Editing Manx cat

{{short description|Breed of cat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox cat breed
|name=Manx
|image=Manx cat by Karen Weaver.jpg
|imagecaption=A male "riser" Manx
|altname=Manks
|nickname=Stubbin, rumpy
|country={{flag|Isle of Man}}
<!-- international registries: -->
|cfastd=http://www.cfa.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/manx.pdf <!--2015, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6ZuqOIns2?url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/manx.pdf -->
|fifestd=http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/MAN-CYM.pdf <!--2015-Jan-01, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6Zuqchbub?url=http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/MAN-CYM.pdf -->
|ticastd=https://www.tica.org/phocadownload/mx.pdf <!--2004-May-01, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6ZurQ3vVi?url=http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/mx.pdf -->
|wcfstd=http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/MAN_en_2010-01-01.pdf <!--2010-Jan-01, architecture g= https://www.webcitation.org/6EsiC7y0g?url=http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/MAN_en_2010-01-01.pdf -->
<!-- regional multi-national registries: -->
|ffestd=http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/manx_e.htm <!--2015; archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6ZusQQUd4?url=http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/manx_e.htm -->
<!-- national registries: -->
|aacestd=https://www.webcitation.org/6ZuqDysFr?url=http://www.aaceinc.org/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D32:manx-breed-standard%26catid%3D17:breed-standards%26Itemid%3D13%26lang%3Den
|acfstd= https://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/Group%20Three/Manx.pdf <!--2015, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6ZupZ51Wn?url=http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%203_Manx.pdf -->
|acfastd=http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/MANX.pdf <!--2007-May, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6Esq5kT4B?url=http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/MANX.pdf -->
|cccastd=https://www.cccofa.com.au/files/files/stdmanx.pdf
|cffstd=http://cffinc.org/files/pdf/MANX.pdf <!--1985-May, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6EtIZf88N?url=http://cffinc.org/files/pdf/MANX.pdf -->
|ccastd=https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/MANX_20200203_010625.pdf <!-- 2005-Aug-04, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6EsvOo4HL?url=http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/manx.pdf -->
|gccfstd=http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Manx.SOP.pdf <!--2015-Apr-02. See also http://www.gccfcats.org/regpols/manxregpol.pdf for outcrossing. Does not provide colour, etc., details, as GCCF considers Manx a variant of British Shorthair; see http://www.gccfcats.org/regpols/BSHregpol.pdf for the color and other details of the GCCF BSH generally.  archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6ZupIu350?url=http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Manx.SOP.pdf -->
|loofstd=http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_34.php?z=1 <!--2015, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6ZuhrwwHf?url=http://m.loof.asso.fr/?fu%3Dfiche_race%26id%3D34 -->
|nzcfstd=http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Manx.pdf <!--2010-Jan, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6ZvB9PWAc?url=http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Manx_2010.pdf -->
|saccstd=http://www.tsacc.org.za/downloads/Manx.pdf <!--2001-Jan, archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6EtIW5J1i?url=http://www.tsacc.org.za/downloads/Manx.pdf -->
<!-- any registry not listed above: -->
|otherstd=
|note = Long-haired or semi-long-haired specimens are considered a separate breed, the [[Cymric (cat)|Cymric]], in some registries.
}}

The '''Manx cat''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|ŋ|k|s}}, in earlier times often spelled '''Manks''') is a [[Cat breeds|breed]] of [[Cat|domestic cat]] (''Felis catus'') originating on the [[Isle of Man]], with a [[Cat body-type mutation|mutation]] that shortens the [[tail]]. Many Manx have a small stub of a tail, but Manx cats are best known as being entirely tailless; this is the most distinguishing characteristic of the breed, along with elongated hind legs and a rounded head. Manx cats come in all coat colours and patterns, though all-white specimens are rare, and the coat range of the original stock was more limited. Long-haired variants are sometimes considered a separate breed, the [[Cymric (cat)|Cymric]].

Manx are prized as skilled hunters, and thus have often been sought by farmers with rodent problems, and been a preferred [[ship's cat]] breed. They are said to be social, tame and active. An old local term for the cats on their home island is '''''stubbin<!--No known reliable source on or in the Manx language or Manx English dialect capitalises that.-->''''' or '''''rumpy'''''. Manx have been exhibited in cat shows since the 1800s, with the first known breed standard published in 1903.

==History==
===Origin and folklore===
[[File:Manx Silverwing.JPG|thumb|left|Silverwing, a tabby, rumpy Manx male champion show cat (UK, 1902)]]
Tailless cats, then called ''{{lang|gv|stubbin<!--No known reliable source on or in the Manx language capitalises that.-->}}'' (apparently both singular and plural) in colloquial [[Manx language]],<ref name="Cregeen" /><ref name="Kelly" /> were known by the early 19th century as cats from the [[Isle of Man]],<ref name="CFA Breed article">{{cite news|last=Hall|first=Marion|year=1995|title=The Manx Cat|work=Cat Fanciers' Almanac|publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association|location=Alliance, Ohio, US|url=http://www.cfa.org/Client/articlethemanxcat.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029020442/http://www.cfa.org/Client/articlethemanxcat.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> hence [[Manx (disambiguation)<!--Yes, this is an intentional link to a disambiguation page.-->|the name]], where they remain a substantial but declining percentage of the local cat population. The taillessness arose as a natural mutation on the island,<ref name="Manx Cat Breed Information, Pictures, Characteristics & Facts">{{cite web  |url=https://cattime.com/cat-breeds/manx-cat#/slide/1 |title= Manx Cat Breed Information, Pictures, Characteristics & Facts. |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref> though folklore persists that tailless domestic cats were brought there by sea.<ref name="CFA Breed article" /> They are descended from mainland stock of obscure origin.<ref name="Barton" /> Like all house cats, including nearby British and Irish populations, they are ultimately descended from the [[African wildcat]] (''Felis lybica'') and not from native [[European wildcat]]s (''Felis silvestris''),<ref name="Driscoll">{{Cite journal|last1=Driscoll|first1=C. A.|last2=Macdonald|first2=D. W.|last3=O'Brien|first3=S. J.|year=2009|title=In the Light of Evolution III: Two Centuries of Darwin Sackler Colloquium: From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets, An Evolutionary View of Domestication|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|issue=S1|pages=9971&ndash;9978|doi=10.1073/pnas.0901586106|pmc=2702791|pmid=19528637|bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9971D|doi-access=free}}</ref> of which the island has long been devoid.<ref name="Kermode" />

The [[Dominance (genetics)|dominant trait]] of taillessness arises from a spontaneous [[mutation]], the Manx taillessness gene, that eventually became common on the island because of the limited [[genetic diversity]] of [[island biogeography]] (an example of the [[founder effect]] and, at {{sic|hide=y|the sub-specific level|reason=This means "below the species level", thus the hyphen, not "the subspecies level"; cat varieties are "subsubspecies", not subspecies.}}, of the [[species-area curve]]).<ref name="cat-world" /><ref name="Robinson" />

In the Manx language, the modern name of the breed is ''{{lang|gv|kayt<!--No known reliable source on or in the Manx language capitalises that word or its variants.--> Manninagh}},'' literally 'cat of Mann' (plural ''{{lang|gv|kiyt}}'' or ''{{lang|gv|kit}}''),<ref name="Cregeen" /><ref name="Kelly" /><ref name="Kneen" /><ref name="Craine">{{cite web |url= http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php |title={{sic|hide=y|On-line}} Manx Dictionary |last=Craine |first=J. Ffynlo |work=Mannin.info |location=Ballaugh, I.o.M. |year=2011 |access-date=23 November 2011}}</ref> or ''{{lang|gv|kayt cuttagh}}'' lit. 'bob-tailed cat'.<ref name="Craine" /><ref name="MacBain">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldic00macb |title=An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language |last=MacBain |first=Alexander |publisher=Gairm Pubs. |location=Glasgow, Scotland |edition=Revised |orig-year=1911 |year=1982 |isbn=0-901771-68-6 |url-access=registration }}</ref> ''{{lang|gv|Kayt}}'', used as both a [[Grammatical gender|masculine and feminine]] noun, is also encountered as ''{{lang|gv|cayt}}'',<ref name="Goodwin">{{cite book |first1=Edmund |last1=Goodwin |editor-first=Robert |editor-last=Thomson |title=First Lessons in Manx |edition=Revised |publisher=Yn Cheshaght Ghailckagh [Manx Language Society] |location=St. Judes, I.o.M. |date=1987 |page=30}}</ref> and depending on the exact construction, it may be [[Lenition|lenited]] as ''{{lang|gv|chayt}}'' or ''{{lang|gv|gayt}}''.<ref name="Fargher">{{cite book |last1=Fargher|first1=Douglas C. |editor-last1=Stowell|editor-first1=Brian |editor-last2=Faulds|editor-first2=Ian |title=Fargher's English&ndash;Manx Dictionary |date=1979 |publisher=Shearwater Press |location=Douglas |isbn=0-904980-23-5}}</ref>{{rp|138}} The diminutive word is ''{{lang|gv|pishin}}'' or ''{{lang|gv|pishyn}}'', 'kitten' (with various plurals).<ref name="Cregeen" /> ''Manx'' itself was often spelled ''Manks'' in English well into the late 1800s.<ref name="Cregeen" /><ref name="Kermode" />

