenter with his older brother Daniel. When Rudolph was 18, he spent time with his mother at a [[Christian Identity]] compound in [[Missouri]] known as the [[Church of Israel]].<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |title=Rudolph's mother: Son not a 'monster' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/08/22/rudolph.mother/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=February 14, 2011 |date=April 4, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715230302/http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/08/22/rudolph.mother/index.html?_s=PM%3ALAW |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>


After Rudolph received his [[General Educational Development|GED]], he enlisted in the U.S. Army, undergoing basic training at [[Fort Benning]] in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. He was [[Military discharge|discharged]] in January 1989, due to [[marijuana]] use, while serving with the [[101st Airborne Division]] at [[Fort Campbell]], [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Gettleman|first2=David M.|last2=Halbfinger|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/01/us/suspect-in-96-olympic-bombing-and-3-other-attacks-is-caught.html|title=Suspect in '96 Olympic Bombing And 3 Other Attacks Is Caught|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204132818/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/01/us/suspect-in-96-olympic-bombing-and-3-other-attacks-is-caught.html# |date=June 1, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2014|archive-date=February 4, 2017 }}</ref> In 1988, the year before his discharge, Rudolph had attended the [[United States Army Air Assault School|Air Assault School]] at Fort Campbell. He attained the rank of [[Specialist (rank)|Specialist]]/[[Uniformed services pay grades of the United States|E-4]].
After Rudolph received his [[General Educational Development|GED]], he enlisted in the U.S. Army, undergoing basic training at [[Fort Benning]] in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. He was [[Military discharge|discharged]] in January 1989, due to [[marijuana]] use, while serving with the [[101st Airborne Division]] at [[Fort Campbell]], [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Gettleman|author-link1=Jeffrey Gettleman|first2=David M.|last2=Halbfinger|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/01/us/suspect-in-96-olympic-bombing-and-3-other-attacks-is-caught.html|title=Suspect in '96 Olympic Bombing And 3 Other Attacks Is Caught|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204132818/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/01/us/suspect-in-96-olympic-bombing-and-3-other-attacks-is-caught.html |date=June 1, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2014|archive-date=February 4, 2017 }}</ref> In 1988, the year before his discharge, Rudolph had attended the [[United States Army Air Assault School|Air Assault School]] at Fort Campbell. He attained the rank of [[Specialist (rank)|Specialist]]/[[Uniformed services pay grades of the United States|E-4]].


Rudolph joined several [[White supremacy|white supremacist groups]] in the years before he perpetrated the bombings.<ref>{{cite web |title=WashingtonPost.com: Eric Rudolph |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/rudolph/bio.htm |website=www.washingtonpost.com |access-date=10 September 2022 |date=December 1998 |archive-date=August 29, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000829040809/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/rudolph/bio.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why did Rudolph do it? - Apr 13, 2005 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2005/US/04/11/schuster.column/index.html |website=www.cnn.com |access-date=10 September 2022 |date=12 April 2005 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708054044/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/04/11/schuster.column/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Rudolph joined several [[White supremacy|white supremacist groups]] in the years before he perpetrated the bombings.<ref>{{cite web |title=WashingtonPost.com: Eric Rudolph |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/rudolph/bio.htm |website=www.washingtonpost.com |access-date=10 September 2022 |date=December 1998 |archive-date=August 29, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000829040809/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/rudolph/bio.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Why did Rudolph do it? - Apr 13, 2005 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2005/US/04/11/schuster.column/index.html |website=www.cnn.com |access-date=10 September 2022 |date=12 April 2005 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708054044/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/04/11/schuster.column/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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==Bombings==
==Bombings==
{{further|Centennial Olympic Park bombing|Otherside Lounge bombing}}
{{further|Centennial Olympic Park bombing|Otherside Lounge bombing}}
At age 29, Rudolph perpetrated the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in [[Atlanta]], which occurred on July 27, 1996, during the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]. He made two anonymous 911 calls, warning about the bomb before it detonated.<ref name=fulltext>[http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphStatement.html Full text of Eric Rudolph's written statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028003642/http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphStatement.html# |date=October 28, 2006 }} Army of God website</ref> The blast killed one spectator and wounded 111 others.<ref name="bonvillian">{{cite news|first=Crystal|last=Bonvillian|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/national/serial-bomber-eric-rudolph-targeted-olympics-gay-clubs-abortion-clinics/2Pm8Uoj3XucMLRowsheGtL/|title=Serial bomber Eric Rudolph targeted Olympics, gay club, abortion clinics|newspaper=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|date=March 19, 2018|access-date=April 13, 2018|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170646/https://www.ajc.com/news/national/serial-bomber-eric-rudolph-targeted-olympics-gay-clubs-abortion-clinics/2Pm8Uoj3XucMLRowsheGtL/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 40-year-old [[Turkey|Turkish]] news [[videographer|cameraman]] suffered a fatal [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] while running to the scene.<ref name=Times-Uzunyol>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/28/us/bomb-at-the-olympics-heart-ailment-kills-war-survivor-in-altanta.html |title=BOMB AT THE OLYMPICS; Heart Ailment Kills War Survivor in Altanta &#91;sic&#93; |date=July 28, 1996 |access-date=August 26, 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106064814/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/28/us/bomb-at-the-olympics-heart-ailment-kills-war-survivor-in-altanta.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= In Atlanta, Fear Roams Hand In Hand With Anger |first= Jeff |last= Jacobs |date= July 28, 1996 |url= http://articles.courant.com/1996-07-28/news/9607280085_1_alice-s-hawthorne-explosion-centennial-olympic-park |work= [[Hartford Courant]] |access-date= August 27, 2020 |archive-date= October 19, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131019152603/http://articles.courant.com/1996-07-28/news/9607280085_1_alice-s-hawthorne-explosion-centennial-olympic-park |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="bonvillian" />
At age 29, Rudolph perpetrated the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in [[Atlanta]], which occurred on July 27, 1996, during the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]. He made two anonymous 911 calls, warning about the bomb before it detonated.<ref name=fulltext>[http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphStatement.html Full text of Eric Rudolph's written statement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028003642/http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphStatement.html |date=October 28, 2006 }} Army of God website</ref> The blast killed one spectator and wounded 111 others.<ref name="bonvillian">{{cite news|first=Crystal|last=Bonvillian|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/national/serial-bomber-eric-rudolph-targeted-olympics-gay-clubs-abortion-clinics/2Pm8Uoj3XucMLRowsheGtL/|title=Serial bomber Eric Rudolph targeted Olympics, gay club, abortion clinics|newspaper=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|date=March 19, 2018|access-date=April 13, 2018|archive-date=April 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417170646/https://www.ajc.com/news/national/serial-bomber-eric-rudolph-targeted-olympics-gay-clubs-abortion-clinics/2Pm8Uoj3XucMLRowsheGtL/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 40-year-old [[Turkey|Turkish]] news [[videographer|cameraman]] suffered a fatal [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] while running to the scene.<ref name=Times-Uzunyol>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/28/us/bomb-at-the-olympics-heart-ailment-kills-war-survivor-in-altanta.html |title=BOMB AT THE OLYMPICS; Heart Ailment Kills War Survivor in Altanta &#91;sic&#93; |date=July 28, 1996 |access-date=August 26, 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106064814/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/28/us/bomb-at-the-olympics-heart-ailment-kills-war-survivor-in-altanta.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= In Atlanta, Fear Roams Hand In Hand With Anger |first= Jeff |last= Jacobs |date= July 28, 1996 |url= https://www.courant.com/1996/07/28/in-atlanta-fear-roams-hand-in-hand-with-anger/ |work= [[Hartford Courant]] |access-date= August 27, 2020 |archive-date= October 19, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131019152603/http://articles.courant.com/1996-07-28/news/9607280085_1_alice-s-hawthorne-explosion-centennial-olympic-park |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="bonvillian" />


Rudolph's motive for the bombing, according to his April 13, 2005 statement, was political:
Rudolph's motive for the bombing, according to his April 13, 2005 statement, was political:
<blockquote>In the summer of 1996, the world converged upon Atlanta for the Olympic Games. Under the protection and auspices of the regime in Washington millions of people came to celebrate the ideals of global [[socialism]]. Multinational corporations spent billions of dollars, and Washington organized an army of security to protect these best of all games. Even though the conception and the purpose of the so-called Olympic movement is to promote the values of global socialism as perfectly expressed in the song "[[Imagine (John Lennon song)|Imagine]]" by [[John Lennon]], which was the theme of the 1996 Games—even though the purpose of the Olympics is to promote these ideals, the purpose of the attack on July 27 was to confound, anger and embarrass the Washington government in the eyes of the world for its abominable sanctioning of [[abortion]] on demand.
<blockquote>In the summer of 1996, the world converged upon Atlanta for the Olympic Games. Under the protection and auspices of the regime in Washington millions of people came to celebrate the ideals of global [[socialism]]. Multinational corporations spent billions of dollars, and Washington organized an army of security to protect these best of all games. Even though the conception and the purpose of the so-called Olympic movement is to promote the values of global socialism as perfectly expressed in the song "[[Imagine (John Lennon song)|Imagine]]" by [[John Lennon]], which was the theme of the 1996 Games—even though the purpose of the Olympics is to promote these ideals, the purpose of the attack on July 27 was to confound, anger and embarrass the Washington government in the eyes of the world for its abominable sanctioning of [[abortion law|abortion on demand]].


