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{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{italic title}}
{{dablink|For the village on the island of Lesbos, see [[Eresos]].}}
{{Hatnote|For the village on the island of Lesbos, see [[Eresos]].}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Eresus''
| taxon = Eresus
| image = Eresus fg04.jpg
| image = Eresus_fg04.jpg
⚫
| image_caption = Male ''[[Eresus kollari]]''
| image_width = 250px
⚫
| authority = [[Charles Athanase Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1805<ref name=NMBE />
⚫
| image_caption = male ''E. kollari''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Arachnida]]
| ordo = [[Araneae]]
| subordo = [[Araneomorphae]]
| familia = [[Eresidae]]
| genus = '''''Eresus'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Charles Athanase Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1805
| diversity_link = List of Eresidae species#Eresus
| diversity = c. 20 species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text.
| subdivision = 24, [[#Species|see text]]
}}
}}

'''''Eresus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[velvet spider]]s comprising several species. Members of the genus formerly called ''[[Eresus cinnaberinus]]'' or ''Eresus niger'' are now placed in one of three species: ''[[Eresus kollari]]'', ''[[Eresus sandaliatus]]'' and ''[[Eresus moravicus]]''.<ref name=rezac>{{cite journal|last1=Řezáč |first1=M. |last2=Pekár |first2=S. |last3=Johannesen |first3=J. |year=2008 |title=Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of central European ''Eresus'' species (Araneae: Eresidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=37|pages=263–287 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00328.x}}</ref> All have been called "ladybird spiders".
'''''Eresus''''', also called '''ladybird spiders''',<ref name=Reza2008 /> is a [[genus]] of [[velvet spider]]s (family Eresidae) that was first described by [[Charles Athanase Walckenaer]] in 1805.<ref name=Walc1805>{{cite book| last=Walckenaer| first=C. A.| year=1805| title=Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions}}</ref> Members of the genus formerly called ''[[Eresus cinnaberinus]]'' or ''Eresus niger'' are now placed in one of three species: ''[[Eresus kollari]]'', ''[[Eresus sandaliatus]]'' and ''[[Eresus moravicus]]''.<ref name=Reza2008>{{cite journal|last1=Řezáč |first1=M. |last2=Pekár |first2=S. |last3=Johannesen |first3=J. |year=2008 |title=Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of central European ''Eresus'' species (Araneae: Eresidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=37|issue=3 |pages=263–287 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00328.x|s2cid=85578392 }}</ref>

== Description ==
They resemble both [[jumping spider]]s and the spiders in the [[Palpimanidae]], as their body shapes are similar and their body is velvety. Males of this genus have a red abdomen with black spotting, usually sporting 4 black spots. The rest of the body is usually black, with some reddish or white areas. Females of this genus usually have dull colors, in grey, brown or black tones. For most individuals, the full body length reaches 8.5 to 20mm, with a distinct prosomal length of 3.6 to 6.1&nbsp;mm. In some species, the females have some yellow coloration, though they are still significantly duller than the males.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Jeremy A. |last2=Griswold |first2=Charles E. |last3=Scharff |first3=Nikolaj |last4=Řezáč |first4=Milan |last5=Szűts |first5=Tamás |last6=Marhabaie |first6=Mohammad |date=2012-05-17 |title=The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae) |journal=ZooKeys |issue=195 |pages=1–144 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.195.2342 |issn=1313-2989 |pmc=3361087 |pmid=22679386|doi-access=free |bibcode=2012ZooK..195....1M }}</ref>

== Identification ==
Males of this genus can usually be distinguished by their unique [[Opisthosoma|abdominal]] pattern. Which in the lateral areas has two pairs of black patches which is surrounded by some reddish coloration. Sometimes they also have an extra pair. Females are harder to distinguish, with a species specific dedicated identification section being needed.<ref name=":0" />

== Distribution ==
They are found in [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[Africa]], usually in non-forested warm and dry habitats. Their life<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perez, Zarcos |first1=Laura |last2=Sánchez, Piñero |first2=Francisco |date=2016-11-01 |title=Diet of the ladybird spider Eresus kollari (Araneae: Eresidae) in an arid system of southeastern Spain |url=https://doi.org/10.1636/P15-74.1 |access-date=2023-03-17 |journal=Journal of Arachnology|volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=359–366 |doi=10.1636/P15-74.1 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> cycle is completed in 3–4 years, after they undergo dispersion and reach a juvenile state and turn into predators. Some species build a vertical [[burrow]] which is lined with silk, the opening being camouflaged with a silken sheet of debris. While some species don't build a burrow and just make their tubes under stones.<ref name=":0" />


