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{{Infobox governor
⚫
'''Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi''' (Arabic: عنبسة بن سحيم الكلبي) was the Muslim [[wali]] (governor) of [[al-Andalus]], from 721 to 726.
| honorific_prefix =
⚫
| name = Anbasa ibn Suḥaym al-Kalbi
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| order = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by adding a number-->
| office = Governor of Al-Andalus
| term_start = 721
⚫
| term_end = 726
| lieutenant = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by adding a number-->
| predecessor = [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi]]
| successor = [[Udrra ben Abd Allah al-Fihrí]]
| death_date = 726
| parents =
| battles =
| native_name = عنبسة بن سحيم الكلبي
| native_name_lang = ar
}}
⚫
'''Anbasa ibn Suḥaym al-Kalbi''' ({{Langx|ar| عنبسة بن سحيم الكلبي}}) was the Muslim [[Wali (administrative title)|wali]] (governor) of [[al-Andalus]], from 721 to 726. Anbasa belonged to the tribe of [[Banu Kalb]], which was established in southern [[Syria]] and northern [[Arabia]] since pre-Islamic times.


Immediately after his appointment, Anbasa doubled taxes on the Christians<ref name="Blankinship1994">{{Cite book|author=Khalid Yahya Blankinship|title=The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jz0Yy053WS4C&pg=PA89|year=1994|publisher=SUNY Press|id= ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7|page=89}}</ref> and confiscated Jewish property.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} However, it is thought that this increase did not affect most of the recently conquered estates and towns, subdued by treaty on very specific conditions (taxes, land ownership, etc.), but lands under direct Arab rule and new towns being conquered in [[Septimania]].<ref>Collins, R. (1989) p. 81</ref>
Immediately after his appointment, Anbasa doubled taxes on [[Christians]];<ref name="Blankinship1994">{{Cite book|author=Khalid Yahya Blankinship|title=The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz0Yy053WS4C&pg=PA89|year=1994|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn= 978-0-7914-1827-7|page=89}}</ref> however, it is thought that this increase did not affect most of the recently conquered estates and towns, subdued by treaty on very specific conditions (taxes, land ownership, etc.), but lands under direct [[Arab]] rule and new towns being conquered in [[Septimania]].<ref>Collins, R. (1989) p. 81</ref>


Coincidentally, a dynastic struggle arose among Muslims in the Middle East. It was sparked by the death of [[Caliph]] [[Yazid II]] and the succession of his brother, [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] in 724. On this account, Anbasa tried to please the demands imposed by the Caliph to further tax exaction on non-Muslims, with attempts being made to enforce it on non-Arab Muslims too - popular rebellion in Egypt in 725 for increase in taxation.<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins, Roger| year = 1989 | title = The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797 | publisher = Blackwell |location = Oxford, UK / Cambridge, US|isbn= 0-631-19405-3|page=82}}</ref> On the other hand, this more rigorous approach may have provided legal shelter and security to ownership in [[al-Andalus]].
Coincidentally, a dynastic struggle arose among Muslims in the [[Middle East]]. It was sparked by the death of [[Caliph]] [[Yazid II]] and the succession of his brother, [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]] in 724. On this account, Anbasa tried to please the demands imposed by the Caliph to further tax exaction on non-Muslims, with attempts being made to enforce it on non-Arab Muslims too; there was a popular rebellion in [[Egypt]] in 725 against increased taxes.<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins, Roger| year = 1989 | title = The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797 | publisher = Blackwell |location = Oxford, UK / Cambridge, US|isbn= 0-631-19405-3|page=82}}</ref> On the other hand, this more rigorous approach may have provided legal shelter and security to ownership in [[al-Andalus]].