The plan was to force the cancellation of the games, or at least create a state of insecurity in order to empty the streets around the venues and thereby eat into the vast amounts of money that had been invested in them.<ref name="fulltext"/></blockquote>
The plan was to force the cancellation of the games, or at least create a state of insecurity in order to empty the streets around the venues and thereby eat into the vast amounts of money that had been invested in them.<ref name="fulltext"/></blockquote>
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Rudolph's statement cleared [[Richard Jewell]], a Centennial Olympic Park security guard, of any involvement in the bombing. Despite having been initially hailed as a hero for being the first one to spot Rudolph's explosive device and helping to clear the area, Jewell came under FBI scrutiny in the days following the attack, ultimately becoming the prime suspect and the subject of international media attention.
Rudolph's statement cleared [[Richard Jewell]], a Centennial Olympic Park security guard, of any involvement in the bombing. Despite having been initially hailed as a hero for being the first one to spot Rudolph's explosive device and helping to clear the area, Jewell came under FBI scrutiny in the days following the attack, ultimately becoming the prime suspect and the subject of international media attention.


Rudolph confessed to three other bombings: of an [[abortion clinic]] in the Atlanta suburb of [[Sandy Springs, Georgia|Sandy Springs]] on January 16, 1997; of the Otherside Lounge of Atlanta, a [[gay bar|lesbian bar]], on February 21, 1997, injuring five;<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2005/April/05_crm_176.htm|title=Eric Robert Rudolph To Plead Guilty To Serial Bombing Attacks In Atlanta And Birmingham; Will Receive Life Sentences|publisher=[[U.S. Justice Department]]|date=April 8, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414003813/http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2005/April/05_crm_176.htm|archive-date=April 14, 2013}}</ref> and of an abortion clinic in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] on January 29, 1998, killing [[Birmingham Police Department (Alabama)|Birmingham police officer]] Robert Sanderson, who was off-duty but working as security in uniform, and critically injuring nurse [[Emily Lyons]]. Rudolph's [[nail bomb|bombs contained nails]], which acted as [[fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]].
Rudolph confessed to three other bombings: of an [[abortion clinic]] in the Atlanta suburb of [[Sandy Springs, Georgia|Sandy Springs]] on January 16, 1997; of the Otherside Lounge of Atlanta, a [[gay bar|lesbian bar]], on February 21, 1997, injuring five;<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2005/April/05_crm_176.htm|title=Eric Robert Rudolph To Plead Guilty To Serial Bombing Attacks In Atlanta And Birmingham; Will Receive Life Sentences|publisher=[[U.S. Justice Department]]|date=April 8, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414003813/http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2005/April/05_crm_176.htm|archive-date=April 14, 2013}}</ref> and of an abortion clinic in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] on January 29, 1998, killing [[Birmingham Police Department|Birmingham police officer]] Robert Sanderson, who was off-duty but working as security in uniform, and critically injuring nurse [[Emily Lyons]]. Rudolph's [[nail bomb|bombs contained nails]], which acted as [[fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]].


==Fugitive==
==Fugitive==
Rudolph was first identified as a suspect in the Alabama bombing by the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] on February 14, 1998, following tips from two witnesses, Jeffrey Tickal and Jermaine Hughes. Tickal and Hughes observed Rudolph departing the scene and noted his appearance and truck license plate.<ref>{{cite news|title=They Didn't Catch Rudolph, but They Stopped Him Cold|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/15/nation/na-witness15|access-date=April 16, 2013|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 15, 2005|first1=Ellen|last1=Barry|first2=Jenny|last2=Jarvie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227092743/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/15/nation/na-witness15#|archive-date=December 27, 2014|url-status=live}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> He was named as a suspect in the other Atlanta and Alabama incidents on October 14, 1998.
Rudolph was first identified as a suspect in the Alabama bombing by the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] on February 14, 1998, following tips from two witnesses, Jeffrey Tickal and Jermaine Hughes. Tickal and Hughes observed Rudolph departing the scene and noted his appearance and truck license plate.<ref>{{cite news|title=They Didn't Catch Rudolph, but They Stopped Him Cold|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-apr-15-na-witness15-story.html|access-date=April 16, 2013|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 15, 2005|first1=Ellen|last1=Barry|first2=Jenny|last2=Jarvie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227092743/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/15/nation/na-witness15|archive-date=December 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He was named as a suspect in the other Atlanta and Alabama incidents on October 14, 1998.


On May 5, 1998, he became the 454th fugitive listed by the FBI on the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1990s|Ten Most Wanted]] list. The FBI considered him to be armed and extremely dangerous, and offered a $1 million reward for information leading directly to his arrest. He spent more than five years in the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] wilderness as a fugitive, during which time federal and amateur search teams scoured the area without success.
On May 5, 1998, he became the 454th fugitive listed by the FBI on the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 1990s|Ten Most Wanted]] list. The FBI considered him to be armed and extremely dangerous, and offered a $1 million reward for information leading directly to his arrest. He spent more than five years in the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] wilderness as a fugitive, during which time federal and amateur search teams scoured the area without success.


