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{{Short description|1919 law prohibiting certain leftist politics}}
⚫
The '''California Criminal Syndicalism Act''' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20111002140955/http://192.234.213.35/clerkarchive/archive/Statutes/1919/19Vol1_Chapters.pdf Stats. 1919], c. 188, p. 281; it was [[codification (law)|codified]] at [[California Penal Code]] §§ 11400 et seq.)<ref>Added by California Stats. 1919, c. 188, p. 281. Renumbered by California Stats 1953, c. 32.</ref> was a [[law of California]] in 1919 under Governor [[William Stephens (American politician)|William Stephens]] criminalizing [[syndicalism]]. It was enacted on April 30, 1919, and repealed in 1991.<ref>Repealed by California Stats. 1991, c. 186 (A.B. 436).</ref>
{{Infobox U.S. State legislation
| State = California
| Full_name =
| Introduced =
| Assembly_Voted =
| Senate_Voted =
| Signed = {{font color|green|Yes}}
| Sponsors =
| Governor =
| Code =
| Section =
| Associated_bills =
| URL =
| Status = repealed
}}
{{California law}}
⚫
The '''California Criminal Syndicalism Act''' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20111002140955/http://192.234.213.35/clerkarchive/archive/Statutes/1919/19Vol1_Chapters.pdf Stats. 1919], c. 188, p. 281; it was [[codification (law)|codified]] at [[California Penal Code]] §§ 11400 et seq.)<ref>Added by California Stats. 1919, c. 188, p. 281. Renumbered by California Stats 1953, c. 32.</ref> was a [[law of California]] in 1919 under Governor [[William Stephens (American politician)|William Stephens]] criminalizing [[syndicalism]]. It was enacted on April 30, 1919, and repealed in 1991.<ref>Repealed by California Stats. 1991, c. 186 (A.B. 436).</ref> The law stated that "any person who was a member of any organization that advocated criminal syndicalism was guilty of a [[felony]] and punishable by up to 14 years in the [[Prisons in California|state prison]]. The law is significant, and controversial, because it made certain beliefs illegal. A person did not have to commit any overt act. Simple advocacy of a certain belief or membership in a group that advocated syndicalism was enough to secure a conviction".{{sfnp|McClellan|2011|page=91}}


One of the Act's best-known convictions was that of [[Charlotte Anita Whitney]], which led to the Act being upheld by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Whitney v. California]]'' (1927), which was itself explicitly overturned in ''[[Brandenburg v. Ohio]]'' (1969), effectively declaring the Act unconstitutional.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=85}}
One of the Act's best-known convictions was that of [[Charlotte Anita Whitney]], which led to the Act being upheld by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Whitney v. California]]'' (1927), which was itself explicitly overturned in ''[[Brandenburg v. Ohio]]'' (1969), effectively declaring the Act unconstitutional.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=85}}
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==Convictions==
==Convictions==
One of the Act's best-known convictions was of Charlotte Anita Whitney in 1920, which led to the Act being upheld by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Whitney v. California]]'' (1927).
One of the Act's best-known convictions was of [[Charlotte Anita Whitney]] in 1920, which led to the Act being upheld by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in ''[[Whitney v. California]]'' (1927).


In April 1930, meetings of the [[Agricultural Workers' Industrial League]] (AWIL) across [[Imperial Valley]] but centered around [[El Centro, California|El Centro]] were raided by the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] [[Sheriff]].{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=121}} Of the hundreds arrested, 16 were charged by the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] [[Grand Jury]] with violations of the Criminal Syndicalism Act,{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=121}} and 8 were convicted on {{date|13 June 1930}} and received sentences ranging from deportation to 42 years in prison.{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=124}} In 1931, the conviction of Frank Spector was reversed by the [[California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District]] in [[Fresno, California]].{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=125}} All of the convicts were [[parole]]d by 1933.{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=126}}
In April 1930, meetings of the [[Agricultural Workers' Industrial League]] (AWIL) across [[Imperial Valley]] but centered around [[El Centro, California|El Centro]] were raided by the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] [[Sheriff]].{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=121}} Of the hundreds arrested, 16 were charged by the [[Imperial County, California|Imperial County]] [[Grand Jury]] with violations of the Criminal Syndicalism Act,{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=121}} and 8 were convicted on 13 June 1930 and received sentences ranging from deportation to 42 years in prison.{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=124}} In 1931, the conviction of Frank Spector was reversed by the [[California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District]] in [[Fresno, California]].{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=125}} All of the convicts were [[parole]]d by 1933.{{sfn|Daniel|1981|p=126}}