==Species==
==Species==
{{as of|2021|10}} it contains twenty-four species:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Eresus Walckenaer, 1805| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| access-date=2019-06-02| year=2019| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/850| doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>
* ''[[Eresus albopictus]]'' <small>Simon, 1873</small> — [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]]
* ''[[Eresus algericus]]'' <small>El-Hennawy, 2004</small> — Algeria
*''[[Eresus adaleari]]'' <small>[[Alireza Zamani|Zamani]] & Szűts, 2020</small> - Iran
* ''[[Eresus crassitibialis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1987</small> — [[Canary Islands]]
*''[[Eresus albopictus]]'' <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1873</small> – Morocco, Algeria
* ''[[Eresus granosus]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small> — [[Russia]], [[China]]
*''[[Eresus bifasciatus]]'' <small>Ermolajev, 1937</small> – Russia (South Siberia)
*''[[Eresus hermani]]'' <small>Kovács ''et al.'' 2015</small> — [[Hungary]]
*''[[Eresus crassitibialis]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1987</small> – Canary Is.
* ''[[Eresus jerbae]]'' <small>El-Hennawy, 2005</small> — Algeria, [[Tunisia]]
*''[[Eresus granosus]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small> – Russia (West Siberia), China
*''[[Eresus hermani]]'' <small>Kovács, Prazsák, Eichardt, Vári & Gyurkovics, 2015</small> – Hungary, Slovakia<ref name=SK>{{cite web|title=Araneae|url=http://saras-arachno.sk/saras_pavuk-check.htm|website=SARAS |lang=SK}}</ref>
* ''[[Eresus kollari]]'' <small>Rossi, 1846</small> — [[Europe]] to [[Central Asia]]
** ''Eresus kollari bifasciatus'' <small>Ermolajev, 1937</small> — [[Russia]]
*''[[Eresus kollari]]'' <small>[[Pietro Rossi (scientist)|Rossi]], 1846</small> – Europe,<ref name=SK/> Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia
** ''Eresus kollari frontalis'' <small>Latreille, 1819</small> — [[Spain]]
**''[[Eresus kollari|Eresus k. frontalis]]'' <small>[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1819</small> – Spain
** ''Eresus kollari ignicomus'' <small>Simon, 1914</small> — [[Corsica]]
**''[[Eresus kollari|Eresus k. ignicomis]]'' <small>Simon, 1914</small> – France (Corsica)
** ''Eresus kollari latefasciatus'' <small>Simon, 1910</small> — Algeria
**''[[Eresus kollari|Eresus k. latefasciatus]]'' <small>Simon, 1911</small> – Algeria
** ''Eresus kollari tricolor'' <small>Simon, 1873</small> — Corsica
**''[[Eresus kollari|Eresus k. tricolor]]'' <small>Simon, 1873</small> – France (Corsica)
* ''[[Eresus lavrosiae]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1997</small> — [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
*''[[Eresus lavrosiae]]'' <small>Mcheidze, 1997</small> – Georgia
* ''[[Eresus moravicus]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2008</small> — [[Austria]], [[Hungary]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]]
*''[[Eresus lishizheni]]'' <small>2021</small> - China
* ''[[Eresus pharaonis]]'' <small>Walckenaer, 1837</small> — [[Egypt]]
*''[[Eresus moravicus]]'' <small>Řezáč, 2008</small> – Austria, Hungary, Czech Rep., Slovakia,<ref name=SK/> Albania
* ''[[Eresus robustus]]'' <small>Franganillo, 1918</small> — Spain
*''[[Eresus pharaonis]]'' <small>Walckenaer, 1837</small> – Egypt
* ''[[Eresus rotundiceps]]'' <small>Simon, 1873</small> — [[Ukraine]], [[Turkmenistan]]
*''[[Eresus robustus]]'' <small>Franganillo, 1918</small> – Spain
* ''[[Eresus ruficapillus]]'' <small>C. L. Koch, 1846</small> — [[Sicily]], [[Croatia]]
*''[[Eresus rotundiceps]]'' <small>Simon, 1873</small> – Ukraine, Turkmenistan
* ''[[Eresus sandaliatus]]'' <small>(Martini & Goeze, 1778)</small> — northern Europe
*''[[Eresus ruficapillus]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1846</small> – Italy (Sicily)
* ''[[Eresus sedilloti]]'' <small>Simon, 1881</small> — [[Portugal]], Spain
*''[[Eresus sandaliatus]]'' <small>(Martini & Goeze, 1778)</small> – Europe
* ''[[Eresus semicanus]]'' <small>Simon, 1908</small> — Egypt
*''[[Eresus sedilloti]]'' <small>Simon, 1881</small> – Portugal, Spain
* ''[[Eresus solitarius]]'' <small>Simon, 1873</small> — [[Mediterranean]]
*''[[Eresus solitarius]]'' <small>Simon, 1873</small> – Mediterranean
* ''[[Eresus walckenaeri]]'' <small>Brullé, 1832</small> — Mediterranean
*''[[Eresus tristis]]'' <small>Kroneberg, 1875</small> - Kazakhstan
** ''Eresus walckenaeri moerens'' <small>C. L. Koch, 1846</small> — [[Afghanistan]]
*''[[Eresus walckenaeri]]'' <small>Brullé, 1832</small> – Mediterranean
**''[[Eresus walckenaeri|Eresus w. moerens]]'' <small>C. L. Koch, 1846</small> – Afghanistan