Rudolph's family supported him and believed he was innocent of all charges.<ref>{{cite web|first=Henry|last=Schuster|website=[[CNN]]|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/04/11/schuster.column/index.html|title=Why did Rudolph do it?|date=April 15, 2005|access-date=November 26, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624092056/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/04/11/schuster.column/index.html# |archive-date=June 24, 2006 }}</ref> They were questioned and placed under [[surveillance]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Jeff|last=Stein|website=[[Salon.com]]|url=http://www.salon.com/1999/01/29/newsc_20/|title=A twisted tale of two brothers|date=January 29, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911184055/http://www.salon.com/1999/01/29/newsc_20/# |archive-date=September 11, 2016 }}</ref> On March 7, 1998, Rudolph's older brother, Daniel, videotaped himself cutting off his left hand with a [[radial arm saw]] in order to, in his words, "send a message to the FBI and the media."<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombing suspect's brother cuts hand off with saw|url=http://www-cgi.cnn.com/US/9803/09/briefs.pm/rudolph.amputation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001011025711/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/US/9803/09/briefs.pm/rudolph.amputation/|author=<!--Staff article-->|date=March 9, 1998|website=[[CNN]]|archive-date=October 11, 2000|access-date=November 26, 2006}}</ref> The hand was successfully reattached later by surgeons.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/11/us/bomb-suspect-s-brother-mutilates-himself.html | work=The New York Times | title=Bomb Suspect's Brother Mutilates Himself | date=March 11, 1998 | access-date=February 16, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204132742/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/11/us/bomb-suspect-s-brother-mutilates-himself.html | archive-date=February 4, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Rudolph's family supported him and believed he was innocent of all charges.<ref>{{cite web|first=Henry|last=Schuster|website=[[CNN]]|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/04/11/schuster.column/index.html|title=Why did Rudolph do it?|date=April 15, 2005|access-date=November 26, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624092056/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/04/11/schuster.column/index.html |archive-date=June 24, 2006 }}</ref> They were questioned and placed under [[surveillance]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Jeff|last=Stein|website=[[Salon.com]]|url=http://www.salon.com/1999/01/29/newsc_20/|title=A twisted tale of two brothers|date=January 29, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911184055/http://www.salon.com/1999/01/29/newsc_20/ |archive-date=September 11, 2016 }}</ref> On March 7, 1998, Rudolph's older brother, Daniel, videotaped himself cutting off his left hand with a [[radial arm saw]] in order to, in his words, "send a message to the FBI and the media."<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombing suspect's brother cuts hand off with saw|url=http://www-cgi.cnn.com/US/9803/09/briefs.pm/rudolph.amputation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001011025711/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/US/9803/09/briefs.pm/rudolph.amputation/|author=<!--Staff article-->|date=March 9, 1998|website=[[CNN]]|archive-date=October 11, 2000|access-date=November 26, 2006}}</ref> The hand was successfully reattached later by surgeons.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/11/us/bomb-suspect-s-brother-mutilates-himself.html | work=The New York Times | title=Bomb Suspect's Brother Mutilates Himself | date=March 11, 1998 | access-date=February 16, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204132742/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/11/us/bomb-suspect-s-brother-mutilates-himself.html | archive-date=February 4, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>
According to Rudolph's own writings, he survived during his years as a fugitive by camping in the [[Nantahala National Forest]] near Cherokee and Graham Counties, in North Carolina, by gathering [[acorn]]s and [[salamander]]s, pilfering vegetables from gardens, stealing grain from a grain silo, and raiding dumpsters in [[Murphy, North Carolina]].<ref>[http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphLickFloor.html Lick the Floor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403223943/http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphLickFloor.html# |date=April 3, 2007 }} January 27, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphTil.html |title=Lil |publisher=Armyofgod.com |access-date=January 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050627010308/http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphTil.html# |archive-date=June 27, 2005 |url-status=live }}</ref>
According to Rudolph's own writings, he survived during his years as a fugitive by camping in the [[Nantahala National Forest]] near Cherokee and Graham Counties, in North Carolina, by gathering [[acorn]]s and [[salamander]]s, pilfering vegetables from gardens, stealing grain from a grain silo, and raiding dumpsters in [[Murphy, North Carolina]].<ref>[http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphLickFloor.html Lick the Floor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403223943/http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphLickFloor.html |date=April 3, 2007 }} January 27, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphTil.html |title=Lil |publisher=Armyofgod.com |access-date=January 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050627010308/http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphTil.html |archive-date=June 27, 2005 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Arrest and guilty plea==
==Arrest and guilty plea==
[[File:EricRudolphMugshots2003.jpg|thumb|Rudolph's mug shot, taken after his arrest in 2003.]]
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:EricRudolphMugshots2003.jpg|thumb|Rudolph's mug shot, taken after his arrest in 2003]] -->
Rudolph was arrested in [[Murphy, North Carolina]], on May 31, 2003, by rookie police officer Jeffrey Scott Postell of the Murphy Police Department while Rudolph was looking through a dumpster behind a [[Save-A-Lot]] store at about 4:00{{nbs}}a.m. Postell, on routine patrol, had initially suspected a burglary in progress.<ref name="CNN captured">{{cite news |title=Atlanta Olympic bombing suspect arrested|website=[[CNN]]|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/05/31/rudolph.main/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621163319/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/05/31/rudolph.main/|archive-date=June 21, 2003|date=May 31, 2003}}</ref>
Rudolph was arrested in [[Murphy, North Carolina]], on May 31, 2003, by rookie police officer Jeffrey Scott Postell of the Murphy Police Department while Rudolph was looking through a dumpster behind a [[Save-A-Lot]] store at about 4:00{{spaces}}a.m. Postell, on routine patrol, had initially suspected a burglary in progress.<ref name="CNN captured">{{cite news |title=Atlanta Olympic bombing suspect arrested|website=[[CNN]]|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/05/31/rudolph.main/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030621163319/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/05/31/rudolph.main/|archive-date=June 21, 2003|date=May 31, 2003}}</ref>


Rudolph was unarmed and did not resist arrest. When arrested, he was clean-shaven with a trimmed mustache, had dyed black hair and wore a camouflage jacket, work clothes, and new sneakers.<ref name="CNN captured"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Finally caught: 5 year hunt for Eric Rudolph ends|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/content/news/rudolph/0603/01main.html|work=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|access-date=December 7, 2013|first1=Bill|last1=Torpy|first2=Don|last2=Plummer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605155128/http://www.ajc.com/news/content/news/rudolph/0603/01main.html|archive-date=June 5, 2003|date=June 1, 2003}}</ref> Federal authorities charged him on October 14, 2003. Rudolph was initially defended by attorney [[Richard S. Jaffe]]. After Jaffe withdrew, he was represented by [[Judy Clarke]].
Rudolph was unarmed and did not resist arrest. When arrested, he was clean-shaven with a trimmed mustache, had dyed black hair and wore a camouflage jacket, work clothes, and new sneakers.<ref name="CNN captured"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Finally caught: 5 year hunt for Eric Rudolph ends|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/content/news/rudolph/0603/01main.html|work=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|access-date=December 7, 2013|first1=Bill|last1=Torpy|first2=Don|last2=Plummer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030605155128/http://www.ajc.com/news/content/news/rudolph/0603/01main.html|archive-date=June 5, 2003|date=June 1, 2003}}</ref> Federal authorities charged him on October 14, 2003. Rudolph was initially defended by attorney [[Richard S. Jaffe]]. After Jaffe withdrew, he was represented by [[Judy Clarke]].


In April 2005, the Department of Justice announced that Rudolph had agreed to a [[plea bargain]] under which he would plead guilty to all charges he was accused of in exchange for avoiding the [[death penalty]]. The deal was confirmed after the FBI found {{convert|250|lb}} of [[dynamite]] he had hidden in the forests of [[North Carolina]]. His revealing the hiding places of the dynamite was a condition of his plea agreement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eggen|first=Dan|title=Rudolph To Plead Guilty to Bombings|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37544-2005Apr8.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 7, 2013|date=April 9, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630002149/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37544-2005Apr8.html#|archive-date=June 30, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his pleas in person in Birmingham and Atlanta courts on April 13.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lohr|first=Kathy|title=Rudolph Pleads Guilty, Admits Little Remorse|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4599872|website=[[NPR]]|access-date=December 7, 2013|date=April 13, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213150211/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4599872#|archive-date=December 13, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
In April 2005, the Department of Justice announced that Rudolph had agreed to a [[plea bargain]] under which he would plead guilty to all charges he was accused of in exchange for avoiding the [[death penalty]]. The deal was confirmed after the FBI found {{convert|250|lb}} of [[dynamite]] he had hidden in the forests of [[North Carolina]]. His revealing the hiding places of the dynamite was a condition of his plea agreement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eggen|first=Dan|title=Rudolph To Plead Guilty to Bombings|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37544-2005Apr8.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 7, 2013|date=April 9, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630002149/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37544-2005Apr8.html|archive-date=June 30, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his pleas in person in Birmingham and Atlanta courts on April 13.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lohr|first=Kathy|title=Rudolph Pleads Guilty, Admits Little Remorse|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4599872|website=[[NPR]]|access-date=December 7, 2013|date=April 13, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213150211/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4599872|archive-date=December 13, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>


Rudolph released a statement explaining his actions; he rationalized the bombings as serving the cause of [[anti-abortion]] and [[anti-gay]] terrorism. In his statement, he claimed that he had "deprived the government of its goal of sentencing me to death," and that "the fact that I have entered an agreement with the government is purely a tactical choice on my part and in no way legitimates the [[moral authority]] of the government to judge this matter or impute my guilt."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-13-rudolph-statement_x.htm |title=Excerpts from Eric Rudolph's statement |date=April 13, 2005 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=August 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211085812/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-13-rudolph-statement_x.htm# |archive-date=February 11, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Rudolph released a statement explaining his actions; he rationalized the bombings as serving the cause of [[anti-abortion]] and [[anti-gay]] terrorism. In his statement, he claimed that he had "deprived the government of its goal of sentencing me to death," and that "the fact that I have entered an agreement with the government is purely a tactical choice on my part and in no way legitimates the [[moral authority]] of the government to judge this matter or impute my guilt."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-13-rudolph-statement_x.htm |title=Excerpts from Eric Rudolph's statement |date=April 13, 2005 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=August 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211085812/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-04-13-rudolph-statement_x.htm |archive-date=February 11, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>


