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m BVO is not an emulsifier. Its role in increasing oil density is explained.
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'''Brominated vegetable oil''' (BVO) is [[vegetable oil]] that has had atoms of the [[Chemical element|element]] [[bromine]] bonded to it. Brominated vegetable oil is used as an [[emulsifier]] in [[citrus]]-flavored [[soft drinks]] to help natural fat-soluble citrus flavors stay suspended in the drink and to produce a cloudy appearance. BVO has been used by the soft drink industry since 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pepsiproductfacts.com/glossary.php?ltr=b&print=1 |title=Pepsi Product Information: Ingredient Glossary |publisher=[[PepsiCo]] |accessdate=2007-09-17 }}</ref><ref name=Bendig>{{Cite journal | author = Paul Bendig, Lisa Maier, Walter Vetter | title = Brominated vegetable oil in soft drinks – an underrated source of human organobromine intake | journal = Food Chemistry | volume = 133 | issue = 3 | year = 2012 | pages = 678–682 | doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.058}}</ref>
'''Brominated vegetable oil''' (BVO) is [[vegetable oil]] that has had atoms of the [[Chemical element|element]] [[bromine]] bonded to it. Brominated vegetable oil is used to stabilize [[citrus]]-flavored [[soft drinks]]. Its high density helps the droplets of natural fat-soluble citrus flavors stay suspended in the drink. BVO has been used by the soft drink industry since 1931.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pepsiproductfacts.com/glossary.php?ltr=b&print=1 |title=Pepsi Product Information: Ingredient Glossary |publisher=[[PepsiCo]] |accessdate=2007-09-17 }}</ref><ref name=Bendig>{{Cite journal | author = Paul Bendig, Lisa Maier, Walter Vetter | title = Brominated vegetable oil in soft drinks – an underrated source of human organobromine intake | journal = Food Chemistry | volume = 133 | issue = 3 | year = 2012 | pages = 678–682 | doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.058}}</ref>


The addition of bromine increases the [[density]] of the oil, and the amount of bromine is carefully controlled to achieve a density that is the same as the [[water]] in the drink. As a result, the BVO remains suspended in the water instead of forming separate layers. Only small quantities, concentrations of 8 [[Parts-per notation|ppm]], are needed to achieve this effect.<ref name=Bendig/>
The addition of BVO increases the [[density]] of the oil. The amount added is carefully controlled so that the citrus flavor oil has the same density as the [[water]] in the drink. As a result, the droplets containing BVO remain suspended in the water instead of forming an ugly ring at the surface. Only small quantities, concentrations of 8 [[Parts-per notation|ppm]], are needed to achieve this effect.<ref name=Bendig/>


== Regulation ==
== Regulation ==

Revision as of 15:36, 3 January 2013

Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is vegetable oil that has had atoms of the element bromine bonded to it. Brominated vegetable oil is used to stabilize citrus-flavored soft drinks. Its high density helps the droplets of natural fat-soluble citrus flavors stay suspended in the drink. BVO has been used by the soft drink industry since 1931.[1][2]

The addition of BVO increases the density of the oil. The amount added is carefully controlled so that the citrus flavor oil has the same density as the water in the drink. As a result, the droplets containing BVO remain suspended in the water instead of forming an ugly ring at the surface. Only small quantities, concentrations of 8 ppm, are needed to achieve this effect.[2]

Regulation

North America

In the United States, BVO was designated in 1958 as generally recognized as safe (GRAS),[2] but this was withdrawn by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1970.[3] The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations currently imposes restrictions on the use of BVO as a food additive in the United States, limiting the concentration to 15 ppm,[4] limiting the amount of free fatty acids to 2.5 percent, and limiting the iodine value to 16.[5]

BVO is one of four substances that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has defined as interim food additives;[6] the other three are acrylonitrile copolymers, mannitol, and saccharin.[7]

BVO is currently permitted as a food additive in Canada.[8]

Europe

In the European Union, BVO is not on the current EU-approved additives list.[9]

India

Standards for soft drinks in India have prohibited the use of BVO since 1990.[10][unreliable source?]

Japan

The use of BVO as a food additive has been banned in Japan since 2010.[2]

Health effects

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers BVO to be safe for use as a food additive,[5] but there are case reports of excessive consumption that has been associated with adverse health effects. In one case, a man who drank eight liters of Ruby-Red Squirt daily had a reaction that caused his skin color to turn red and produced lesions diagnosed as bromoderma. The excessive quantities together with the fact that the man had a higher than normal sensitivity to bromine made this an unusual case.[11] A similar case reported that a man who consumed two to four liters of a cola containing BVO on a daily basis experienced memory loss, tremors, fatigue, loss of muscle coordination, headache, and ptosis of the right eyelid, as well as elevated serum chloride.[12] In the two months it took to correctly diagnose the problem, the patient also lost the ability to walk. Eventually, bromism was diagnosed and hemodialysis was prescribed which resulted in a reversal of the disorder.[13]

Online petition

An online petition at change.org asking Gatorade to stop adding BVO to its line of products had collected over 200,000 signatures by December 2012.[14] The petition points out that since Gatorade is sold in countries where BVO is not approved, there is already an existing formulation without this ingredient.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Pepsi Product Information: Ingredient Glossary". PepsiCo. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  2. ^ a b c d Paul Bendig, Lisa Maier, Walter Vetter (2012). "Brominated vegetable oil in soft drinks – an underrated source of human organobromine intake". Food Chemistry. 133 (3): 678–682. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Food additives. Brominated vegetable oils; removal from list of substances generally recognized as safe. Federal Register (1970), 35(18), 1049
  4. ^ D.L. Turner (1972). "Determination of brominated vegetable oil concentrations in soft drinks using a specific ion electrode". Journal of Food Science. 37 (5): 791–792.
  5. ^ a b "Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21—Food and Drugs, Chapter I—Food and Drug Administration, Department of Heath and Human Services, Subchapter B—Food for Human Consumption, Part 180—Food Additives Permitted in Food or in Contact with Food on an Interum Basis Pending Additional Study". Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  6. ^ "Listing of Food Additive Status". Food and Drug Administration.
  7. ^ Enhancing the Regulatory Decision-Making Approval Process for Direct Food Ingredient Technologies. Institute of Medicine. 1999. p. 31. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  8. ^ "Food additives permitted for use in Canada". Health Canada. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  9. ^ "Food Standards Agency - Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Retrieved 25 March 2011.
  10. ^ "Campaign on BVO". CUTS International.
  11. ^ Jih DM, Khanna V, Somach SC (2003). "Bromoderma after excessive ingestion of Ruby Red Squirt". New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (19): 1932–1934. doi:10.1056/NEJM200305083481921. PMID 12736294.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Horowitz BZ (1997). "Bromism from excessive cola consumption". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 35 (3): 315–320. doi:10.3109/15563659709001219. PMID 9140329.
  13. ^ Matthew Alice (1999-07-29). "Straight from the Hip: What is Brominated Vegetable Oil?". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  14. ^ Strom, Stephanie. "Another look at a drink ingredient, Brominated Vegetable OIl". New York Times. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
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