According to journalist and historian [[Carey McWilliams (journalist)|Carey McWilliams]], there were 531 indictments for violation of the Criminal Syndicalism Act between 1919 and 1924, and "Of those arrested, 264 were tried, 164 convicted, and 128 were sentenced to [[San Quentin Prison]] for terms of from one to fourteen years. A large part of these prosecutions arose in Southern California."{{sfnp|McWilliams|1973|pp=290–291}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==References==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | title= Criminal Syndicalism and the Law in California: 1919–1927 | first= Woodrow C. | last= Whitten | journal= [[Transactions of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume= 59 | issue= 2 | date= March 1969 | pages= 3–73 | jstor= 1006021 }}
* {{cite book | title= Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870–1941 | last= Daniel | first= Cletus E. | year= 1981 | publisher= Cornell University Press | isbn= 0-8014-1284-6 | oclc= 6915093 | url= https://archive.org/details/bitterharvesthis0000dani }}
* {{cite book | title= Encyclopedia of Censorship | first= Jonathon | last= Green | editor-first= Nicholas J | editor-last= Karolides | year= 2009 | publisher= [[Infobase Publishing]] | series= Facts on File Library of World History | isbn= 0-8160-4464-3 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bunHURgi7FcC&pg=PA85 }}
* {{cite book | title= Encyclopedia of Censorship | first= Jonathon | last= Green | editor-first= Nicholas J | editor-last= Karolides | year= 2009 | publisher= [[Infobase Publishing]] | series= Facts on File Library of World History | isbn= 978-0-8160-4464-1 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bunHURgi7FcC&pg=PA85 }}
* {{cite book | title= Helen Hosmer: A Radical Critic of California Agribusiness in the 1930s | last1= Hosmer | first1= Helen | last2= Jarrell | first2= Randall |author-link2= Randall Jarrell | url= http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4b69n74p&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text | oclc= 647238738}}
* {{cite book | title= Helen Hosmer: A Radical Critic of California Agribusiness in the 1930s | last1= Hosmer | first1= Helen | last2= Jarrell | first2= Randall |author-link2= Randall Jarrell | url= http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4b69n74p&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text | oclc= 647238738}}
* {{cite thesis |last=McClellan |first=Scott Allen |date=2011 |title=Policing the Red Scare: The Los Angeles Police Department's Red Squad and the Repression of Labor Activism in Los Angeles, 1900–1940 |work= |publisher=University of California, Irvine |location= |page= |url= |access-date= |isbn= |issn= |oclc= |id={{ProQuest|3442998}} }}
* {{cite book | title= Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870-1941 | last= Daniel | first= Cletus E. | year= 1981 | isbn= 0-8014-1284-6 | oclc= 6915093 | url= https://archive.org/details/bitterharvesthis0000dani }}
* {{cite book |last=McWilliams |first=Carey |author-link=Carey McWilliams (journalist) |title=Southern California Country: An Island on the Land |chapter=Chapter XIV. The Politics of Utopia |series=[[American Folkways Series]] |date=1973 |edition=Reprint |publisher=Peregrine Smith Books |location=Salt Lake City, Utah |isbn=0-87905-007-1 |lccn=73077787 |orig-date=1946}}
* {{cite journal | title= Criminal Syndicalism and the Law in California: 1919–1927 | first= Woodrow C. | last= Whitten | journal= [[Transactions of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume= 59 | issue= 2 | date= March 1969 | pages= 3–73 | doi= 10.2307/1006021 | jstor= 1006021 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


[[Category:California statutes|Criminal Syndicalism Act]]
[[Category:California statutes|Criminal Syndicalism Act]]
[[Category:Syndicalism]]
[[Category:Syndicalism]]
[[Category:1919 in law]]
[[Category:1919 in American law]]
[[Category:1919 in California|Criminal Syndicalism Act]]
[[Category:1919 in California|Criminal Syndicalism Act]]
[[Category:1991 in law]]
[[Category:1991 in American law]]
[[Category:1991 in California|Criminal Syndicalism Act]]
[[Category:1991 in California|Criminal Syndicalism Act]]
[[Category:History of labor relations in the United States]]
[[Category:History of labor relations in the United States]]
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[[Category:Censorship in the United States]]
[[Category:Censorship in the United States]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression in the United States]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression in the United States]]