The terms of the plea agreement were that Rudolph would be sentenced to four consecutive life terms. He was sentenced July 18, 2005, to two consecutive [[life imprisonment|life term]]s without [[parole]] for the 1998 murder of a police officer.<ref>{{cite web|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162790,00.html|title=Eric Rudolph Gets Life Without Parole|website=[[Fox News]]|date=July 18, 2005|access-date=November 26, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829015310/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162790,00.html# |archive-date=August 29, 2006 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> He was sentenced for his bombings in Atlanta on August 22, 2005, receiving two consecutive life terms. That same day, Rudolph was sent to the [[ADX Florence]] [[Supermax]] federal prison. Like other Supermax inmates, he spends 23 hours per day alone in his {{convert|80|sqft|m2|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} concrete cell.<ref>{{cite news|first=R. Scott|last=Rappold|url=http://www.gazette.com/display.php?id=1310494&secid=1|title=Olympic bomber Rudolph calls Supermax home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023225608/http://www.gazette.com/display.php?id=1310494&secid=1 |archive-date=October 23, 2005|newspaper=[[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)|Colorado Springs Gazette]]|date=September 14, 2005|access-date=November 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=18282-058&x=399&y=290 Eric Robert Rudolph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614050524/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=18282-058&x=399&y=290# |date=June 14, 2009 }}." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref>
The terms of the plea agreement were that Rudolph would be sentenced to four consecutive life terms. He was sentenced July 18, 2005, to two consecutive [[life imprisonment|life term]]s without [[parole]] for the 1998 murder of a police officer.<ref>{{cite web|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162790,00.html|title=Eric Rudolph Gets Life Without Parole|website=[[Fox News]]|date=July 18, 2005|access-date=November 26, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829015310/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162790,00.html |archive-date=August 29, 2006 }}</ref> He was sentenced for his bombings in Atlanta on August 22, 2005, receiving two consecutive life terms. That same day, Rudolph was sent to the [[ADX Florence]] [[Supermax]] federal prison. Like other Supermax inmates, he spends 23 hours per day alone in his {{convert|80|sqft|m2|adj=on|abbr=off|sp=us}} concrete cell.<ref>{{cite news|first=R. Scott|last=Rappold|url=http://www.gazette.com/display.php?id=1310494&secid=1|title=Olympic bomber Rudolph calls Supermax home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023225608/http://www.gazette.com/display.php?id=1310494&secid=1 |archive-date=October 23, 2005|newspaper=[[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)|Colorado Springs Gazette]]|date=September 14, 2005|access-date=November 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=18282-058&x=399&y=290 Eric Robert Rudolph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614050524/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=18282-058&x=399&y=290 |date=June 14, 2009 }}." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref>


Rudolph unsuccessfully tried to have part of his sentence vacated in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudolph v. United States, Civil Action 2:20-cv-08024-CLS {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator |url=https://casetext.com/case/rudolph-v-united-states-13 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=casetext.com |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517215518/https://casetext.com/case/rudolph-v-united-states-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Rudolph unsuccessfully tried to have part of his sentence vacated in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudolph v. United States, Civil Action 2:20-cv-08024-CLS {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator |url=https://casetext.com/case/rudolph-v-united-states-13 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=casetext.com |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517215518/https://casetext.com/case/rudolph-v-united-states-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Motivations==
==Motivations==
After Rudolph's arrest for the bombings, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that the FBI considered Rudolph to have "had a long association with the [[Christian Identity]] movement, which asserts that [[Northern European]] whites are the direct descendants of the [[Ten Lost Tribes|lost tribes of Israel]], God's [[Jews as a chosen people|chosen people]]."<ref name="Cooperman">{{Cite news |last=Cooperman |first=Alan |date=June 2, 2003 |title=Is Terrorism Tied To Christian Sect? |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/06/02/is-terrorism-tied-to-christian-sect/7510f762-4ac6-43b5-9b15-479a8cef16d4/ |access-date=November 12, 2020 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124072527/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/06/02/is-terrorism-tied-to-christian-sect/7510f762-4ac6-43b5-9b15-479a8cef16d4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Christian Identity is a [[white supremacism|white supremacist]] movement which holds the view that those who are not white Christians cannot be saved.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quarles |first=Chester L. |title=Christian Identity: The Aryan American Bloodline Religion |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |location=Jefferson, North Carolina|year=2004 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5BzY2eeyngC |isbn=978-0-7864-1892-3 |access-date=November 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424002004/https://books.google.com/books?id=r5BzY2eeyngC |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same article, the ''Post'' reported that some FBI investigators believe that Rudolph may have written letters in which he claimed responsibility for the nightclub and abortion clinic bombings on behalf of the [[Army of God (USA)|Army of God]], a group that sanctions the use of force to combat abortions and is associated with Christian Identity.<ref>{{cite web | title= The Second Defensive Action Statement | url= http://www.armyofgod.com/defense2.html | access-date= May 14, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081006164433/http://www.armyofgod.com/defense2.html# | archive-date= October 6, 2008 | url-status= live | df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="Cooperman" />
After Rudolph's arrest for the bombings, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that the FBI considered Rudolph to have "had a long association with the [[Christian Identity]] movement, which asserts that [[Northern European]] whites are the direct descendants of the [[Ten Lost Tribes|lost tribes of Israel]], God's [[Jews as a chosen people|chosen people]]."<ref name="Cooperman">{{Cite news |last=Cooperman |first=Alan |date=June 2, 2003 |title=Is Terrorism Tied To Christian Sect? |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/06/02/is-terrorism-tied-to-christian-sect/7510f762-4ac6-43b5-9b15-479a8cef16d4/ |access-date=November 12, 2020 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124072527/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/06/02/is-terrorism-tied-to-christian-sect/7510f762-4ac6-43b5-9b15-479a8cef16d4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Christian Identity is a [[white supremacism|white supremacist]] movement which holds the view that those who are not white Christians cannot be saved.<ref>{{cite book |last=Quarles |first=Chester L. |title=Christian Identity: The Aryan American Bloodline Religion |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |location=Jefferson, North Carolina|year=2004 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5BzY2eeyngC |isbn=978-0-7864-1892-3 |access-date=November 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424002004/https://books.google.com/books?id=r5BzY2eeyngC |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same article, the ''Post'' reported that some FBI investigators believe that Rudolph may have written letters in which he claimed responsibility for the nightclub and abortion clinic bombings on behalf of the [[Army of God (USA)|Army of God]], a group that sanctions the use of force to combat abortions and is associated with Christian Identity.<ref>{{cite web | title= The Second Defensive Action Statement | url= http://www.armyofgod.com/defense2.html | access-date= May 14, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081006164433/http://www.armyofgod.com/defense2.html | archive-date= October 6, 2008 | url-status= live | df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="Cooperman" />


In a statement released after he entered a guilty plea, Rudolph denied being a supporter of the Christian Identity movement, claiming that his involvement amounted to a brief association with the daughter of a Christian Identity adherent, later identified as Pastor Daniel Gayman. When asked about his religion he said "I was born a Catholic, and with forgiveness I hope to die one."<ref name="AP">{{cite news |title=Eric Rudolph, proud killer |url=http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/050414/rudolph.shtml |access-date=December 11, 2006|agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Decatur Daily]] |date=April 14, 2005 |first=Kristen|last=Wyatt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421100819/http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/050414/rudolph.shtml# |archive-date=April 21, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Blake|last=Morrison|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-05-rudolph-cover-partone_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA|title=Special report: Eric Rudolph writes home|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=July 6, 2005|access-date=November 26, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528052340/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-05-rudolph-cover-partone_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA# |archive-date=May 28, 2011 }}</ref> In other written statements, Rudolph has cited [[Bible|biblical]] passages and offered religious motives for his militant opposition to abortion.<ref name="fulltext"/>
In a statement released after he entered a guilty plea, Rudolph denied being a supporter of the Christian Identity movement, claiming that his involvement amounted to a brief association with the daughter of a Christian Identity adherent, later identified as [[Daniel Gayman]]. When asked about his religion he said "I was born a Catholic, and with forgiveness I hope to die one."<ref name="AP">{{cite news |title=Eric Rudolph, proud killer |url=http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/050414/rudolph.shtml |access-date=December 11, 2006|agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[The Decatur Daily]] |date=April 14, 2005 |first=Kristen|last=Wyatt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421100819/http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/050414/rudolph.shtml |archive-date=April 21, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Blake|last=Morrison|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-05-rudolph-cover-partone_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA|title=Special report: Eric Rudolph writes home|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=July 6, 2005|access-date=November 26, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528052340/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-05-rudolph-cover-partone_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA |archive-date=May 28, 2011 }}</ref> In other written statements, Rudolph has cited [[Bible|biblical]] passages and offered religious motives for his militant opposition to abortion.<ref name="fulltext"/>