There are numerous folktales<!--Do not call them "myths" or "legends"; these words are not interchangeable!--> about the Manx cat, all of them of "relatively recent origin";<ref name="Radford" />{{rp|7}} they are focused entirely on the lack of a tail, and are devoid of religious, philosophical, or mythical aspects found in the traditional [[Norse–Gaels|Irish&ndash;Norse]] folklore of the [[History of the Isle of Man|native Manx culture]], and in legends about cats from other parts of the world.<ref name="Radford" />{{rp|7}}

The name of the promontory [[Spanish Head]] on the coast of the island is often thought to have arisen from the local tale of a ship of the [[Spanish Armada]] foundering in the area, though there is no evidence to suggest this actually occurred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isleofman.com/heritage/ePedia/Geography/Hills/spanish-head.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601204111/http://www.isleofman.com/heritage/ePedia/Geography/Hills/spanish-head.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Isle of Man website page on Spanish Head|archivedate=1 June 2012}}</ref> Folklore has further claimed that a tailless cat swam ashore from said [[shipwreck]], and thus brought the trait to the island.<ref name="Train" /> However, tailless cats are not commonly known in Spain, even if such a shipwreck were proven.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

Regardless of the [[Genetics|genetic]] and historical reality, there are various fanciful [[Lamarckism|Lamarckian]] folktales that seek to explain why the Manx has a truncated tail. In one of them, the biblical [[Noah]] closed the door of [[Noah's Ark|the Ark]] when it began to rain, and accidentally cut off the tail of the Manx cat who had almost been left behind.{{r|MANXGUARDIAN}} Over the years a number of cartoons have appeared on postcards from the [[Isle of Man]] showing scenes in which a cat's tail is being run over and severed by a variety of means including a [[motorcycle]], a reference to motorcycle racing [[Isle of Man TT|being popular on the island]],{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} and an update of the Noah story. Because the gene is so dominant and "invades" other breeds when crossed (often without owner knowledge) with the Manx, there was a folk belief that simply being in the proximity of a Manx cat could cause other breeds to somehow produce tailless kittens.<ref name="Lane" />

Another genetically impossible account claimed that the Manx was the [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] offspring of a cat and a [[rabbit]], purporting to explain why it has no or little tail, long hind legs and a sometimes hopping gait.<ref name="Train" /> The cat-rabbit halfbreed tale has been further reinforced by the more widespread "[[cabbit]]" folktale.

Populations of tailless cats also exist in a few other places in Europe, most notably [[Cornwall]],<ref name="Barton" /> only {{convert|250|mi|km}} from the Isle of Man. A population on the small, isolated [[Denmark|Danish]] peninsula (former island) of [[Reersø]] in the [[Great Belt]] may be due to the arrival on the island of cats of Manx origin, by ship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reersoe.dk/e_haleloskat.html|title=HALELØSE KATTE, haleloese, tailless, cats, katzen|website=www.reersoe.dk|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234649/http://www.reersoe.dk/e_haleloskat.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similar cats are also found in [[Crimea]],<ref name="Barton" /> a near-island peninsula in the [[Black Sea]], though whether they are genetically related to maritime Manx cats or are a coincidentally similar result of insular genetic diversity limitations, like the unrelated [[Kuril Islands Bobtail]], [[Karelian Bobtail]], [[Japanese Bobtail]], and Indonesian [[Lombok cat]]s, is unknown. The Manx gene may be related to the similarly dominant tail suppression gene of the recent [[American Bobtail]] breed, but Manx, Japanese Bobtails and other short-tailed cats are not used in its breeding program, and the mutation seems to have appeared in the breed spontaneously.<ref name="catprofile">{{cite web |url= http://animal.discovery.com/breedselector/catprofile.do?id=5010 |title=Cat Breed Profile: American Bobtail |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=Animal Planet: Pets, Wild Animals, Dog Breeds, Cat Breeds |publisher=Discovery Communications |access-date=5 November 2006}}</ref> Possible relation to the [[Pixie-bob]] breed, which also ranges from rumpy to fully tailed, is unknown.

===Recognition as a breed===
Manx cats have been exhibited in [[cat show]]s, as a named, distinct breed (and with the modern spelling "Manx"), since the late 1800s. In that era, few shows provided a Manx division, and exhibited specimens were usually entered under the "Any Other Variety" class, where they often could not compete well unless "exceptionally good in size and markings".<ref name="Lane" /> Early pet [[Animal husbandry|breeding]] and [[Show (animal)|showing]] expert [[Charles Henry Lane]], himself the owner of a prize-winning rare white rumpy Manx named Lord Luke, published the first known (albeit informal) [[breed standard]] for the Manx in his 1903 ''Rabbits, Cats and Cavies'',<ref name="Lane" /> but noted that already by the time of his writing "if the judge understood the variety" a Manx would be clearly distinguishable from some other tailless cat being exhibited, "as the make of the animal, its movements and its general character are all distinctive."<ref name="Lane" /> Not all cat experts of the day were favourable toward the breed; in ''The Cat: Its Points and Management in Health and Disease'', Frank Townend Barton wrote in 1908: "There is nothing {{sic|hide=y|whatever}} to recommend the breed, {{sic|hide=y|whilst}} the loss of the tail in no way enhances its beauty."<ref name="Barton" />

The Manx was one of the first breeds recognised by the [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA) (the predominant United States-based pedigreed cat registry, founded in 1908), which has records on the breed in North America going back to the 1920s.<ref name="Hackett" />

==Appearance==
===Tail (or lack thereof)===
[[File:Manx Beatrice.jpg|thumb|left|A longy white Manx female]]
Although tail suppression (or tail length variety) is not the sole characteristic feature of the breed,<ref name="Barton" /> the chief defining one of the Manx cat is its absence of a tail to having a tail of long length, or tail of any length between the two extremes.<ref name="CFA Manx">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfa.org/documents/standards/manx.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123073127/http://www.cfa.org/documents/standards/manx.pdf|url-status=dead|title=CFA Standard Manx|archivedate=23 January 2012}}</ref> This is a [[cat body-type mutation]] of the [[spine (anatomy)|spine]], caused by a [[dominant gene]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ufaw.org.uk/cats/manx-manx-syndrome|title=Manx Syndrome|publisher= Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|access-date=19 December 2018}}</ref> As with the sometimes-tail-suppressed [[Schipperke]] dog and [[Old English Sheepdog]], tail suppression does not "[[breed true]]" in Manx cats. Attempting to force the tailless trait to breed true by continually breeding tailless Manx cats to tailless Manx cats has led to increased negative, even fatal genetic disorders ''(see [[#Health and genetics|below]])''. Tail length is random throughout a litter of kittens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cfa.org/breeds/breedskthrur/manx.aspx|title=About the Manx|publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230357/http://cfa.org/breeds/breedskthrur/manx.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Manx to non-Manx breeding will usually produce some Manx-type tail varieties in kittens.<ref name="Lane" /> Whether the shorter tailed kittens of these varieties are labeled Manx is up to the breed standard consulted. Manx cats' tails are classified according to proportional tail length as kittens (the proportion does not change after birth):
* '''Rumpy''' (rumpie)<ref name="CDN 1965">{{cite news |title=A Tale About Tails |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=25 January 1965 |work=[[Chicago Daily News]] |publisher=[[Field Enterprises]] }}</ref> or '''dimple rumpy'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://icatcare.org/advice/manx-syndrome-and-spina-bifida/|title=Manx Syndrome & Spina Bifida {{!}} International Cat Care|website=icatcare.org|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> – having no tail at all, though often a small tuft of hair where the tail would have grown from the [[Rump (animal)|rump]]<ref name="Lane" />
* '''Riser''' or '''rumpy riser'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cfa.org/Breeds/BreedsKthruR/Manx.aspx|title=Breed Profile: The Manx|website=cfa.org|access-date=2020-02-02|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230357/http://cfa.org/breeds/breedskthrur/manx.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> – having a bump of [[cartilage]]<ref name="Lane" /> under the fur, most noticeable when the animal is happy and raising its tail end
* '''Stumpy''' (stumpie)<ref name="CDN 1965" /> – having a partial tail of vestigial, fused [[vertebrae]], up to about {{convert|1|in|cm|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} long<ref name="Lane" />
* '''Stubby''' (stubbie), '''shorty''', or '''short-tailed''' – having a short tail of non-fused bones, up to about half an average cat tail<ref name=":0" />
* '''Longy''' (longie), '''tailed''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wideopenpets.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-manx-cat/|title=Manx Cat: Everything You Need to Know About the Breed|last=Caplan|first=Christy|date=2019-12-30|website=Wide Open Pets|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> or '''taily''' (tailie)<ref name="CDN 1965" /> – having a half- to normal-length tail.

