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| party1 = Lega (political party)
| party1 = Lega (political party)
| alliance1 = right coalition
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| seats_before1 = 131 ({{abbr|C|Chamber of Deputies}}){{dot}}61 ({{abbr|S|Senate of the Republic}})
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| leader_since4 = 18 January 1994
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| leader_since7 = 8 March 2014
| leader_since7 = 8 March 2014

Revision as of 18:50, 19 August 2022

2022 Italian general election
← 2018 25 September 2022
All 400 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (C)
All 200 elective seats in the Senate of the Republic (S)
Opinion polls
 
Matteo_Salvini_Viminale_crop.jpg
Giuseppe Conte (cropped).jpg
Enrico Letta in 2016 cropped.jpg
Leader Matteo Salvini Giuseppe Conte Enrico Letta
Party Lega Five Star Movement Democratic Party
Alliance Centre-right Centre-left
Leader since 15 December 2013 6 August 2021 14 March 2021
Current seats 131 (C) · 61 (S) 96 (C) · 62 (S) 105 (C) · 42 (S)
 
Silvio Berlusconi 2018 (cropped).jpg
Luigi Di Maio - 2021 (cropped).jpg
Leader Silvio Berlusconi Luigi Di Maio Carlo Calenda
Party Forza Italia Civic Commitment Action – Italia Viva
Alliance Centre-right Centre-left
Leader since 18 January 1994 1 August 2022 11 August 2022
Current seats 73 (C) · 50 (S) 54 (C) · 11 (S) 46 (C) · 18 (S)
 
Giorgia Meloni 2022.jpg
Maurizio Lupi daticamera 2018.jpg
Fratoianni Bonelli.jpg
Leader Giorgia Meloni Maurizio Lupi Nicola Fratoianni & Angelo Bonelli
Party Brothers of Italy Us Moderates Greens and Left
Alliance Centre-right Centre-right Centre-left
Leader since 8 March 2014 11 August 2022 2 July 2022
Current seats 37 (C) · 21 (S) 23 (C) · 12 (S) 6 (C) · 1 (S)
Incumbent Prime Minister

Mario Draghi
Independent



A snap election is due to be held in Italy on 25 September 2022. The 2022 Italian government crisis, which led to the resignation of Prime Minister Mario Draghi, resulted in President Sergio Mattarella dissolving the Italian Parliament on 21 July, eight months before its natural expiration, and call for new elections. Draghi continues to head the government as caretaker prime minister.[1]

As a result of the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum, the size of Parliament will be reduced with respect to previous elections. Under the amended Constitution of Italy, there will be 400 members of the Chamber of Deputies and 200 elected members of the Senate of the Republic, down from 630 and 315, respectively.[2][3] In addition, following the approval of a constitutional law in 2021, the minimum voting age for the Senate will be the same as for the Chamber (18 years old and not 25), so that for the first time the two houses will have identical electoral bodies.[4]

Background

See also: 2018 Italian government formation

In the 2018 Italian general election, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[5][6] On 4 March, the centre-right coalition, in which Matteo Salvini's League emerged as the main political force, won a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment Five Star Movement (M5S) led by Luigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. The centre-left coalition, led by Matteo Renzi of the governing Democratic Party (PD), came third.[7] Due the PD and centre-left's poor results, Renzi resigned on 12 March, his place being taken ad interim by Maurizio Martina.[8][9]

The League's Salvini continued the Italian nationalist turn it took into the 2018 general election. In October 2018, Lega per Salvini Premier (LSP) was founded as a sister party to promote Salvini's candidature as Prime Minister of Italy. Political commentators have since described it as a parallel party of the League, with the aim of politically replacing the latter, which had been burdened by a statutory debt of €49 million. The LSP's statute presented it as a nationalist and souverainist party.[10] On 22 January 2020, four days before the regional elections, Di Maio resigned as the M5S leader, and was replaced ad interim by Vito Crimi.[11]

First Conte government

See also: Conte I Cabinet
Giuseppe Conte with President Sergio Mattarella at the Quirinal Palace

As a result of the hung parliament, protracted negotiations were required before a new government could be formed. The talks between the M5S and the League resulted in the proposal of the self-declared "government of change" under the leadership of Giuseppe Conte, a university law professor close to the M5S.[12] After some bickering with President Sergio Mattarella,[13][14] Conte's cabinet, which was dubbed by the media as Western European "first all-populist government",[15][16][17] was sworn in on 1 June.[18]

The European Parliament elections, held in May 2019, were a win for the League, which obtained 34 percent of the vote and 20 seats, more than any other party in the country.[19] In August 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Conte after growing tensions within the majority.[20][21] Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve the League's standing in the Italian Parliament, ensuring Salvini could become the next Prime Minister.[22] On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate in which he accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest",[23] Prime Minister Conte resigned his post to President Mattarella.[24]