Some books and media outlets, like the [[NPR]] radio program ''[[On Point]],'' have described Rudolph as a "Christian Identity extremist";<ref>[http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2003/06/20030603_b_main.asp Most Wanted Extremist, Eric Rudolph, Caught] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002032921/http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2003/06/20030603_b_main.asp# |date=October 2, 2006 }} June 3, 2003</ref> ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'' referred to him as a "[[Christian terrorism|Christian terrorist]]."<ref name="harpersterror">{{cite news |url=http://harpers.org/blog/2005/04/weeklyreview2005-04-19/ |work=Harpers Magazine |title=Week In Review |access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929120620/http://harpers.org/blog/2005/04/weeklyreview2005-04-19/# |archive-date=September 29, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Voice of America]] reported that Rudolph could be seen as part of an "attempt to try to use a [[Christianity|Christian faith]] to try to forge a kind of racial and social purity."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/archive/arrest-accused-olympic-park-bomber-sparks-debate-christian-terrorism-2003-06-05 |title=Arrest of Accused Olympic Park Bomber Sparks Debate on 'Christian Terrorism' |date=June 5, 2003 |website=[[VOANews]] |access-date=May 6, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> Writing in 2004, authors [[Michael Shermer]] and [[Dennis McFarland]] saw Rudolph's story as an example of "religious extremism in America," warning that the phenomenon he represented was "particularly potent when gathered together under the umbrella of [[American militia movement|militia groups]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=[[The Science of Good and Evil]] |last=Shermer |first=Michael |isbn=9781429996754 |date=December 9, 2004 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co}}</ref>
Some books and media outlets, like the [[NPR]] radio program ''[[On Point]],'' have described Rudolph as a "Christian Identity extremist";<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Wanted Extremist, Eric Rudolph, Caught |url=http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2003/06/20030603_b_main.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002032921/http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2003/06/20030603_b_main.asp |archive-date=October 2, 2006 |date=June 3, 2003}}</ref> ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'' referred to him as a "[[Christian terrorism|Christian terrorist]]."<ref name="harpersterror">{{cite news |url=http://harpers.org/blog/2005/04/weeklyreview2005-04-19/ |work=Harpers Magazine |title=Week In Review |access-date=January 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929120620/http://harpers.org/blog/2005/04/weeklyreview2005-04-19/ |archive-date=September 29, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Voice of America]] reported that Rudolph could be seen as part of an "attempt to try to use a [[Christianity|Christian faith]] to try to forge a kind of racial and social purity."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/archive/arrest-accused-olympic-park-bomber-sparks-debate-christian-terrorism-2003-06-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802230709/https://www.voanews.com/archive/arrest-accused-olympic-park-bomber-sparks-debate-christian-terrorism-2003-06-05 |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |title=Arrest of Accused Olympic Park Bomber Sparks Debate on 'Christian Terrorism' |date=June 5, 2003 |website=[[VOANews]] |access-date=July 3, 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Writing in 2004, authors [[Michael Shermer]] and [[Dennis McFarland]] saw Rudolph's story as an example of "religious extremism in America," warning that the phenomenon he represented was "particularly potent when gathered together under the umbrella of [[American militia movement|militia groups]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=[[The Science of Good and Evil]] |last=Shermer |first=Michael |isbn=9781429996754 |date=December 9, 2004 |publisher=Henry Holt and Co}}</ref>


The [[Anti-Defamation League]] noted in 2003 that "extremist chatter on the Internet has praised Rudolph as 'a hero' and some followers of [[hate group]]s are calling for further acts of violence to be modeled after the bombings he is accused of committing."<ref>[[Anti-Defamation League]], "[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Teror_92/4264_72.htm Extremist Chatter Praises Eric Rudolph as 'Hero.'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124235649/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Teror_92/4264_72.htm |date=November 24, 2006 }}", June 3, 2003. Retrieved November 26, 2006.</ref>
The [[Anti-Defamation League]] noted in 2003 that "extremist chatter on the Internet has praised Rudolph as 'a hero' and some followers of [[hate group]]s are calling for further acts of violence to be modeled after the bombings he is accused of committing."<ref>[[Anti-Defamation League]], "[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Teror_92/4264_72.htm Extremist Chatter Praises Eric Rudolph as 'Hero.'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124235649/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Teror_92/4264_72.htm |date=November 24, 2006 }}", June 3, 2003. Retrieved November 26, 2006.</ref>


In a letter to his mother from prison, Rudolph has written, "Many good people continue to send me money and books. Most of them have, of course, an agenda; mostly [[born again (Christianity)|born-again]] Christians looking to save my soul. I suppose the assumption is made that because I'm in here I must be a 'sinner' in need of [[salvation]], and they would be glad to sell me a ticket to heaven. I do appreciate their charity, but I could really do without the condescension. They have been so nice I would hate to break it to them that I really prefer [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] to the [[Bible]]." His mother would state she saw this as evidence of his intellectual side, not as a denial of his Catholic faith.<ref>{{cite news|first=Blake|last=Lowenstein|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-05-rudolph-cover-partone_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA|title=Special report: Eric Rudolph writes home|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=July 5, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528052340/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-05-rudolph-cover-partone_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA# |archive-date=May 28, 2011 }}</ref>
In a letter to his mother from prison, Rudolph has written, "Many good people continue to send me money and books. Most of them have, of course, an agenda; mostly [[born again (Christianity)|born-again]] Christians looking to save my soul. I suppose the assumption is made that because I'm in here I must be a 'sinner' in need of [[salvation]], and they would be glad to sell me a ticket to heaven. I do appreciate their charity, but I could really do without the condescension. They have been so nice I would hate to break it to them that I really prefer [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] to the [[Bible]]." His mother would state she saw this as evidence of his intellectual side, not as a denial of his Catholic faith.<ref>{{cite news|first=Blake|last=Lowenstein|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-05-rudolph-cover-partone_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA|title=Special report: Eric Rudolph writes home|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=July 5, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528052340/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-05-rudolph-cover-partone_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA |archive-date=May 28, 2011 }}</ref>


Rudolph has said, "The truth is I am a [[Christianity|Christian]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphRacism.html# |title=Eric Rudolph Racism "The truth is I am a Christian" |access-date=December 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050831/https://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphRacism.html# |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rudolph remained unrepentant for his actions and, in a statement before the court, called his acts against abortion providers a “moral duty.” “As I go to a prison cell for a lifetime, I know that ‘I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith,’” Rudolph said, quoting scripture.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Crystal|last=Bonvillian|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/national/serial-bomber-eric-rudolph-targeted-olympics-gay-clubs-abortion-clinics/2Pm8Uoj3XucMLRowsheGtL/# |title=Serial bomber Eric Rudolph targeted Olympics, gay club, abortion clinics |newspaper=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|date=March 19, 2018|access-date=April 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414012046/https://www.ajc.com/news/national/serial-bomber-eric-rudolph-targeted-olympics-gay-clubs-abortion-clinics/2Pm8Uoj3XucMLRowsheGtL/# |archive-date=April 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Rudolph has said, "The truth is I am a [[Christianity|Christian]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphRacism.html |title=Eric Rudolph Racism "The truth is I am a Christian" |access-date=December 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050831/https://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphRacism.html |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rudolph remained unremorseful for his actions and, in a statement before the court, called his acts against abortion providers a “moral duty.” “As I go to a prison cell for a lifetime, I know that ‘I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith,’” Rudolph said, quoting scripture.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Crystal|last=Bonvillian|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/national/serial-bomber-eric-rudolph-targeted-olympics-gay-clubs-abortion-clinics/2Pm8Uoj3XucMLRowsheGtL/ |title=Serial bomber Eric Rudolph targeted Olympics, gay club, abortion clinics |newspaper=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|date=March 19, 2018|access-date=April 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414012046/https://www.ajc.com/news/national/serial-bomber-eric-rudolph-targeted-olympics-gay-clubs-abortion-clinics/2Pm8Uoj3XucMLRowsheGtL/ |archive-date=April 14, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In his work "White Lies: Abortion, Eugenics, And Racism" Rudolph expresses his support for the [[Nazis]] and [[eugenics]], and his admirations towards Catholicism.
In his work "White Lies: Abortion, Eugenics, And Racism" Rudolph expresses his admirations towards Catholicism.