[[File:A Rumpy Manx Cat.jpg|thumb|265x265px|A "rumpy" Manx kitten]]
[[File:Rumpy Riser Manx Kitten.jpg|thumb|264x264px|A "rumpy riser" tail example]]
Since the early days of breed recognition in the late 19th century,<ref name="Lane" /> Manx [[show cat]]s have been rumpy through stumpy specimens, with stubby and longy Manx not qualifying to be shown except in the "Any Other Variety" or household pet class.<ref name="CFA Manx" /> Kittens with complete tails may be born in a purebred Manx litter, having not inherited the taillessness appearance at all. Depending on the country and cat organization referenced, rumpy, rumpy risers and stumpies are the only Manx cat tail types that fit the breed standard for Manx cats. The longer cat tail lengths seen in some Manx cats are considered a breed fault, although they occur as naturally in the breed, but not as often, as the shorter tails. Although these longer tail types are of purebred Manx ancestry, they do not possess the dominant gene so cannot pass it on. However, since the Manx tail mutation gene is dominant, these longer-tailed purebred Manx cats may still be used in breeding programs and may even be considered in an effort to help avoid the fatal spinal deformities that sometimes result in tailless Manx cats.

The Manx breed is genetically distinct from the [[Japanese Bobtail]] breed, another naturally occurring insular breed. The Japanese Bobtail always has at least some tail, ranging from a small "[[Pompon|pom]]" to a stubby but distinct tail, which is kinked or curled and usually has a slightly bulbous and fluffy appearance; by contrast, the Manx has a straight tail when one is present at all. The Japanese Bobtail has a markedly different appearance from the Manx, and is characterized by almond-shaped eyes, a triangular face, long ears, and lean body, like many other Asian breeds. The gene responsible for the bobbed or kinked tail in that breed is [[Recessive gene|recessive]] and unrelated to the dominant Manx tail-suppression gene; the bobtail gene is not connected to any serious deformities, while the tail-suppression gene can, under certain conditions, give rise to a pattern of sometimes lethal [[#Health and genetics|health problems]]. The [[Pixie-bob]] breed also has a short tail, and may be genetically related to the Manx.  More will be clear about tail genetics as more genetic studies are done on cat populations and as DNA testing improves; most domestic animal genetic work has been done with dogs and livestock breeds.

Manx (and other tail-suppressed breeds) do not exhibit problems with balance;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pets-global.com/?p=1072|title=7 Facts About Your Cat's Tail|date=2017-01-04|website=Pets Global|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> balance is controlled primarily by the inner ear. In cats, dogs and other large-bodied mammals, balance involves but is not dependent upon the tail (contrast with [[rat]]s, for whom the tail is a quite significant portion of their body mass).

Since Manx kittens are naturally born with any tail length, from none to long, it was formerly common to surgically [[Docking (animal)|dock]] the longer tails a few days after birth. Although illegal in many jurisdictions (including much of Europe), the practice was formerly recommended, although with the caveat that the commonness of the practice meant that many spurious Manx cats – i.e., random British cats – were altered to resemble the Manx, to defraud unwary buyers.<ref name="Barton" />

===Body and legs===
Manx are medium-sized cats, broad-chested with sloping shoulders and flat sides, and in show condition are firmly muscular and lean, neither bulky nor fatty.<ref name="Lane" /> Lane reported the original, native breed as ranging typically from ten to twelve pounds for males and eight to ten pounds for females, with many smaller examples but only rare ones larger.<ref name="Lane" /> The hind legs of Manx are notably longer than the fore legs,<ref name="Barton" /><ref name="Lane" /> causing the rump to be higher than the shoulder and creating a continuous arch from shoulders to rump giving the cat an overall rounded or humped appearance,<ref name="CFA Manx"/> though the breed is comparatively long<ref name="Lane" /> when stretched out. The fore legs are strong and straight.<ref name="Lane" /> The shape is often described as [[rabbit]]-like.<ref name="Barton" /><ref name="Train" />

===Head===
Manx cats' heads are rounded in shape, and medium in depth with a long neck.<ref name="Lane" /> The upright, round-tipped and front-facing ears are largish.<ref name="Lane" /> The eyes are large, rounded, and prominent,<ref name="Lane" /> with their outer corners higher than the inner ones.<ref name="CFA Manx"/> Absent any bloodlines with a dominant alternative eye color (such as blue in [[Siamese cat|Siamese]] or related ancestry), Manx often have some hue variant of gold eyes,<ref name="CFA Manx"/> and for show purposes follow the eye colour standards of the same coat colour/pattern in non-Manx short-hairs.<ref name="Lane" />

===Coat===
[[File:Shadow Manx.jpg|thumb|Short-haired stumpy black Manx]]
[[File:GeorgeManxProfile.jpg|thumb|Long-haired Manx ([[Cymric (cat)|Cymric]])]]
Manx cats exhibit two [[Coat (animal)|coat]] lengths. Short- or long-haired, all Manx have a thick, double-layered coat. The colour and pattern ranges exhibited should conform to the standards for that type of coat in non-Manx.<ref name="Lane" />

The more common short-haired Manx – the original breed – has a coat with a dense, soft, under layer and a longer, coarse outer layer with [[guard hairs]].<ref name="CFA Manx"/> The overall appearance of the coat is fine, short and lying close to the skin,<ref name="Lane" /> versus fluffy or voluminous.

The long-haired Manx, known to some cat registries as the [[Cymric (cat)|Cymric]], has a silky-textured double coat of medium length, with "breeches" (i.e. a distinct jump in fur length at the hocks giving the appearance of old-fashioned, baggy, knee-length pants<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pictures-of-cats.org/what-are-britches-on-a-cat.html|title=What are britches on a cat?|first=Michael|last=Broad|date=20 January 2017}}</ref> ) belly ruff and neck ruff, tufts of fur between the toes and full "ear furnishings" (hairs in ears).<ref name="CFA Manx"/> The CFA considers the Cymric to be a variety of Manx and judges it in the short-hair division even though it is long-haired,<ref name="CFA Manx"/> while [[The International Cat Association]] (TICA) judges it in the long-hair division as a distinct Cymric breed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/mx.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115000154/http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/mx.pdf|url-status=dead|title=TICA Manx Breed Group (Manx and Cymric) Show Standard|archivedate=15 November 2012}}</ref> The long-haired variety is of comparatively recent development. Lane wrote in 1903 that the Manx "to the best of my knowledge, information and belief, does not include any long-haired specimens", in his detailed chapter on the breed.<ref name="Lane" />

Regardless of coat length, the colours and [[Coat (animal)|coat]] patterns occurring in the breed today run the gamut of virtually all breeds due to extensive cross-breeding, though not all registries may accept all coats as qualifying for breeding or show. The most common coats are [[Tabby cat|tabby]], [[Tortoiseshell cat|tortoiseshell]], [[Calico cat|calico]] and solid colours.{{citation needed|date=August 2011|reason=This claim about commonness is unsourced.}}  Widely divergent Manx specimens, including even a [[Point coloration|colour-point]], blue-eyed, [[#Cymric (Manx Longhair)|long-haired variant]] of evident [[Himalayan (cat)|Himalayan]] ancestry, have been celebrated on Isle of Man postage stamps since the 1980s, and recent publications often show marbled and spotted varieties. The original insular stock, however, were of less widespread variation. Lane, having "seen a great many of them" wrote of Manx cats that "[i]t is curious that the colours in this variety seem somewhat limited" and that the breed "does not comprise all the colours usually associated with other short-haired varieties".<ref name="Lane" /> He reported only very common orange, common orange and white, common cream tabby, uncommon tortoiseshell, and very rare all-white specimens in 1903.<ref name="Lane" /> Calico and point-coloured are notably absent from this list, as are even today's common colourful tabbies. However, writing in England only five years later, Barton suggested that "the Manx may be of any colour, but probably orange is the most frequently met with."<ref name="Barton" />