After the 2018 general election, the M5S started a decline in both opinion polls, deputies and senators, and election results, starting with the 2019 European Parliament election in Italy.[25] After the meagre results, Di Maio won a vote of confidence in his leadership and pledged to reform the party.[26][27] In the general election held in March 2018, the M5S had won 227 deputies and 112 senators; by February 2022, the party had declined to 157 deputies and 62 senators, though it remained the biggest party in the parliament.[28][29] Defections gave parliamentary representation to Alternative,[30] the Communist Party, the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC),[31] Italexit,[32] and Power to the People (PaP).[33]

Second Conte government

See also: 2019 Italian government crisis, 2020 Italian constitutional referendum, Conte II Cabinet, COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, and COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Italy

On 21 August, President Mattarella started the consultations with all the parliamentary groups. On the same day, the national direction of the PD officially opened to a cabinet with the M5S,[23] based on pro-Europeanism, a green economy, sustainable development, the fight against economic inequality, and a new immigration policy.[34] As the talks resulted in an unclear outcome, President Mattarella announced a second round of consultation for 27 or 28 August.[35]

File:Giuseppe Conte 2 giugno 2020.jpg
Conte during the 2020 Festa della Repubblica, wearing a protection mask amid the COVID-19 pandemic, which has deeply affected Italy.

In the days that preceded the second round, a confrontation between the PD and the M5S started,[36] while the left-wing parliamentary group LeU announced its support for a potential M5S–PD cabinet.[37] On 28 August, the PD's newly elected secretary Nicola Zingaretti announced at the Quirinal Palace his favorable position on forming a new government with the M5S, with Conte at its head.[38] On the same day, Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for 29 August to give him the task of forming a new cabinet.[39] On 3 September, members of the M5S voted on the Rousseau platform in favor of an agreement with the PD under the premiership of Conte, with more than 79% of votes out of nearly 80,000 voters.[40] On 4 September, Conte announced the ministers of his new cabinet, which was sworn in at the Quirinal Palace on the following day.[41] On 18 September, Renzi left the PD to found the liberal party Italia Viva (IV); he then joined the government with IV to keep the League and Salvini out of power.[42]

In October 2019, Parliament approved the Fraccaro Reform, named after Riccardo Fraccaro, the M5S deputy who was the bill's first signatory.[43] The fourth and final vote in the Chamber of Deputies came on 8 October 2019, with 553 votes in favor and 14 against. In the final vote, the bill was supported by both the majority and the opposition;[44] only the liberal party More Europe (+E) and other small groups voted against.[45] The reform provided a cut in the number of MPs, which would shrink from 630 to 400 deputies and from 315 to 200 senators.[46] On 20–21 September 2020, Italians largely approved the reform with nearly 70% of votes through a referendum.[47]

In January 2020, Italy became one of the countries worst affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.[48] Conte's government was the first in the Western world to implement a national lockdown to stop the spread of the disease.[49][50] Despite being widely approved by public opinion,[51] the lockdown was also described as the largest suppression of constitutional rights in the history of the Italian Republic.[52][53][54]

Draghi government

See also: 2021 Italian government crisis, 2022 Italian presidential election, 2022 Italian government crisis, and Draghi Cabinet

In January 2021, Renzi's party Italia Viva withdrew its support for Conte's government, starting a government crisis.[55] Although Conte was able to win confidence votes in Parliament in the subsequent days, he chose to resign due to failing to reach an absolute majority in the Senate.[56] After negotiations to form a third Conte cabinet failed, Mario Draghi, the former president of the European Central Bank, became Prime Minister on 13 February at the head of a national unity government composed of independent technocrats and politicians from the League, M5S, PD, FI, IV, and LeU.[57][58]

Mario Draghi accepting the task of forming a new cabinet

In March 2021, the PD's secretary Zingaretti resigned after growing tensions within the PD, with the party's minority accusing him for the management of the government crisis.[59] Many prominent members of the party asked to former Prime Minister Enrico Letta to become the new leader; on 14 March, he was elected as the new secretary by the PD's national assembly.[60][61] In August 2021, Conte was elected president of the M5S.[62] In February 2022, a Naples' court ruled in favour of three M5S activists, suspending Conte's presidency.[63] On 19 February, Conte appealed to the court's decision,[64] on the grounds that he was not aware of the 2018 party statute, which provided for the exclusion from voting of those who had joined the M5S for less than six months, and the voting procedure was valid.[65] In 2019, several M5S officials had criticized former leader Di Maio after the transparency of the Rousseau's platform, the online platform used by the party, was questioned earlier on in the year.[66]

In the Italian presidential election held in late January 2022,[67][68][69] President Mattarella was re-elected, despite having ruled out a second term, after the governing parties asked him to do so when no other candidate was viable.[70][71][72] In February 2022, four former M5S deputies (Silvia Benedetti, Yana Ehm, Doriana Sarli, and Simona Suriano) formed the parliamentary group ManifestA, a merge of the PaP and PRC parties,[73] whose name echoes The Communist Manifesto with an imperative as an invitation to mobilisation.[74]

Re-elected president Mattarella dissolved the Italian Parliament following Draghi's resignation.