{{US-law-stub}}

Latest revision as of 06:11, 23 August 2024

California Criminal Syndicalism Act
California State Legislature
Signed into lawYes
Status: Repealed
California law
Great Seal of California
Constitution
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Note: There are 29 California codes.
Courts of record
Areas
Civil procedural law
Tort law
Civil rights law
Criminal law
Laws concerning political subdivisions of the state
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Miscellaneous
Historical laws

The California Criminal Syndicalism Act (Stats. 1919, c. 188, p. 281; it was codified at California Penal Code §§ 11400 et seq.)[1] was a law of California in 1919 under Governor William Stephens criminalizing syndicalism. It was enacted on April 30, 1919, and repealed in 1991.[2] The law stated that "any person who was a member of any organization that advocated criminal syndicalism was guilty of a felony and punishable by up to 14 years in the state prison. The law is significant, and controversial, because it made certain beliefs illegal. A person did not have to commit any overt act. Simple advocacy of a certain belief or membership in a group that advocated syndicalism was enough to secure a conviction".[3]

One of the Act's best-known convictions was that of Charlotte Anita Whitney, which led to the Act being upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in Whitney v. California (1927), which was itself explicitly overturned in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), effectively declaring the Act unconstitutional.[4]

The Act must be viewed in the context of the First Red Scare and the turbulent labor history of the United States in the early 20th century.[5] From 1910 to 1920, 20 states enacted laws criminalizing syndicalism.[4]

Convictions

[edit]

One of the Act's best-known convictions was of Charlotte Anita Whitney in 1920, which led to the Act being upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in Whitney v. California (1927).

In April 1930, meetings of the Agricultural Workers' Industrial League (AWIL) across Imperial Valley but centered around El Centro were raided by the Imperial County Sheriff.[6] Of the hundreds arrested, 16 were charged by the Imperial County Grand Jury with violations of the Criminal Syndicalism Act,[6] and 8 were convicted on 13 June 1930 and received sentences ranging from deportation to 42 years in prison.[7] In 1931, the conviction of Frank Spector was reversed by the California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District in Fresno, California.[8] All of the convicts were paroled by 1933.[9]

According to journalist and historian Carey McWilliams, there were 531 indictments for violation of the Criminal Syndicalism Act between 1919 and 1924, and "Of those arrested, 264 were tried, 164 convicted, and 128 were sentenced to San Quentin Prison for terms of from one to fourteen years. A large part of these prosecutions arose in Southern California."[10]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Added by California Stats. 1919, c. 188, p. 281. Renumbered by California Stats 1953, c. 32.
  2. ^ Repealed by California Stats. 1991, c. 186 (A.B. 436).
  3. ^ McClellan (2011), p. 91.
  4. ^ a b Green 2009, p. 85.
  5. ^ Whitten 1969, p. 4.
  6. ^ a b Daniel 1981, p. 121.
  7. ^ Daniel 1981, p. 124.
  8. ^ Daniel 1981, p. 125.
  9. ^ Daniel 1981, p. 126.
  10. ^ McWilliams (1973), pp. 290–291.

References

[edit]
  • Daniel, Cletus E. (1981). Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870–1941. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1284-6. OCLC 6915093.
  • Green, Jonathon (2009). Karolides, Nicholas J (ed.). Encyclopedia of Censorship. Facts on File Library of World History. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-4464-1.
  • Hosmer, Helen; Jarrell, Randall. Helen Hosmer: A Radical Critic of California Agribusiness in the 1930s. OCLC 647238738.
  • McClellan, Scott Allen (2011). Policing the Red Scare: The Los Angeles Police Department's Red Squad and the Repression of Labor Activism in Los Angeles, 1900–1940 (Thesis). University of California, Irvine. ProQuest 3442998.
  • McWilliams, Carey (1973) [1946]. "Chapter XIV. The Politics of Utopia". Southern California Country: An Island on the Land. American Folkways Series (Reprint ed.). Salt Lake City, Utah: Peregrine Smith Books. ISBN 0-87905-007-1. LCCN 73077787.
  • Whitten, Woodrow C. (March 1969). "Criminal Syndicalism and the Law in California: 1919–1927". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 59 (2): 3–73. doi:10.2307/1006021. JSTOR 1006021.
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