Specific registries have particular, and differing, standards of points with regard to coloration and patterning. For example, the [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF) classifies the Manx as a variant of the [[British Shorthair]] (BSH),<ref name="GCCF RBRP">{{cite web|url=http://www.gccfcats.org/breeds.html |title=Recognised Breeds and Registration Policies |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |year=2012 |work=GCCFcats.org |publisher=[[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF) |location=Bridgwater, Somerset, UK |access-date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208085015/http://www.gccfcats.org/breeds.html |archive-date=8 December 2012}} "Manx" is a subsection of "British Shorthair".</ref> and thus requires that Manx cats to have one of the coat patterns that would be permissible in the BSH rather than any that is exclusive to a "foreign" type (e.g. [[point colouration]]).  New Zealand Cat Fancy (NZCF) does likewise for colour and markings, but requires a double-coat and other Manx-specific features that GCCF does not.<ref name="NZCF M">{{cite web |url= http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Manx.pdf |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Breed Code MAN &ndash; Manx |date=January 2007 |work=NZCF.com |publisher=New Zealand Cat Fancy |location=Katikati, NZ |access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref> Some other registries are even more restrictive, while others are more liberal.

==Variants (sub-breeds)==
Four new, consistent varieties have been developed from the Manx (the original version of which is now sometimes consequently called the Shorthair Manx). These are the Cymric (Longhair Manx), the Isle of Man Shorthair and Isle of Man Longhair, and the Tasman Manx, though only the Cymric has garnered widespread acceptance in breed registries {{as of|lc=y|2014}}.

===Cymric (Manx Longhair)===
{{Main|Cymric (cat)}}
The Cymric or Manx Longhair is a tailless or partially tailed cat of Manx stock, with semi-long to long hair, e.g. as the result of cross-breeding with Himalayan, Persian and other longer-haired breeds early in its development. While its name refers to [[Wales]] (''{{lang|cy|Cymru}}''), the breed was actually developed in [[Canada]], which has honoured the breed with a [[Royal Canadian Mint numismatic coins (20th century)#Numismatic Fifty-Cent Collections|commemorative 50-cent coin]] in 1999.

Simply covering it in their Manx breed standards, the US-based [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA),<ref name="CFA std">{{cite web
 |url=http://www.cfa.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/manx.pdf 
 |title=Manx Show Standard 
 |date=28 April 2012 
 |work=CFA.org 
 |publisher=[[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA) 
 |location=Alliance, Ohio, US 
 |access-date=4 March 2013 
 |archive-date=25 April 2013
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425054439/http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/manx.pdf
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> the [[Co-ordinating Cat Council of Australia]] (CCCA),<ref name="CCCA std">{{cite web
 |url=http://cccofa.asn.au/stdmanx.pdf 
 |title=Manx/Manx Longhair: General Standard 
 |date=November 2012 
 |work=CCCofA.asn.au 
 |publisher=Co-ordinating Cat Council of Australia (CCCA) 
 |location=Ferntree Gully, Victoria, Australia 
 |access-date=5 March 2013 
 |archive-date=9 April 2013
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409055217/http://cccofa.asn.au/stdmanx.pdf
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> and the UK's [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF)<ref name="GCCF regpol">{{cite web
 |url=http://www.gccfcats.org/regpols/manxregpol.pdf 
 |title=Registration Policy for Manx Cats 
 |date=February 1997 
 |work=GCCFCats.org 
 |publisher=op. cit 
 |access-date=4 March 2013 
 |archive-date=4 October 2013
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215338/http://www.gccfcats.org/regpols/manxregpol.pdf
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> recognise the variety as a longer-haired Manx rather than "Cymric" (the CFA<ref name="CFA std" /> and CCCA<ref name="CCCA std" /> call it the '''Manx Longhair''', while GCCF uses the term '''Semi-longhair Manx Variant'''<ref name="GCCF regpol" />).  The majority of [[Cat registry|cat registries]] have explicit Cymric standards (published separately or along with Manx).  Of the major registries, only the [[Feline Federation Europe]] (FFE) does not recognise the breed or sub-breed at all, under any name, {{as of|2014|October|lc=y}} (their Manx standard was last updated 17 May 2004).

=== Isle of Man Shorthair (tailed) ===
Resembling the [[British Shorthair]], the Isle of Man Shorthair is essentially a fully tailed Manx cat. That is, it is a cat of Manx stock, with Manx features, but without any expression of the Manx taillessness gene. {{As of|March 2013}}, it is only recognised by New Zealand Cat Fancy (NZCF) with its own breed standard. Any coat colour and pattern acceptable in the British Shorthair is permissible in the IoM Shorthair (the same restriction is applied to the Manx in the NZCF standard), and it requires the double coat of the Manx.<ref name="NZCF IMS">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Isle%20of%20Man%20SH.pdf |title=Breed Code IMS &ndash; Isle of Man Shorthair |date=January 2007 |publisher=op. cit |access-date=18 November 2011 |archive-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725071731/http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Isle%20of%20Man%20SH.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> In other international registries (e.g. GCCF, who also treat Manx as a British Shorthair variant<ref name="GCCF RBRP" />), such cats are designated "Tailed Manx" and only recognised as Manx breeding stock (they are important as such, since breeding two tailless Manx together results in birth defects), and cannot be show cats.<ref name="GCCF regpol" />

=== Isle of Man Longhair (tailed) ===
Essentially a fully tailed [[Cymric cat]], i.e., a cat of Cymric (and thus Manx) stock, the Isle of Man Longhair has Cymric features, but without expression of the Manx taillessness gene. {{As of|March 2013}}, it is only recognised as a separate breed by NZCF with a breed standard. Coat colours are limited to those acceptable in the British Shorthair, and requires the double, thick, long coat of the Cymric.<ref name="NZCF IML">{{cite web|url=http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Isle%20of%20Man%20LH.pdf |title=Breed Code IML &ndash; Isle of Man Longhair |date=January 2003 |work=NZCF.com |publisher=op. cit |access-date=18 November 2011 |archive-date=25 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725043300/http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Isle%20of%20Man%20LH.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Tasman Manx (curly-coated) ===
Named after [[Tasman Sea]] between [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], the Tasman Manx is a tailless or partially tailed Manx cat with a curly-haired coat not unlike that of a [[Selkirk Rex]], due a recessive mutation which arose in Manx litters in both Australia and New Zealand. {{As of|March 2013}}, the breed is only recognised by the NZCF<ref name="NZCF TMA">{{cite web |url= http://www.nzcf.com/sop/Tasman%20Manx.pdf |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Breed Code IMS &ndash; Tasman Manx |date=January 2007 |work=NZCF.com |publisher=op. cit. |access-date=18 November 2011}}</ref> and the Catz Inc. registry<ref name="Catz">{{cite web |url=http://catzinc.org/documents/2012STANDARDS.doc |title=Judges Guild Index and Breed Standards |year=2012 |work=CatzInc.org |publisher=Catz Inc. |location=Te Awamutu, New Zealand |access-date=6 March 2013 |archive-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EvbTXEnc?url=http://catzinc.org/documents/2012STANDARDS.doc |url-status=dead}} [[Microsoft Word|MS Word .doc file]].</ref>{{rp|222&ndash;227}} (also of New Zealand) with breed standards. The coat may be short or semi-long.