==Writings from prison==
==Writings from prison==
[[File:Florence ADMAX.jpg|thumb|Rudolph is incarcerated at [[ADX Florence]]]]
[[File:Florence ADMAX.jpg|thumb|Rudolph is incarcerated at [[ADX Florence]]]]
Essays written by Rudolph that condone violence and militant action have been published on the Internet by an [[Army of God (United States)|Army of God]] anti-abortion activist.<ref>[http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphHomepage.html Army of God's homepage for Rudolph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516044053/http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphHomepage.html# |date=May 16, 2007 }} December 18, 2007</ref> Although victims maintain that Rudolph's messages are harassment and could incite violence, the prison can do little to restrict their publication, according to [[Alice Martin]], who was the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama|United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama]] when Rudolph was prosecuted for the [[Alabama]] bombing. "An inmate does not lose his [[Freedom of speech in the United States|freedom of speech]]," she said.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jay|last=Reeves|url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007May14/0,4670,EricRudolph,00.html|title=Extremist Taunts His Victims From Prison|website=[[Fox News]]|date=May 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516044017/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007May14/0,4670,EricRudolph,00.html |archive-date=May 16, 2007}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref>
Essays written by Rudolph that condone violence and militant action have been published on the Internet by an [[Army of God (United States)|Army of God]] anti-abortion activist.<ref>[http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphHomepage.html Army of God's homepage for Rudolph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516044053/http://www.armyofgod.com/EricRudolphHomepage.html |date=May 16, 2007 }} December 18, 2007</ref> Although victims maintain that Rudolph's messages are harassment and could incite violence, the prison can do little to restrict their publication, according to [[Alice Martin]], who was the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama|United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama]] when Rudolph was prosecuted for the [[Alabama]] bombing. "An inmate does not lose his [[Freedom of speech in the United States|freedom of speech]]," she said.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jay|last=Reeves|url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007May14/0,4670,EricRudolph,00.html|title=Extremist Taunts His Victims From Prison|website=[[Fox News]]|date=May 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516044017/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007May14/0,4670,EricRudolph,00.html |archive-date=May 16, 2007}}</ref>


As reported in an April 8, 2013, Alabama blog article,<ref>{{cite news|first=Kent|last=Faulk|url=http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/04/birmingham_abortion_clinic_bom.html|title=Birmingham abortion clinic bomber Eric Robert Rudolph fights to get profits from his book|newspaper=[[The Birmingham News]]|access-date=April 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413061815/http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/04/birmingham_abortion_clinic_bom.html#|archive-date=April 13, 2013|url-status=live|date=April 8, 2013}}</ref> Rudolph's book ''Between the Lines of Drift: The Memoirs of a Militant'' was published, with help from his brother, by [[Lulu (company)|Lulu.com]] in February 2013. In April 2013, the U.S. Attorney General seized $200 to help pay off the $1 million that Rudolph owes in restitution to the state of Alabama. The book has since been republished and has been made available through the Army of God website.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2013/02/23/bomber-eric-rudolph-self-publishes-autobiography-from-prison/|title=Bomber Eric Rudolph self-publishes autobiography from prison|newspaper=[[Denver Post]]|date=February 23, 2013|accessdate=June 20, 2021|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=June 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622114405/https://www.denverpost.com/2013/02/23/bomber-eric-rudolph-self-publishes-autobiography-from-prison/|url-status=live}}</ref>
As reported in an April 8, 2013, Alabama blog article,<ref>{{cite news|first=Kent|last=Faulk|url=http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/04/birmingham_abortion_clinic_bom.html|title=Birmingham abortion clinic bomber Eric Robert Rudolph fights to get profits from his book|newspaper=[[The Birmingham News]]|access-date=April 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413061815/http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/04/birmingham_abortion_clinic_bom.html|archive-date=April 13, 2013|url-status=live|date=April 8, 2013}}</ref> Rudolph's book ''Between the Lines of Drift: The Memoirs of a Militant'' was published, with help from his brother, by [[Lulu (company)|Lulu.com]] in February 2013. In April 2013, the U.S. Attorney General seized $200 to help pay off the $1 million that Rudolph owes in restitution to the state of Alabama. The book has since been republished and has been made available through the [[Army of God (terrorist organization)|Army of God]] website.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2013/02/23/bomber-eric-rudolph-self-publishes-autobiography-from-prison/|title=Bomber Eric Rudolph self-publishes autobiography from prison|newspaper=[[Denver Post]]|date=February 23, 2013|accessdate=June 20, 2021|agency=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=June 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622114405/https://www.denverpost.com/2013/02/23/bomber-eric-rudolph-self-publishes-autobiography-from-prison/|url-status=live}}</ref>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
In a fictionalized portrayal, Rudolph appears as the primary [[antagonist]] in season 2 of the drama anthology series [[Manhunt (2017 TV series)|''Manhunt'']].<ref>{{Cite news
In a fictionalized portrayal, Rudolph appears as the primary [[antagonist]] in season 2 of the drama anthology series [[Manhunt (2017 TV series)|''Manhunt'']], portrayed by [[Jack Huston]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Huston plays the 'ultimate sociopath' in 'Manhunt: Deadly Games' - UPI.com |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2020/02/03/Jack-Huston-plays-the-ultimate-sociopath-in-Manhunt/1671580732955/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| last=Spencer
| last=Spencer
| first=Samuel
| first=Samuel
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* [[Forensic linguistics]]
* [[Forensic linguistics]]
* [[Former FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]]
* [[Former FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikisource author}}
* Maryanne Vollers (2006) Lone Wolf: Eric Rudolph: Murder, Myth and the Pursuit of an American Outlaw, (New York, NY: [[HarperCollins]]), {{ISBN|9780060598624}}
* {{cite book|first=Maryanne|last=Vollers|author-link=Maryanne Vollers|year=2006|title=Lone Wolf: Eric Rudolph: Murder, Myth and the Pursuit of an American Outlaw|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780060598624}}
* Henry Schuster with Charles Stone, ''Hunting Eric Rudolph'' ([[Berkley Books]], 2005), {{ISBN|0-425-19936-3}}
* {{cite book|first1=Henry|last1=Schuster|first2=Charles|last2=Stone|title=Hunting Eric Rudolph|publisher=Berkley Books|year=2005|isbn=0-425-19936-3}}
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4600480 Text of Rudolph's statement]
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4600480 Text of Rudolph's statement]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081043/https://www.foxnews.com/story/raw-data-timeline-in-eric-rudolph-case Timeline in Eric Rudolph Case] – May 31, 2003
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201209081043/https://www.foxnews.com/story/raw-data-timeline-in-eric-rudolph-case Timeline in Eric Rudolph Case] – May 31, 2003
* 'Run, Rudolph, Run' essay in ''[[Seek: Reports from the Edges of America & Beyond]]'' (2001) by [[Denis Johnson]]
* 'Run, Rudolph, Run' essay in ''[[Seek: Reports from the Edges of America & Beyond]]'' (2001) by [[Denis Johnson]]
* {{cite book |url=https://www.armyofgod.com/EricLinesOfDrift%201_18_15Opened.pdf |title=Between the Lines of Drift: The Memoirs of a Militant, Third Edition |date=2015 |author=Eric Rudolph}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:American male criminals]]
[[Category:American male criminals]]
[[Category:American people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American people imprisoned on charges of terrorism]]
[[Category:American people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:American white supremacists]]
[[Category:American white supremacists]]
[[Category:Army of God (United States)]]
[[Category:Army of God (United States)]]
[[Category:Bombers (people)]]
[[Category:Christian fundamentalists]]
[[Category:Christian fundamentalists]]
[[Category:Christian Identity]]
[[Category:Christian Identity]]
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[[Category:Serial bombers]]
[[Category:Serial bombers]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:Violence against LGBT people in the United States]]
[[Category:Violence against LGBTQ people in the United States]]

Latest revision as of 21:14, 18 September 2024

Eric Rudolph
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive
AliasBob Randolph, Robert Randolph, Bobby Rudolph
Description
BornEric Robert Rudolph
(1966-09-19) September 19, 1966 (age 58)
Merritt Island, Florida, U.S.
Occupation
  • Carpenter
  • roofer
  • handyman
Status
ConvictionsMaliciously damaging by means of an explosive a building and property used in an activity affecting interstate commerce resulting in death (18 U.S.C. § 844)
Using a destructive device during a crime of violence (18 U.S.C. § 924)
PenaltyFour consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole
AddedMay 5, 1998
CaughtMay 31, 2003
Number454
Captured

Eric Robert Rudolph (born September 19, 1966), also known as the Olympic Park Bomber, is an American domestic terrorist convicted for a series of bombings across the Southern United States between 1996 and 1998, which killed two people and injured over 100 others,[1][2] including the Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. His stated motive was an opposition to "the ideals of global socialism" and to "abortion on demand", both of which he claimed were condoned by the United States government.[3] For five years, Rudolph was listed as one of the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives until he was caught in 2003.

