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One of the Act's most well-known convictions was that of [[Charlotte Anita Whitney]] in 1920, which led to the Act being upheld by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Whitney v. California]]'' (1927).
One of the Act's most well-known convictions was that of [[Charlotte Anita Whitney]] in 1920, which led to the Act being upheld by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Whitney v. California]]'' (1927).


In April 1930, meetings of the Agricultural Workers' Industrial League (AWIL) across [[Imperial Valley]] but centered around [[El Centro, California|El Centro]] were raided by the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] [[Imperial County Sheriff|Sheriff]].{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=121}} Of the hundreds arrested, 16 were charged by the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] [[grand jury]] with violations of the Criminal Syndicalism Act,{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=121}}, and 8 were convicted on {{date|13 June 1930}} and received sentences ranging from deportation to 42 years in prison.{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=124}} In 1931, the conviction of Frank Spector was reversed by the [[California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District]] in [[Fresno, California]].{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=125}} All of the convicts were [[parole]]d by 1933.{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=126}}
In April 1930, meetings of the Agricultural Workers' Industrial League (AWIL) across [[Imperial Valley]] but centered around [[El Centro, California|El Centro]] were raided by the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] [[Sheriff]].{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=121}} Of the hundreds arrested, 16 were charged by the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] [[grand jury]] with violations of the Criminal Syndicalism Act,{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=121}}, and 8 were convicted on {{date|13 June 1930}} and received sentences ranging from deportation to 42 years in prison.{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=124}} In 1931, the conviction of Frank Spector was reversed by the [[California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District]] in [[Fresno, California]].{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=125}} All of the convicts were [[parole]]d by 1933.{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=126}}


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 05:06, 12 January 2014

The California Criminal Syndicalism Act (California Penal Code §§ 11400 et seq.) was a law of California in 1919 under Governor William Stephens criminalizing syndicalism.[1] It was repealed in 1991.[2] One of the Act's most well-known convictions was that of Charlotte Anita Whitney, which led to the Act being upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in Whitney v. California (1927), which was itself explicitly overturned in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), effectively declaring the Act unconstitutional.[3]

The Act must be viewed in the context of the First Red Scare and the turbulent labor history of the United States in the early 20th Century.[4] From 1910–1920, 20 states enacted laws criminalizing syndicalism.[3]

Convictions

One of the Act's most well-known convictions was that of Charlotte Anita Whitney in 1920, which led to the Act being upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in Whitney v. California (1927).

In April 1930, meetings of the Agricultural Workers' Industrial League (AWIL) across Imperial Valley but centered around El Centro were raided by the Imperial County Sheriff.[5] Of the hundreds arrested, 16 were charged by the Imperial County grand jury with violations of the Criminal Syndicalism Act,[5], and 8 were convicted on 13 June 1930 and received sentences ranging from deportation to 42 years in prison.[6] In 1931, the conviction of Frank Spector was reversed by the California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District in Fresno, California.[7] All of the convicts were paroled by 1933.[8]

Notes

  1. ^ Added by California Stats. 1919, c. 188, p. 281. Renumbered by California Stats 1953, c. 32.
  2. ^ Repealed by California Stats. 1991, c. 186 (A.B. 436).
  3. ^ a b Green 2009, p. 85.
  4. ^ Whitten 1969, p. 4.
  5. ^ a b Daniel 1981, p. 121.
  6. ^ Daniel 1981, p. 124.
  7. ^ Daniel 1981, p. 125.
  8. ^ Daniel 1981, p. 126.

References

  • Whitten, Woodrow C. (March 1969). "Criminal Syndicalism and the Law in California: 1919–1927". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 59 (2): 3–73. JSTOR 1006021. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Green, Jonathon (2009). Karolides, Nicholas J (ed.). Encyclopedia of Censorship. Facts on File Library of World History. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 0-8160-4464-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hosmer, Helen; Jarrell, Randall. Helen Hosmer: A Radical Critic of California Agribusiness in the 1930s. OCLC 647238738.
  • Daniel, Cletus E. (1981). Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870-1941. ISBN 0-8014-1284-6. OCLC 6915093. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)


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