The type arose possibly without existing [[rex mutation]] bloodlines (and none of the rex breeds are permitted as out-cross partners with Tasman Manx in Catz breeding guidelines).<ref name="Catz" /> Depending on length of tail (if any) and coat, kittens may sometimes be termed "Tasman Cymric", "Tasman Isle of Man Shorthair" or "Tasman Isle of Man Longhair", but these are not considered separate breeds. The term "Tasman Rex" has been applied to cats with this gene that do not fall into one of the previously mentioned labels<ref name="NZCF Breeds">{{cite web |url= http://www.nzcf.com/breeds/breeders.php |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Breeds |year=2011 |publisher=op. cit. |work=NZCF.com |access-date=18 November 2011}}</ref> (lacking the Manx face and body shape to qualify), though relation if any to extant Rex mutation breeds is unclear. All of these additional terms beyond "Tasman Manx" appear to be "recognised", even promulgated by NZCF<ref name="NZCF Breeds" /> but without breed standards, and even the permissive Catz registry does not include them {{as of|lc=y|July 2014}}.<ref name="Catz" />

==Health and genetics==
[[File:Manx Cat Inheritance.png|thumb|left]]
The '''Manx taillessness [[gene]]''' is [[Dominant gene|dominant]] and highly [[Penetrance|penetrant]]; [[kitten]]s from two Manx parents are generally born without any tail. Being [[homozygous]] for (having two copies of) the gene is usually lethal ''[[Uterus|in utero]]'', resulting in [[miscarriage]].<ref name="cat-world" /><ref name="Robinson" /> Thus, tailless cats can [[Heterozygosity|carry only one copy]] of the gene. Because of the danger of having two copies of the taillessness gene, breeders avoid breeding two entirely tailless Manx cats together.<ref name="Vella" /> Because neither parent carries the tailless allele, a fully tailed Manx bred to another fully tailed Manx results in all fully tailed kittens.

Some partial tails are prone to a form of [[arthritis]] that causes the cat severe pain,{{r|MANXGUARDIAN}} and in rare cases Manx-bred kittens are born with kinked short tails because of incomplete growth of the tail during [[Developmental biology|development]].  Stumpy to long tails are sometimes [[Docking (animals)|docked]] at birth as a preventative measure.

"Manx syndrome" or "Manxness" is a [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] name given to the condition which results when the tailless gene shortens the spine too much. It can seriously damage the [[spinal cord]] and the [[nerve]]s, causing a form of [[spina bifida]], as well as problems with the [[bowel]]s, [[Urinary bladder|bladder]], and [[digestion]]. Very small bladders are indicative of the disease, and it is often difficult to diagnose. Death can occur quite suddenly, and some live for only 3–4 years; the oldest recorded was a female cat named Pharrah at 7 years when affected with the disease. In one report, it was shown to affect about 30% of Manx cats studied, but nearly all of those cases were rumpies, which exhibit the most extreme [[phenotype]].<ref name="Robinson" /> Feline expert Roger Tabor has stated: "Only the fact that the Manx is a historic breed stops us being as critical of this dangerous gene as of other more recent selected abnormalities."<ref name="MB" />

The breed is also predisposed to rump fold [[intertrigo]], and to [[corneal dystrophy]].<ref name="Gould" /> In a review of over 5,000 cases of [[Bladder stone (animal)|urate urolithiasis]] the Manx was noticeably under-represented, with an odds ratio of 0.35.<ref name="pmid22443437">{{cite journal |last1=Albasan |first1=H. |last2=Osborne |first2=C. A. |last3=Lulich |first3=J. P. |last4=Lekcharoensuk |first4=C. |title=Risk factors for urate uroliths in cats. |journal=[[Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association]] |date=2012 |volume=240 |issue=7 |pages=842–847 |pmid=22443437 |doi=10.2460/javma.240.7.842 |pmc= |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22443437}}</ref>


Some tailless cats such as the Manx cats may develop [[megacolon]], which is a recurring condition causing constipation that can be life-threatening to the cat if not properly monitored.  It is a condition in which, due to absence of a tail, the [[smooth muscle]] that normally contracts to push stools toward the rectum loses its ability to do so.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bertoy|first=Robert W|title=Megacolon in the cat|journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice|volume=32|issue=4|pages=901–915|doi=10.1016/s0195-5616(02)00020-7|pmid=12148317|year=2002}}</ref>

Following on updated genetic research, both the Australian Cat Federation and (less stringently) the GCCF impose special breeding restrictions on Manx cats (and derived stock like the Cymric), for [[animal welfare]] reasons.<ref name="ACF Breeding Policy">{{cite web|title=ACF Breeding Policy for the Manx and Cymric Cat |work=ACF.asn.au |publisher=Australian Cat Federation |url=http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/2015%20Meeting/ACF_GM15_Ap_SC3a_Breeding%20Policy_Manx_Cymric,%20.pdf |access-date=10 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711013405/http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/2015%20Meeting/ACF_GM15_Ap_SC3a_Breeding%20Policy_Manx_Cymric%2C%20.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2015 }}</ref>

=== Identification of the Manx Cat tailless gene ===

In 2013, prior to initiation of the Manx Cat Genome Project (below), genetic mutations in the [[brachyury]] gene were shown to be responsible for failure of tail development in the Manx cat, as well as four other tailless breeds of cat.<ref>Mamm Genome. 2013 Oct;24(9-10):400-8. doi: 10.1007/s00335-013-9471-1. Epub 2013 Aug 15.</ref> Mutations in orthologs of this gene have been shown to cause tail-loss defects in a number of other species, notably the mouse. Mutations in the human version of the brachyury gene are associated with a range of neural tube defects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omim.org/entry/601397|title = OMIM Entry - * 601397 - T-BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR T; TBXT}}</ref>

=== Manx Cat Genome Project ===
To better understand the genetics of the breed, the '''Manx Cat Genome Project''' (MCGP) was launched in August 2015, as a [[Crowdfunding|crowdfunded]] volunteer project by [[Computational biology|computational biologist]] Rachel Glover of [[Douglas, Isle of Man]],<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |title=Manx tailless cat genome project launched |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=4 August 2016 |work=[[BBC News]] |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-36975910 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> to perform the first [[whole genome sequencing]] of the Manx cat, uncovering the [[genetic mutation]]s that make the Manx distinct from other cat populations, and to contribute data to the [[genome]] databases at the [[99 Lives]] Cat Genome Sequencing Project of the [[University of Missouri]],<ref name="IoM Today">{{cite news |title=Scientists looking for money for project to decode the Manx cat's genome |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=11 August 2015 |work=IoMToday |publisher=[[Isle of Man Newspapers]] |access-date=3 October 2016 |url=http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/isle-of-man-news/scientists-looking-for-money-for-project-to-decode-the-manx-cat-s-genome-1-7403697 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819101637/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/isle-of-man-news/scientists-looking-for-money-for-project-to-decode-the-manx-cat-s-genome-1-7403697 |archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="MCGP Indiegogo" /><ref name="Hughes">{{cite web |title=Sequencing the Genome of the Manx Cat |first=Joe |last=Hughes |date=11 August 2015 |publisher=ServiceTech |via=[[LinkedIn]] |url= https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sequencing-genome-manx-cat-joe-hughes-cissp?forceNoSplash=true |url-access=registration  |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> and the US [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI).<ref name="GenomeWeb">{{cite web |title=Manx Cat Genome Project |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=12 August 2015 |work=GenomeWeb |url= https://www.genomeweb.com/scan/manx-cat-genome-project |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161003103108/https://www.genomeweb.com/scan/manx-cat-genome-project |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="MCGP About">{{cite web |title=About |first=Rachel |last=Glover |date=August 2015 |work=ManxCatGenome.com |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |url= http://www.manxcatgenome.com/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161003131046/http://www.manxcatgenome.com/about/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> It is the Isle of Man's first gene sequencing programme,<ref name="MCGP Indiegogo">{{cite web |title=Manx Cat Genome Project: A one-in-a-lifetime opportunity to be involved in investigation the genes of the Manx cat |first=Rachel |last=Glover |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |via=[[Indiegogo]] |date=2015 |url= https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/manx-cat-genome-project#/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161003103221/https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/manx-cat-genome-project |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="GenomeWeb" /> with samples collected and data analysed by MCGP in the Isle of Man, with the input of scientists around the world,<ref name="BBC News" /> initial sequencing work being performed by the firm Edinburgh Genomics<ref name="MCGP Bonnag">{{cite web |title=Project update and say hello to Bonnag! |first=Rachel |last=Glover |date=26 April 2016 |work=ManxCatGenome.com |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |url=http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2016/04/26/project-update-and-say-hello-to-bonnag/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003115555/http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2016/04/26/project-update-and-say-hello-to-bonnag/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> and the [[University of Edinburgh]] in [[Scotland]]<ref name="IoM News">{{cite news |title=Scientists sequence the genome of the Manx Cat |author=<!--Staff writer; no by-line other than initials "LC".--> |date=8 April 2016 |work=Isle of Man News |publisher=Manx Telecom Trading |url= http://www.manx.net/isle-of-man-news/80253/scientists-sequence-the-genome-of-the-manx-cat |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161003142033/http://www.manx.net/isle-of-man-news/80253/scientists-sequence-the-genome-of-the-manx-cat |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> and by 99 Lives, and server resources donated by Isle of Man biomedical information technology company ServiceTech.<ref name="IoM Today" />