In 2005, as part of a plea bargain, Rudolph pleaded guilty to numerous state and federal homicide charges and accepted four consecutive life sentences in exchange for avoiding a trial and a potential death sentence. He remains incarcerated at the ADX Florence supermax prison near Florence, Colorado.

Early life

[edit]

Rudolph was born in Merritt Island, Florida, in 1966.[4] After his father Robert died in 1981, he moved with his mother and siblings to Nantahala, Macon County, in western North Carolina.[5]

Rudolph attended ninth grade at the Nantahala School but dropped out after that year and worked as a carpenter with his older brother Daniel. When Rudolph was 18, he spent time with his mother at a Christian Identity compound in Missouri known as the Church of Israel.[6]

After Rudolph received his GED, he enlisted in the U.S. Army, undergoing basic training at Fort Benning in Georgia. He was discharged in January 1989, due to marijuana use, while serving with the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.[7] In 1988, the year before his discharge, Rudolph had attended the Air Assault School at Fort Campbell. He attained the rank of Specialist/E-4.

Rudolph joined several white supremacist groups in the years before he perpetrated the bombings.[8][9]

Bombings

[edit]

At age 29, Rudolph perpetrated the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta, which occurred on July 27, 1996, during the 1996 Summer Olympics. He made two anonymous 911 calls, warning about the bomb before it detonated.[10] The blast killed one spectator and wounded 111 others.[11] A 40-year-old Turkish news cameraman suffered a fatal heart attack while running to the scene.[12][13][11]

Rudolph's motive for the bombing, according to his April 13, 2005 statement, was political:

In the summer of 1996, the world converged upon Atlanta for the Olympic Games. Under the protection and auspices of the regime in Washington millions of people came to celebrate the ideals of global socialism. Multinational corporations spent billions of dollars, and Washington organized an army of security to protect these best of all games. Even though the conception and the purpose of the so-called Olympic movement is to promote the values of global socialism as perfectly expressed in the song "Imagine" by John Lennon, which was the theme of the 1996 Games—even though the purpose of the Olympics is to promote these ideals, the purpose of the attack on July 27 was to confound, anger and embarrass the Washington government in the eyes of the world for its abominable sanctioning of abortion on demand. The plan was to force the cancellation of the games, or at least create a state of insecurity in order to empty the streets around the venues and thereby eat into the vast amounts of money that had been invested in them.[10]

Rudolph's statement cleared Richard Jewell, a Centennial Olympic Park security guard, of any involvement in the bombing. Despite having been initially hailed as a hero for being the first one to spot Rudolph's explosive device and helping to clear the area, Jewell came under FBI scrutiny in the days following the attack, ultimately becoming the prime suspect and the subject of international media attention.

Rudolph confessed to three other bombings: of an abortion clinic in the Atlanta suburb of Sandy Springs on January 16, 1997; of the Otherside Lounge of Atlanta, a lesbian bar, on February 21, 1997, injuring five;[14] and of an abortion clinic in Birmingham, Alabama on January 29, 1998, killing Birmingham police officer Robert Sanderson, who was off-duty but working as security in uniform, and critically injuring nurse Emily Lyons. Rudolph's bombs contained nails, which acted as shrapnel.

Fugitive

[edit]

Rudolph was first identified as a suspect in the Alabama bombing by the Department of Justice on February 14, 1998, following tips from two witnesses, Jeffrey Tickal and Jermaine Hughes. Tickal and Hughes observed Rudolph departing the scene and noted his appearance and truck license plate.[15] He was named as a suspect in the other Atlanta and Alabama incidents on October 14, 1998.

On May 5, 1998, he became the 454th fugitive listed by the FBI on the Ten Most Wanted list. The FBI considered him to be armed and extremely dangerous, and offered a $1 million reward for information leading directly to his arrest. He spent more than five years in the Appalachian wilderness as a fugitive, during which time federal and amateur search teams scoured the area without success.

Rudolph's family supported him and believed he was innocent of all charges.[16] They were questioned and placed under surveillance.[17] On March 7, 1998, Rudolph's older brother, Daniel, videotaped himself cutting off his left hand with a radial arm saw in order to, in his words, "send a message to the FBI and the media."[18] The hand was successfully reattached later by surgeons.[19] According to Rudolph's own writings, he survived during his years as a fugitive by camping in the Nantahala National Forest near Cherokee and Graham Counties, in North Carolina, by gathering acorns and salamanders, pilfering vegetables from gardens, stealing grain from a grain silo, and raiding dumpsters in Murphy, North Carolina.[20][21]

Arrest and guilty plea

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Rudolph was arrested in Murphy, North Carolina, on May 31, 2003, by rookie police officer Jeffrey Scott Postell of the Murphy Police Department while Rudolph was looking through a dumpster behind a Save-A-Lot store at about 4:00 a.m. Postell, on routine patrol, had initially suspected a burglary in progress.[22]

Rudolph was unarmed and did not resist arrest. When arrested, he was clean-shaven with a trimmed mustache, had dyed black hair and wore a camouflage jacket, work clothes, and new sneakers.[22][23] Federal authorities charged him on October 14, 2003. Rudolph was initially defended by attorney Richard S. Jaffe. After Jaffe withdrew, he was represented by Judy Clarke.

In April 2005, the Department of Justice announced that Rudolph had agreed to a plea bargain under which he would plead guilty to all charges he was accused of in exchange for avoiding the death penalty. The deal was confirmed after the FBI found 250 pounds (110 kg) of dynamite he had hidden in the forests of North Carolina. His revealing the hiding places of the dynamite was a condition of his plea agreement.[24] He made his pleas in person in Birmingham and Atlanta courts on April 13.[25]

Rudolph released a statement explaining his actions; he rationalized the bombings as serving the cause of anti-abortion and anti-gay terrorism. In his statement, he claimed that he had "deprived the government of its goal of sentencing me to death," and that "the fact that I have entered an agreement with the government is purely a tactical choice on my part and in no way legitimates the moral authority of the government to judge this matter or impute my guilt."[26]

The terms of the plea agreement were that Rudolph would be sentenced to four consecutive life terms. He was sentenced July 18, 2005, to two consecutive life terms without parole for the 1998 murder of a police officer.[27] He was sentenced for his bombings in Atlanta on August 22, 2005, receiving two consecutive life terms. That same day, Rudolph was sent to the ADX Florence Supermax federal prison. Like other Supermax inmates, he spends 23 hours per day alone in his 80-square-foot (7.4-square-meter) concrete cell.[28][29]

Rudolph unsuccessfully tried to have part of his sentence vacated in 2021.[30]

Motivations

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After Rudolph's arrest for the bombings, The Washington Post reported that the FBI considered Rudolph to have "had a long association with the Christian Identity movement, which asserts that Northern European whites are the direct descendants of the lost tribes of Israel, God's chosen people."[31] Christian Identity is a white supremacist movement which holds the view that those who are not white Christians cannot be saved.[32] In the same article, the Post reported that some FBI investigators believe that Rudolph may have written letters in which he claimed responsibility for the nightclub and abortion clinic bombings on behalf of the Army of God, a group that sanctions the use of force to combat abortions and is associated with Christian Identity.[33][31]

In a statement released after he entered a guilty plea, Rudolph denied being a supporter of the Christian Identity movement, claiming that his involvement amounted to a brief association with the daughter of a Christian Identity adherent, later identified as Daniel Gayman. When asked about his religion he said "I was born a Catholic, and with forgiveness I hope to die one."[34][35] In other written statements, Rudolph has cited biblical passages and offered religious motives for his militant opposition to abortion.[10]

Some books and media outlets, like the NPR radio program On Point, have described Rudolph as a "Christian Identity extremist";[36] Harper's Magazine referred to him as a "Christian terrorist."[37] The Voice of America reported that Rudolph could be seen as part of an "attempt to try to use a Christian faith to try to forge a kind of racial and social purity."[38] Writing in 2004, authors Michael Shermer and Dennis McFarland saw Rudolph's story as an example of "religious extremism in America," warning that the phenomenon he represented was "particularly potent when gathered together under the umbrella of militia groups".[39]

The Anti-Defamation League noted in 2003 that "extremist chatter on the Internet has praised Rudolph as 'a hero' and some followers of hate groups are calling for further acts of violence to be modeled after the bombings he is accused of committing."[40]

In a letter to his mother from prison, Rudolph has written, "Many good people continue to send me money and books. Most of them have, of course, an agenda; mostly born-again Christians looking to save my soul. I suppose the assumption is made that because I'm in here I must be a 'sinner' in need of salvation, and they would be glad to sell me a ticket to heaven. I do appreciate their charity, but I could really do without the condescension. They have been so nice I would hate to break it to them that I really prefer Nietzsche to the Bible." His mother would state she saw this as evidence of his intellectual side, not as a denial of his Catholic faith.[41]

Rudolph has said, "The truth is I am a Christian".[42] Rudolph remained unremorseful for his actions and, in a statement before the court, called his acts against abortion providers a “moral duty.” “As I go to a prison cell for a lifetime, I know that ‘I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith,’” Rudolph said, quoting scripture.[43] In his work "White Lies: Abortion, Eugenics, And Racism" Rudolph expresses his admirations towards Catholicism.