These actions caused displeasure, scattered acts of disobedience, as well as some open revolts. In 722, a Visigothic nobleman of uncertain origin, [[Pelagius of Asturias]], defied the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] attempt to extract taxes in the mountains of [[Asturias]], where he gathered a band of rebellious followers. An Umayyad patrol was sent to search for Pelagius and his men, and it was ambushed at the [[Battle of Covadonga]] at great loss of life according to heavily mythical Christian sources, a skirmish according to later Muslim chroniclers, who showed little concern for the episode.<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins, Roger| year = 1983 | title = Early Medieval Spain | publisher = St. Martin's Press |location = New York|isbn= 0-312-22464-8|p = 184}}</ref>
These actions caused displeasure, scattered acts of disobedience, as well as some open revolts. During his tenure in office, [[Pelagius of Asturias]], defied the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] attempt to extract taxes in the mountains of [[Asturias]], where he gathered a band of rebellious followers. An Umayyad patrol was sent to search for Pelagius and his men, and it was ambushed at the [[Battle of Covadonga]] at great loss of life according to heavily mythical Christian sources, a skirmish according to later Muslim chroniclers, who showed little concern for the episode;<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins, Roger| year = 1983 | title = Early Medieval Spain | publisher = St. Martin's Press |location = New York|isbn= 0-312-22464-8|page = 184}}</ref> The ''Mozarabic Chronicle'' of 754, a Christian and only almost contemporary account of the major events taking place in [[Hispania]] doesn't mention it. In retrospect, these events are viewed by some as the beginning of the [[Reconquista]], an effort by Christian kingdoms to wrest control of Hispania from the Muslims.


⚫
Following the major [[Battle of Toulouse (721)|Ummayyad defeat in Toulouse (721)]] resulting in [[Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani]]'s death, Anbasa dispatched several military expeditions into [[Septimania]], he crossed the [[Pyrenees]] and managed to capture the Visigothic town of [[Carcassonne]] in 724 (or 725), as well as [[Nîmes]], the latter without resistance.<ref>Collins, R. (1989) p. 87</ref> He went on to lead an expedition to the [[Kingdom of Burgundy]], a Frankish territory, as far north as [[Autun]] and [[Sens]]. However, he died of natural causes in 726 during his campaign in [[Aquitaine]].<ref>Collins, R. (1989) p. 83</ref> Meanwhile, a flow of refugees found shelter in southern [[Duchy_of_Aquitaine|Aquitaine]] and [[Provence]].<ref>Collins, R. (1989) p. 213</ref> He was succeeded as wali by [[Udrra ben Abd Allah al-Fihrí]], who after a few months, was replaced by [[Yahya ibn Salama al-Kalbi]]. Yahya denounced the injustices of the policies of Anbasa, especially with respect to the collection of taxes and the confiscation of property.
Word of a great victory (and a rumor that the victory had been the result of divine intervention){{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} may have spread throughout occupied Hispania. However, the ''Mozarabic Chronicle'' of 754, a Christian and only almost contemporary account of the major events taking place in Hispania doesn't mention it. Duke Peter (Pedro in Spanish historiography) who governed [[Duchy of Cantabria|Cantabria]] may have joined Pelagius. The [[Basques]] revolted, and, in 724, [[Aragon]] joined the cause as well.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} In retrospect, these events are viewed by some as the beginning of the [[Reconquista]], an effort by Christian kingdoms to wrest control of Hispania from the Muslims.

⚫
Anbasa dispatched several military expeditions into [[Septimania]] as of 721, and managed to capture the Visigothic town of [[Carcassonne]] in 724 (or 725) as well [[Nîmes]], the latter without resistance.<ref>Collins, R. (1989) p. 87</ref> He went on to lead an expedition to the [[Kingdom of Burgundy]], a Frankish territory, as far north as [[Autun]]. However, he died of natural causes in this campaign.<ref>Collins, R. (1989) p. 83</ref> Meanwhile, a flow of refugees found shelter in southern Aquitaine and [[Provence]].<ref>Collins, R. (1989) p. 213</ref> He was succeeded as wali by [[Udrra ben Abd Allah al-Fihrí]], who after a few months, was replaced by [[Yahya ibn Salama al-Kalbi]]. Yahya denounced the injustices of the policies of Anbasa, especially with respect to the collection of taxes and the confiscation of property.