The project aims to answer four questions:<ref name="Hughes" />
# Which mutations are unique to the breed, aside from the obvious suppressed tail?
# What genes are involved in Manx syndrome?
# What genes control tail length? (The Manx taillessness gene only determines whether the tail will be suppressed, not the extent of suppression.)
# Is there a genetic basis for any health problems associated with the breed other than Manx syndrome?
One desired result of this research is the development of tests that can be used to keep the breed healthy by identifying cats which should not be bred.<ref name="Manx Radio">{{Cite news |title=Secrets of the Manx cat revealed |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=5 August 2016 |work=[[Manx Radio]] |url= http://www.manxradio.com/news/isle-of-man-news/secrets-of-the-manx-cat-revealed/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161003144556/http://www.manxradio.com/news/isle-of-man-news/secrets-of-the-manx-cat-revealed/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}} In the embedded audio portion.</ref> A minimum of three cats' genes will have to be sequenced to obtain the required genetic data.<ref name="IoM News" />

After the initial fundraising goal was reached in December 2015,<ref name="MCGP No1">{{cite web |title=Genome number 1 is funded! |first=Rachel |last=Glover |date=12 December 2015 |work=ManxCatGenome.com |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |url= http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2015/12/12/genome-number-1-is-funded/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161003120457/http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2015/12/12/genome-number-1-is-funded/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> the first cat sequenced was a [[purebred]] Manx [[Calico cat|calico]] rumpy named Bonnag, selected because the registry of this dam (breeding female) and her kittens in the British [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF) aids controlled study of a specific bloodline.<ref name="MCGP Bonnag" /> Bonnag's samples were sent for sequencing in April 2016,<ref name="MCGP Bonnag" /> with raw gene sequence results received by MCGP in August 2016; the laborious process of [[genome assembly]] has begun, to be followed by comparison with previously collected cat genomic data from 99 Lives, and eventual [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] publication of the results in a [[scientific journal]].<ref name="MCGP sequence">{{cite web |title=We have Bonnag's genome sequence! |first=Rachel |last=Glover |date=2 August 2016 |work=ManxCatGenome.com |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |url=http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2016/08/02/we-have-bonnags-genome-sequence/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003121537/http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2016/08/02/we-have-bonnags-genome-sequence/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> Fundraising for the second genome to be sequenced by the project began September 2016; costs dropped to [[Pound sterling|UK£]]1,400 per cat in November 2015,<ref name="MCGP price">{{cite web |title=Shock genome price drop! |first=Rachel |last=Glover |date=8 November 2015 |work=ManxCatGenome.com |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |url= http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2015/11/08/shock-genome-price-drop/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161003114927/http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2015/11/08/shock-genome-price-drop/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> and as of April 2016 dropped to about £1,200,<ref name="IoM News" /><ref name="MCGP 1200">{{cite web |title=Sequence my cat |first=Rachel |last=Glover |date=October 2016 |work=ManxCatGenome.com |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |url=http://www.manxcatgenome.com/sequence-my-cat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003125904/http://www.manxcatgenome.com/sequence-my-cat/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> using the [[Illumina (company)|Illumina]] HiSeq X Ten sequencer,<ref name="MCGP price" /> down from original projections of £10,000<ref name="IoM Today" /> before the X Ten was available for non-human sequencing.  The dramatic drop in costs allowed the first cat's sequencing to be done well ahead of the original schedule.<ref name="IoM News" /> MCGP has already identified the location of the mutation responsible for suppression of Bonnag's tail, the deletion of a single bit of genetic data among 2.8 billion making up the genome.<ref name="IoM News" />

The selected second sample is from a kitten that had to be euthanised for Manx syndrome, and it is hoped that this new sequence can identify the genetic specifics of the condition and why it only affects some offspring.<ref name="MCGP No2">{{cite web |title=We're fundraising for genome number 2 |first=Rachel |last=Glover |date=27 September 2016 |work=ManxCatGenome.com |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |url=http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2016/09/27/were-fundraising-for-genome-number-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003103531/http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2016/09/27/were-fundraising-for-genome-number-2/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="MCGP FB 2016-10">{{cite web |title=We need your help! |first=Rachel |last=Glover |date=27 September 2016 |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |via=[[Facebook]] |url= http://www.manxcatgenome.com/2016/09/27/were-fundraising-for-genome-number-2/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161003124808/https://www.facebook.com/manxcatgenome/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref>

==Behaviour==
Fancier's often describe the Manx as being doglike in behaviour.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manx |url=https://www.gccfcats.org/getting-a-cat/choosing/cat-breeds/Manx/ |website=Governing Council of the Cat Fancy |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

These beliefs about the Manx's behaviour were not described in the past.
Lane's early and experienced account of the temperament of this "variety, which is quaint and interesting" is simply that they were "docile, good-tempered and sociable", and that a prize specimen should be "an alert, active animal of much power and energetic character."<ref name="Lane" />

Manx are prized as hunters, known to take down larger prey (e.g. adult rats) even when they are young, and were thus long in demand{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} for working roles like [[farm cat]] (Manx: ''{{lang|gv|lughder}}'' or ''{{lang|gv|lugher}}'' 'mouser', from ''{{lang|gv|lugh}}'' 'mouse')<ref name="Fargher" />{{rp|507}} and [[ship's cat]] (''{{lang|gv|screeberagh}}'' or ''{{lang|gv|screeberey}}''<ref name="Fargher" />{{rp|138}} loosely 'scratcher, scratchy-one', from ''{{lang|gv|screebagh}}'' or ''{{lang|gv|screebey}}'' 'scratching, scratchy, scraping').<ref name="Fargher" />{{rp|662&ndash;3}}

==In popular culture==
===Isle of Man national symbol===
{{multiple image
 | width = 160
 | image1 = Isle of Man 1 Crown 1970 Elizabeth II(obv)-4039.jpg
 | alt1 = Obverse: Effigy of Queen Elizabeth II
 | image2 = Isle of Man 1 Crown 1970 Elizabeth II(rev)-4040.jpg
 | alt2 = Reverse: Manx cat
 | footer = Manx cat on 1970 crown
}}
The Isle of Man uses the Manx cat as one of the symbols of the island nation and its unique culture. On [[Coins of the Manx pound|Isle of Man currency]], Manx cats are the subject of the reverse of four special commemorative [[Crown (British coin)|crown]] coins. The first two, issued in 1970 and 1975, are stand-alone releases in both copper-nickel and silver proofs, while the third, in 1988, inaugurated an ongoing series of annual cat coin issues that have also been produced in gold in various sizes; an almost-hidden Manx cat appears in the background on each of the 1989-onward releases featuring other breeds.<ref name="Treasury" /> A Manx, with a kitten, was the featured cat again in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=1⁄25 Crown - Elizabeth II Manx Cat |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces55389.html |website=Numista |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

A Manx cat, in stylized [[Celtic knotwork]] art, also appears on the island's 1980&ndash;83 penny. The breed figures on numerous [[Postage stamps and postal history of the Isle of Man|Isle of Man postage stamps]], including a 2011 series of six that reproduce the art from [[Victorian era]] Manx cat postcards,<ref name="ManxPost1" /><ref name="WOPA1" /> a 1996 one-stamp decorative sheetlet, one stamp in a 1994 tourism 10-stamp booklet, a 1996 five-stamp series of Manx cats around the world, and a 1989 set of the breed in various coat patterns, plus two high-value definitives of 1983 and 1989.<!--Just IoM stamps - there are many foreign ones, but not relevant here in this national section.--> The cat appears prominently as the subject of a large number of tourist goods and Manx pride items available on the island and over the Internet, serving (along with the [[triskelion]] and the four-horned [[Manx Loaghtan sheep]]) as an emblem of the Isle of Man.