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

* Platnick, Norman I. (2009): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html The world spider catalog], version 9.5. ''American Museum of Natural History''.
==External links==
*{{EOL|89045}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2183560}}
{{Authority control}}


⚫
[[Category:Eresidae]]
⚫
[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of Europe]]
[[Category:Spiders of Europe]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]]
⚫
[[Category:Eresidae]]
[[Category:Spiders of Africa]]
[[Category:Spiders of Africa]]
⚫
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Athanase Walckenaer]]



{{Araneomorphae-stub}}
{{Araneomorphae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 15:10, 11 September 2024

For the village on the island of Lesbos, see Eresos.

Eresus
Male Eresus kollari
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Eresidae
Genus: Eresus
Walckenaer, 1805[1]
Species

24, see text

Eresus, also called ladybird spiders,[2] is a genus of velvet spiders (family Eresidae) that was first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805.[3] Members of the genus formerly called Eresus cinnaberinus or Eresus niger are now placed in one of three species: Eresus kollari, Eresus sandaliatus and Eresus moravicus.[2]

Description

[edit]

They resemble both jumping spiders and the spiders in the Palpimanidae, as their body shapes are similar and their body is velvety. Males of this genus have a red abdomen with black spotting, usually sporting 4 black spots. The rest of the body is usually black, with some reddish or white areas. Females of this genus usually have dull colors, in grey, brown or black tones. For most individuals, the full body length reaches 8.5 to 20mm, with a distinct prosomal length of 3.6 to 6.1 mm. In some species, the females have some yellow coloration, though they are still significantly duller than the males.[4]

Identification

[edit]

Males of this genus can usually be distinguished by their unique abdominal pattern. Which in the lateral areas has two pairs of black patches which is surrounded by some reddish coloration. Sometimes they also have an extra pair. Females are harder to distinguish, with a species specific dedicated identification section being needed.[4]

Distribution

[edit]

They are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa, usually in non-forested warm and dry habitats. Their life[5] cycle is completed in 3–4 years, after they undergo dispersion and reach a juvenile state and turn into predators. Some species build a vertical burrow which is lined with silk, the opening being camouflaged with a silken sheet of debris. While some species don't build a burrow and just make their tubes under stones.[4]

Species

[edit]

As of October 2021 it contains twenty-four species:[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Gen. Eresus Walckenaer, 1805". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  2. ^ a b Řezáč, M.; Pekár, S.; Johannesen, J. (2008). "Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of central European Eresus species (Araneae: Eresidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 37 (3): 263–287. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00328.x. S2CID 85578392.
  3. ^ Walckenaer, C. A. (1805). Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions.
  4. ^ a b c Miller, Jeremy A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Scharff, Nikolaj; Řezáč, Milan; Szűts, Tamás; Marhabaie, Mohammad (2012-05-17). "The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)". ZooKeys (195): 1–144. Bibcode:2012ZooK..195....1M. doi:10.3897/zookeys.195.2342. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 3361087. PMID 22679386.
  5. ^ Perez, Zarcos, Laura; Sánchez, Piñero, Francisco (2016-11-01). "Diet of the ladybird spider Eresus kollari (Araneae: Eresidae) in an arid system of southeastern Spain". Journal of Arachnology. 44 (3): 359–366. doi:10.1636/P15-74.1. Retrieved 2023-03-17.
  6. ^ a b c "Araneae". SARAS (in Slovak).
[edit]


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