Writings from prison

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Rudolph is incarcerated at ADX Florence

Essays written by Rudolph that condone violence and militant action have been published on the Internet by an Army of God anti-abortion activist.[44] Although victims maintain that Rudolph's messages are harassment and could incite violence, the prison can do little to restrict their publication, according to Alice Martin, who was the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Alabama when Rudolph was prosecuted for the Alabama bombing. "An inmate does not lose his freedom of speech," she said.[45]

As reported in an April 8, 2013, Alabama blog article,[46] Rudolph's book Between the Lines of Drift: The Memoirs of a Militant was published, with help from his brother, by Lulu.com in February 2013. In April 2013, the U.S. Attorney General seized $200 to help pay off the $1 million that Rudolph owes in restitution to the state of Alabama. The book has since been republished and has been made available through the Army of God website.[47]

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In a fictionalized portrayal, Rudolph appears as the primary antagonist in season 2 of the drama anthology series Manhunt, portrayed by Jack Huston.[48][49] He is portrayed by Eric Mendenhall in the 2019 film Richard Jewell.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Eric Rudolph charged in Centennial Olympic Park bombing". Viceland News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2003. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  2. ^ Schuster, Henry (April 12, 2005). "Rudolph agrees to plea agreement". CNN. Archived from the original on April 9, 2005. Retrieved January 8, 2016. "The many victims of Eric Rudolph's terrorist attacks in Atlanta and Birmingham can rest assured that Rudolph will spend the rest of his life behind bars," [U.S. Attorney General Alberto] Gonzales said in press release.
  3. ^ "Full Text of Eric Rudolph's Confession". NPR. April 14, 2005. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  4. ^ Noe, Denise. "Eric Rudolph: Serial Bomber". TruTV. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  5. ^ "Tim and Sarah Gayman Discuss Growing Up in the Anti-Semitic Christian Identity Movement", Intelligence Report, no. 102 (Summer 2001 ed.), Southern Poverty Law Center, 2001, archived from the original on July 12, 2011, retrieved August 16, 2012
  6. ^ "Rudolph's mother: Son not a 'monster'". CNN. April 4, 2005. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  7. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Halbfinger, David M. (June 1, 2003). "Suspect in '96 Olympic Bombing And 3 Other Attacks Is Caught". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  8. ^ "WashingtonPost.com: Eric Rudolph". www.washingtonpost.com. December 1998. Archived from the original on August 29, 2000. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  9. ^ "Why did Rudolph do it? - Apr 13, 2005". www.cnn.com. April 12, 2005. Archived from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  10. ^ a b c Full text of Eric Rudolph's written statement Archived October 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Army of God website
  11. ^ a b Bonvillian, Crystal (March 19, 2018). "Serial bomber Eric Rudolph targeted Olympics, gay club, abortion clinics". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  12. ^ "BOMB AT THE OLYMPICS; Heart Ailment Kills War Survivor in Altanta [sic]". The New York Times. July 28, 1996. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  13. ^ Jacobs, Jeff (July 28, 1996). "In Atlanta, Fear Roams Hand In Hand With Anger". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  14. ^ "Eric Robert Rudolph To Plead Guilty To Serial Bombing Attacks In Atlanta And Birmingham; Will Receive Life Sentences" (Press release). U.S. Justice Department. April 8, 2005. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013.
  15. ^ Barry, Ellen; Jarvie, Jenny (April 15, 2005). "They Didn't Catch Rudolph, but They Stopped Him Cold". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  16. ^ Schuster, Henry (April 15, 2005). "Why did Rudolph do it?". CNN. Archived from the original on June 24, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  17. ^ Stein, Jeff (January 29, 1999). "A twisted tale of two brothers". Salon.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016.
  18. ^ "Bombing suspect's brother cuts hand off with saw". CNN. March 9, 1998. Archived from the original on October 11, 2000. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  19. ^ "Bomb Suspect's Brother Mutilates Himself". The New York Times. March 11, 1998. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  20. ^ Lick the Floor Archived April 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine January 27, 2004
  21. ^ "Lil". Armyofgod.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2005. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  22. ^ a b "Atlanta Olympic bombing suspect arrested". CNN. May 31, 2003. Archived from the original on June 21, 2003.
  23. ^ Torpy, Bill; Plummer, Don (June 1, 2003). "Finally caught: 5 year hunt for Eric Rudolph ends". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on June 5, 2003. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  24. ^ Eggen, Dan (April 9, 2005). "Rudolph To Plead Guilty to Bombings". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 30, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  25. ^ Lohr, Kathy (April 13, 2005). "Rudolph Pleads Guilty, Admits Little Remorse". NPR. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  26. ^ "Excerpts from Eric Rudolph's statement". USA Today. April 13, 2005. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  27. ^ "Eric Rudolph Gets Life Without Parole". Fox News. Associated Press. July 18, 2005. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  28. ^ Rappold, R. Scott (September 14, 2005). "Olympic bomber Rudolph calls Supermax home". Colorado Springs Gazette. Archived from the original on October 23, 2005. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  29. ^ "Eric Robert Rudolph Archived June 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.
  30. ^ "Rudolph v. United States, Civil Action 2:20-cv-08024-CLS | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  31. ^ a b Cooperman, Alan (June 2, 2003). "Is Terrorism Tied To Christian Sect?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  32. ^ Quarles, Chester L. (2004). Christian Identity: The Aryan American Bloodline Religion. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7864-1892-3. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  33. ^ "The Second Defensive Action Statement". Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2007.
  34. ^ Wyatt, Kristen (April 14, 2005). "Eric Rudolph, proud killer". The Decatur Daily. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2006.
  35. ^ Morrison, Blake (July 6, 2005). "Special report: Eric Rudolph writes home". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  36. ^ "Most Wanted Extremist, Eric Rudolph, Caught". June 3, 2003. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006.
  37. ^ "Week In Review". Harpers Magazine. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  38. ^ "Arrest of Accused Olympic Park Bomber Sparks Debate on 'Christian Terrorism'". VOANews. June 5, 2003. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  39. ^ Shermer, Michael (December 9, 2004). The Science of Good and Evil. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 9781429996754.
  40. ^ Anti-Defamation League, "Extremist Chatter Praises Eric Rudolph as 'Hero.' Archived November 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", June 3, 2003. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  41. ^ Lowenstein, Blake (July 5, 2005). "Special report: Eric Rudolph writes home". USA Today. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011.
  42. ^ "Eric Rudolph Racism "The truth is I am a Christian"". Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
  43. ^ Bonvillian, Crystal (March 19, 2018). "Serial bomber Eric Rudolph targeted Olympics, gay club, abortion clinics". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  44. ^ Army of God's homepage for Rudolph Archived May 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine December 18, 2007
  45. ^ Reeves, Jay (May 14, 2007). "Extremist Taunts His Victims From Prison". Fox News. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007.
  46. ^ Faulk, Kent (April 8, 2013). "Birmingham abortion clinic bomber Eric Robert Rudolph fights to get profits from his book". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  47. ^ "Bomber Eric Rudolph self-publishes autobiography from prison". Denver Post. Associated Press. February 23, 2013. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  48. ^ "Jack Huston plays the 'ultimate sociopath' in 'Manhunt: Deadly Games' - UPI.com". UPI. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
  49. ^ Spencer, Samuel (December 14, 2020). "'Manhunt Deadly Games': The True Story Details the Netflix Show Changed". Newsweek. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.

Further reading

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