===Famous real-world Manx cats===
* [[All Ball]], Lipstick, and Smokey, three Manx cats that were companion animals to [[Koko (gorilla)|Koko]], a captive [[gorilla]] renowned for communicating in rudimentary [[American Sign Language]]<ref name="Patterson">{{cite book |title=Koko's Kitten |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0590338129 |url-access=registration |last=Patterson |first=Francine |publisher=Scholastic Press |year=1985 |isbn=0-590-44425-5}}</ref>
* Bob, the male subject of ''Bob the Preschool Cat: A Biography of an Urban Manx Cat'' by [[E. Romayne Hertweck]] (2009, {{ISBN|978-1-4327-3555-5}})
* Bonnag, a female Manx, the first of her breed to have her [[Whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequenced]] (in 2016, by the Manx Cat Genome Project, {{crossref|printworthy=y|[[#Manx Cat Genome Project|see above]]}}), and only the second cat of any breed to receive this level of study (the first was an [[Abyssinian cat|Abyssinian]] sequenced by the 99 Lives project in 2014). Bonnag was bred by Zoe Grundey at the Triskele Manx Cats [[cattery]] in [[Douglas, Isle of Man]].<ref name="MCGP Bonnag" /><ref name="MCGP Cats">{{cite web |title=The Cats |first=Rachel |last=Glover |date=November 2015 |work=ManxCatGenome.com |publisher=Manx Cat Genome Project |url=http://www.manxcatgenome.com/the-cats/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003150315/http://www.manxcatgenome.com/the-cats/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> 
* [[Peta (cat)|Peta]], [[Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office]] of the United Kingdom government between 1964 and sometime between 1969 and 1976.
<!--Missing the ones associated with several British Prime Ministers, and Walt Disney.-->

===Fictional Manx cats===
{{in popular culture|section|date=March 2020}} 
* Bluebeard, from the German animated film ''[[Felidae (film)|Felidae]]'' (1994)
* Gordon from the American animated TV series ''[[Catscratch]]'' (2005&ndash;2007)
* Ma Manx, matriarch of a crime gang in the children's novel ''Rex Tabby: Cat Detective'' by [[Daniel Kirk]] (2004, {{ISBN|978-0-439-45286-1}})
* [[Mac Manc McManx]], a recurring guest character in the American daily comic strip ''[[Get Fuzzy]]'' (1999&ndash;present)
* Mayor Manx from the American animated TV series ''[[SWAT Kats]]'' (1993&ndash;1995)
* Manx, the antagonist to [[Slimer]], of ''[[Slimer! and the Real Ghostbusters]]'' (1988&ndash;1991)
* Manx Cat, the antagonist for the bulk of [[Paul Gallico]]'s children's novel ''[[Manxmouse|Manxmouse: The Mouse Who Knew No Fear]]'' (1968, {{ISBN|978-0-698-10237-8}}), and the 1979 Japanese anime based on it
* Marco the Manx from [[Joann Roe]]'s series of children's books, ''Fisherman Cat'' (1988, {{ISBN|978-0-931551-02-4}}), ''Castaway Cat'' (1989, {{ISBN|978-0-931551-03-1}}), ''Alaska Cat'' (1990, {{ISBN|978-0-931551-05-5}}), and ''Samurai Cat'' (1993, {{ISBN|978-0-931551-08-6}})
* Max from [[Adam Whitmore]]'s "Max the Cat" 1986 series of children's books, ''Max Leaves Home'' ({{ISBN|978-0-382-09243-5}}), ''Max in America'' ({{ISBN|978-0-382-09244-2}}), ''Max in India'' ({{ISBN|978-0-382-09245-9}}), and ''Max in Australia'' ({{ISBN|978-0-382-09246-6}})
* Mika, title character of the children's book ''Mika the Manx Cat'' by D. M. Hart (2012, {{ISBN|978-0-61567-18-95}})
* Narrator, an orange Manx, in the children's book ''The Cats of Grand Central'' by [[Laura Archibald]], illustrated by Garner Beckett (2003, {{ISBN|978-0-9730951-0-4}})
* Olaf, protagonist of ''Olaf Comes Home'' by Kathy Dollina Creamer (2001, {{ISBN|978-1-873120-15-6}}), a children's book modeled on "The [[Ugly Duckling]]"
* Raffles, [[Bernie Rhodenbarr]]'s Manx cat in Lawrence Block's "Burglar" series of mystery novels, first appearing in ''The Burglar Who Traded Ted Williams''. Bernie is not convinced the cat is a Manx but it does have no tail. (1994, {{ISBN|978-0-525-93807-1}})
* [[Ren and Stimpy (characters)#Stimpy|Stimpy]], one of the two main characters of the American animated TV series ''[[The Ren and Stimpy Show]]'' (1991&ndash;1996)
* Tiara Boobowski was planned to be a Manx cat character in the [[Sonic the Hedgehog]] game ''[[Sonic X-Treme]]'' but the game was cancelled.
* The Manx cat that the narrator sees during a lunch party in chapter one of Virginia Woolf's ''A Room of One's Own'' (1929)

===Other===
The [[Norton Manx]] motorcycle line (1947&ndash;1962, [[Norton Motors Ltd.]]), though ostensibly named after the [[Isle of Man TT]] road race (which the brand dominated for decades, until the 1970s), was long promoted with Manx cat badges, in the forms of both enameled metal pins and sew-on patches. The Manx Norton has experienced a major revival among modern enthusiasts of classic motorcycle racing.

The [[Meyers Manx]] (1964&ndash;1971, B. F. Meyers & Co.) is the original, much-copied [[Volkswagen Beetle]]-based [[dune buggy]], and broke desert racing records shortly after its introduction. It was named after the cat, due to its design &ndash; short-bodied, tall-wheeled, and manoeuvrable. The original designer has revived and updated it as the "Manxter" (2000&ndash;present, Meyers Manx, Inc.).

A popular [[flying model aircraft]] of the late 1950s was the Manx Cat, sold in [[Model kit|kit form]] as the Manx Cat V, and in printed plan form as the Manx Cat I through IV, with progressively larger wings. Designed by Bob Buragas, the hand-launched [[biplane]] model is constructed of [[balsa wood]], features a very short tail (thus the name), has a 32.5&nbsp;inch wingspan (in versions IV and V), can accommodate .19 to .35 engine sizes, and can be modified with a Dumas Spectrum "combat" wing. It was profiled in hobbyist magazines, like the February 1957 ''Flying Models'' (which details the history of the different models, including a miniature Manx Kitten version), and the October 1958 ''American Modeler''.

A [[Grimjack]] comic book story, ''The Manx Cat'', was serialised as a Comicmix.com [[webcomic]] in January 2011, and has since seen print as a six-issue miniseries by [[IDW Comics]]. The story involves "The Manx Cat", a statuette of such a cat that at first seems to be a simple [[MacGuffin]] like the classic ''Maltese Falcon'' of the [[The Maltese Falcon (disambiguation)<!--Yes, this is an intentional link to a disambiguation page.-->|novel and films of that name]], but which begins showing malevolent powers. The plot thickens with time travel, reincarnation, and [[Cthulhu Mythos]]-style "elder gods". Like most modern comics, it features digitally-colored art, over hand-drawn pencil work.

In popular music, [[Florrie Forde]] released a 1930 recording of a [[Dan Leno#Personal life|Dan Leno Jr]] comedic [[music hall]] song, "What Happened to the Manx Cat's Tail?", as the B-side of "Stein! Stein! Ev'rywhere We Go", on an 8-inch, [[Gramophone record#78 rpm disc developments|78&nbsp;RPM gramophone record]] (serial number 1430 on the [[Edison Bell Radio]] label).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.discogs.com/Florrie-Forde-Stein-Stein-Evrywhere-We-Go-What-Happened-To-The-Manx-Cats-Tail/release/2476642 |title=Florrie Ford – Stein! Stein! Ev'rywhere We Go / What Happened to the Manx Cat's Tail? |work=Discogs |date=2016 |publisher=Zink Media}}</ref><!--There's another song from this era; I have it on another 78 somewhere. —SMcCandlish.-->