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|3}}


==See also==
==See also==
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* [[List of Caliphs]]
* [[List of Caliphs]]


{{start box}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
{{succession box | before = [[Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi|Abd ar-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Gafiqi]] |title = [[Wali]] of [[al-Andalus]]|years=721&ndash;726| after = [[Udrra ben Abd Allah al-Fihrí]]}}
| before = [[Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi|Abd ar-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Gafiqi]]
⚫
{{end box}}
| title = [[List of Umayyad Governors of Al-Andalus|Governor of Al-Andalus]]

| years = 721&ndash;726
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| after = [[Udrra ben Abd Allah al-Fihrí]]
⚫
| NAME = Anbasa Ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Muslim wali (governor) of al-Andalus
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
⚫
| DATE OF DEATH = 726
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
}}
⚫
{{s-end}}

{{Umayyad governors of al-Andalus}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anbasa Ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anbasa Ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi}}
[[Category:726 deaths]]
[[Category:726 deaths]]
[[Category:Umayyad governors of al-Andalus]]
[[Category:8th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Muslim conquests]]
[[Category:Umayyad governors of Al-Andalus]]
[[Category:Umayyad conquest of Hispania]]
[[Category:Arab generals]]
[[Category:Arab generals]]
[[Category:Umayyad generals]]
[[Category:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Banu Kalb]]
[[Category:8th-century people from the Umayyad Caliphate]]

Latest revision as of 05:18, 3 November 2024

Anbasa ibn Suḥaym al-Kalbi
عنبسة بن سحيم الكلبي
Governor of Al-Andalus
In office
721–726
Preceded byAbd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi
Succeeded byUdrra ben Abd Allah al-Fihrí
Personal details
Died726

Anbasa ibn Suḥaym al-Kalbi (Arabic: عنبسة بن سحيم الكلبي) was the Muslim wali (governor) of al-Andalus, from 721 to 726. Anbasa belonged to the tribe of Banu Kalb, which was established in southern Syria and northern Arabia since pre-Islamic times.

Immediately after his appointment, Anbasa doubled taxes on Christians;[1] however, it is thought that this increase did not affect most of the recently conquered estates and towns, subdued by treaty on very specific conditions (taxes, land ownership, etc.), but lands under direct Arab rule and new towns being conquered in Septimania.[2]

Coincidentally, a dynastic struggle arose among Muslims in the Middle East. It was sparked by the death of Caliph Yazid II and the succession of his brother, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 724. On this account, Anbasa tried to please the demands imposed by the Caliph to further tax exaction on non-Muslims, with attempts being made to enforce it on non-Arab Muslims too; there was a popular rebellion in Egypt in 725 against increased taxes.[3] On the other hand, this more rigorous approach may have provided legal shelter and security to ownership in al-Andalus.

These actions caused displeasure, scattered acts of disobedience, as well as some open revolts. During his tenure in office, Pelagius of Asturias, defied the Umayyad attempt to extract taxes in the mountains of Asturias, where he gathered a band of rebellious followers. An Umayyad patrol was sent to search for Pelagius and his men, and it was ambushed at the Battle of Covadonga at great loss of life according to heavily mythical Christian sources, a skirmish according to later Muslim chroniclers, who showed little concern for the episode;[4] The Mozarabic Chronicle of 754, a Christian and only almost contemporary account of the major events taking place in Hispania doesn't mention it. In retrospect, these events are viewed by some as the beginning of the Reconquista, an effort by Christian kingdoms to wrest control of Hispania from the Muslims.

Following the major Ummayyad defeat in Toulouse (721) resulting in Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani's death, Anbasa dispatched several military expeditions into Septimania, he crossed the Pyrenees and managed to capture the Visigothic town of Carcassonne in 724 (or 725), as well as Nîmes, the latter without resistance.[5] He went on to lead an expedition to the Kingdom of Burgundy, a Frankish territory, as far north as Autun and Sens. However, he died of natural causes in 726 during his campaign in Aquitaine.[6] Meanwhile, a flow of refugees found shelter in southern Aquitaine and Provence.[7] He was succeeded as wali by Udrra ben Abd Allah al-Fihrí, who after a few months, was replaced by Yahya ibn Salama al-Kalbi. Yahya denounced the injustices of the policies of Anbasa, especially with respect to the collection of taxes and the confiscation of property.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Khalid Yahya Blankinship (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. SUNY Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7.
  2. ^ Collins, R. (1989) p. 81
  3. ^ Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797. Oxford, UK / Cambridge, US: Blackwell. p. 82. ISBN 0-631-19405-3.
  4. ^ Collins, Roger (1983). Early Medieval Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-312-22464-8.
  5. ^ Collins, R. (1989) p. 87
  6. ^ Collins, R. (1989) p. 83
  7. ^ Collins, R. (1989) p. 213

See also

[edit]
Preceded by Governor of Al-Andalus
721–726 		Succeeded by
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