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="Barton">{{cite book
 |title=The Cat: Its Points and Management in Health and Disease
 |last=Barton
 |first=Frank Townend
 |chapter=The Siamese—Abyssinian—Manx
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/catitspointsand00librgoog/page/n55 31]
 |year=1908
 |publisher=Everett & Co
 |location=London, England
 |url= https://archive.org/details/catitspointsand00librgoog
 |access-date=18 November 2011
}}</ref>
<ref name="Cregeen">{{cite book
 |title=A Dictionary of the Manks Language with the Corresponding Words or Explanations in English
 |last=Cregeen
 |first=Archibald
 |orig-year=1835|year=1984
 |location=Douglas, Isle of Man/London, England [reprint: Ilkley, England]
 |publisher=Whittaker, Treacher & Arnot, et al. [reprint: Moxon Pr.]
 |pages=106 ("kayt"), 107 ("keiyt"), 122 ("Manninagh"), 193 ("stubbin")
 |quote=STUB’BIN, ''s. m.'' a cat without a tail.
}}</ref>
<ref name="Gould">{{cite book
 |first1=Alex
 |last1=Gould
 |first2=Alison
 |last2=Thomas
 |title=Breed Predispositions to Diseases in Dogs and Cats
 |date=9 April 2004
 |publisher=Blackwell
 |isbn=1-4051-0748-0
}}</ref>
<ref name="Hackett">{{cite news
 |title=Long on Personality: Manx Enthusiasts Claim the Cat's Larger-than-life Personality Makes Up for Its Lack of a Tail
 |last=Hackett
 |first=Stacy N.
 |work=[[Cat Fancy (magazine)|Cat Fancy]]
 |date=September 2009
 |pages=25&ndash;26
 |issn=0892-6514
 |publisher=BowTie Inc.
 |location=Irvine, CA, US
}}{{tertiary|article}}</ref>
<ref name="Kelly">{{cite book
 |title=Fockleyr Gailckagh as Baarlagh [Dictionary of Manx Gaelic to English]
 |first=John
 |last=Kelly
 |date=1977
 |orig-year=1805
 |edition=1866 reprint
 |location=Douglas [reprint: Ilkley]
 |publisher=Manx Society [reprint: Manx Language Soc./{{sic|hide=y|1=Scolar}} Pr.]
 |pages=110 ("kaytlag"), 127&ndash;8 ("Manninagh, Mannanagh"), 177 ("stubbin")
}} While ''stubbin'' appears in this edition, it is a later interpolation in Kelly's 1805 manuscript, after 1835; like many entries in the 1866 published version, it directly cites Cregeen.</ref>
<ref name="Kermode">{{cite journal
 |title=Some Remarks on the Mammals of the {{sic|hide=y|Isle of Mann}}
 |first=P. M. C.
 |last=Kermode
 |journal=The Manx Note Book
 |volume=I
 |issue=4
 |date=October 1885
 |pages=119&ndash;129
 |location=Douglas, IOM
 |publisher=J. H. Johnson
 |access-date=14 October 2011
 |url= http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/manxnb/v04p119.htm
}} In the mid-1880s, Kermode still spells it "Manks" in a journal that already prefers "Manx". He reports "We have no representatives wild of the {{sic|hide=y|Cat Tribe}} or of the {{sic|hide=y|Dog Tribe}}" in his enumeration of native mammals.</ref>
<ref name="Kneen">{{cite book
 |title=English&ndash;Manx Pronouncing Dictionary
 |first=J. J.
 |last=Kneen
 |orig-year=1938
 |edition=corrected reprint
 |date=1990
 |location=Douglas [reprint: St Judes, I.o.M.]
 |publisher=Mona's Herald [reprint: Manx Language Society]
 |pages=18 ("cat"), 47 ("Manx")
 |isbn=1-870029-26-7<!--based on https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/895884556 ; details may be off but otherwise an improvement over the previous unidentified "87002926" fragment-->
}}</ref>
<ref name="Lane">{{cite book
 |url= https://archive.org/details/rabbitscatsandc00lanegoog
 |quote= Charles Henry Lane manx.
 |title=Rabbits, Cats and Cavies: Descriptive Sketches of All Recognized Exhibition Varieties, with Many Original Anecdotes
 |last=Lane
 |first=Charles Henry
 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rabbitscatsandc00lanegoog/page/n328 198]&ndash;202
 |year=1903
 |location=London, UK
 |publisher=J. M. Dent & Co
 |access-date=1 August 2011
}}</ref>
<ref name="Radford">{{cite book
 |last=Radford
 |first=Victor H.
 |title=Manx Cat
 |pages=7&ndash;35<!--The rest of this book is generic cat info, not Manx specific.-->
 |year=2001
 |series=Pet Love series
 |location=[[Dorking, Surrey]], England
 |publisher=Animalia Books/Interpret Publishing
 |isbn=1-84286-049-6
}}</ref>
<ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal
 |last=Robinson
 |first=R.
 |title=Expressivity of the Manx Gene in Cats
 |journal=Journal of Heredity
 |volume=84
 |issue=3
 |pages=170–2
 |year=1993
 |pmid=8228170
 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111311
}}</ref>
<ref name="Train">{{cite book
 |title=An Historical and Statistical Account of the Isle of Man, from the Earliest Times to the Present Date; with a View of its Ancient Laws, Peculiar Customs, and Popular Superstitions
 |first=Joseph
 |last=Train
 |year=1845
 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalstatis01trai/page/20 20]&ndash;21
 |publisher=Quiggin (among others)
 |location=Douglas, I.o.M. (among others)
 |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalstatis01trai
}}</ref>
<ref name="Vella">{{cite book
 |last1=Vella
 |first1=Carolyn
 |last2=Shelton
 |first2=Lorraine
 |last3=McGonagle
 |first3=John
 |last4=Stanglein
 |first4=Terry
 |title=Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians
 |publisher=[[Butterworth-Heinemann]]
 |year=1999
 |isbn=0-7506-4069-3
}}</ref>
<ref name="ManxPost1">{{cite web
 |url= http://www.iompostoffice.com/stamps/Issue.aspx?productid=954&categoryid=223
 |title=Isle of Man Stamps and Coins
 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
 |work=IoMPostOffice.com
 |location=Douglas, I.o.M.
 |publisher=Isle of Man Government
 |year=2011
 |access-date=18 June 2011
}}</ref>
<ref name="WOPA1">{{cite web
 |url=http://www.wopa-stamps.com/index.php?controller=country&action=stampIssue&id=3595
 |title=Manx Cats
 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
 |work=WOPA-Stamps.com: The First International Face Value Stamp Site
 |location=Gibraltar
 |publisher=World Online Philatelic Agency
 |year=2011
 |access-date=17 August 2011
 |archive-date=30 March 2012
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330222429/http://www.wopa-stamps.com/index.php?controller=country&action=stampIssue&id=3595
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>
<ref name=MANXGUARDIAN>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2002/nov/23/weekend.justinehankins|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Here endeth the tail|date=23 November 2002|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="MB">{{Cite web|url=http://messybeast.com/twisty.htm|title=TWISTY CATS AND THE ETHICS OF BREEDING FOR DEFORMITY|website=messybeast.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Treasury">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.im/treasury/coins/commemorative.xml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208173705/http://www.gov.im/treasury/coins/commemorative.xml|url-status=dead|title=Isle of Man Government|archivedate=8 February 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="cat-world">{{Cite web|url=https://cat-world.com/feline-genetic-loci-table/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615125156/http://www.cat-world.com.au/Loci2.htm|url-status=dead|title=Feline Genetic Loci Table &#124; Cat-World|date=4 August 2017|archivedate=15 June 2006}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
 |last=Commings
 |first=Karen
 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6sEUKj09NRkC
 |title=Manx Cats: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual
 |publisher=Barron's Educational
 |isbn=0-7641-0753-4
 |year=1999
}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/manxsyndrome.php |title=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals: Manx Syndrome |last1=Godfrey |first1=Rosie |last2=Godfrey |first2=David |publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare |year=2011 |location=Wheathampstead, Herts., UK |access-date=1 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007080959/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/manxsyndrome.php |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}
*{{cite book
 |last=Howey
 |first=Mary Oldfield
 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbD5BLmC_OwC&q=manx+cats&pg=PA244
 |chapter=Manx Legends
 |title=The Cat in the Mysteries of Religion and Magic
 |publisher=Rider & Co
 |year=1931
 |isbn= <!--N/A - predates the ISBN system.-->
 |pages=244&ndash;247
}} Reprinted 1955 by A. Richmond; 1981, {{ISBN|0-8048-1360-4}}, by Tuttle; and 2003 as ''The Cat in Magic and Myth'', {{ISBN|0-486-43114-2}}, by Courier/Dover.
*{{cite book
 |last=Simpson
 |first=Frances
 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iiFlAAAAMAAJ&q=manx+cats&pg=PA244
 |chapter=Manx Cats
 |title=The Book of the Cat
 |publisher=Cassell & Co
 |year=1903
 |pages=244&ndash;253
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Manx cats}}
*[http://www.manxbc.org/ The Manx Breed Council]

{{Cat nav}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manx (Cat)}}
[[Category:Mammals of Europe]]
[[Category:Cat breeds]]<!--This looks redundant, but all cat breeds should be in this parent category for reader convenience.-->
[[Category:Cat breeds originating in the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Cat breeds and types with suppressed tails]]
[[Category:Natural cat breeds]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Isle of Man]]