During 2022, rumours arose around a possible withdrawal of M5S's support to the national unity government, including allegations that Draghi privately criticised Conte and asked M5S founder Beppe Grillo to replace him.[75][76] This came amid tension between the M5S and the Draghi government on economic and environmental issues,[77][78] and the Russo-Ukrainian War, which also caused a split within the M5S. In June 2022, Di Maio formed Together for the Future (IpF), and IpF continued to support the Draghi government.[79][80] On 12 July, Draghi stated he would resign if the M5S withdraws its support to the government.[81]

On 14 July, the M5S revoked the support to the government of national unity regarding a decree concerning economic stimulus to contrast the ongoing energy crisis. On the same day, Draghi resigned; his resignation was rejected by Mattarella.[82] On 21 July, Draghi resigned again after a new confidence vote in the Senate failed to pass with an absolute majority, following defections of the M5S, the League, and Forza Italia.[83][84][85] Mattarella accepted Draghi's resignation and asked him to remain in place to handle current affairs.[86][87] On the following day, Mattarella officially dissolved the parliament and the snap election was called for 25 September 2022.[88][89][90][91]

Electoral campaign

Following the dissolution of the parliament, the electoral campaign officially began. Within the centre-left coalition, the secretary of the Democratic Party Enrico Letta immediately ruled out the possibility an alliance with Conte's M5S, which he had always advocated in the previous months. Letta stated that the government crisis brought an "irreversible break" between the two parties.[92] On the other hand, Conte accused Letta of being "arrogant and hypocritical" and Lega and FI of "[having bullied] the M5S in front of the nation", adding that his movement will run alone in this election.[93][94] Moreover, on 26 July, Italian Left (SI) and Green Europe (EV) officially launched their joint list for the upcoming election, named Greens and Left Alliance (AVS).[95]

On 28 July, the centre-right coalition, formed by Lega, FI, Brothers of Italy (FdI), Union of the Centre (UdC), Coraggio Italia (CI) and Us with Italy (NcI), found an agreement on the distribution of single-member districts between the allies and agreed also on the candidate for the premiership, which will be proposed by the party that gains more votes.[96] Due to its strong showing in opinion polls, Giorgia Meloni's FdI gained 98 candidacies, while Lega 70, FI–UdC 42, NcI and CI 11.[97] On the following day, Letta announced that Article One (Art.1), the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and Solidary Democracy (DemoS) will run within PD's list,[98] while Carlo Calenda, leader of Action (A), revealed that Mariastella Gelmini and Mara Carfagna had joined his party and will run in the upcoming election.[99] Gelmini and Carfagna were both ministers and historic members of FI, who left Berlusconi's party after the fall of Draghi's government.[100]

On 29 July, the campaign was marked by the murder of Alika Ogorchukwu, a Nigerian migrant who was killed with bare hands and crutches by an Italian man in a street in Civitanova Marche, in the Marche region. The murderer, a 32-year-old Italian, explained that he acted because Ogorchukwu had been begging insistently.[101] The murder was filmed by passers-by and made the front page of Italian newspapers on July 29. The political class expressed its indignation following the murder, but the left and the right accused each other: the progressive parties accused the right of spreading racist propaganda, while the right-wing parties accused the left of appropriating the murder.[102]

On 1 August, Luigi Di Maio and Bruno Tabacci presented their new party, Civic Commitment (IC), a centrist electoral list mainly composed by former members of M5S, which will be part of the centre-left coalition.[103] Moreover, Marco Rizzo's Communist Party (PC), Antonio Ingroia's Civil Action (AC) and other minor populist and hard Eurosceptic parties, launched Sovereign and Popular Italy (ISP), a so-called "red-brown alliance" between left-wing and right-wing movements.[104][105] On the same day, Gianluigi Paragone's Italexit and Pino Cabras's Alternativa officially announced the formation of a Eurosceptic joint list, proposing the candidacies of several anti-vaccination and anti-lockdown activists.[106] However, only four days later, Alternativa dissolved the alliance due to allegations about the presence of neofascist candidates within Italexit's lists,[107] following an agreement between Paragone's party and CasaPound (CPI).[108]

On 2 August, Enrico Letta's Democratic Party signed an alliance with Carlo Calenda's Action and Benedetto Della Vedova's More Europe (+E).[109] On 6 August, the PD signed another pact with Greens and Left Alliance and Civic Commitment.[110][111] These alliances arose tensions between Letta and Calenda. The latter, being a strong supporter of liberal economic policies and nuclear power, considered impossibile a coalition between his own party and the red-green alliance.[112] On 7 August, Calenda broke the alliance with the Democratic Party.[113] However, More Europe, led by Della Vedova and Emma Bonino, decided to remain in the centre-left coalition with the PD, marking the end of the federation between More Europe and Action.[114]

On 11 August Matteo Renzi's Italia Viva and Action signed an agreement to create a centrist alliance led by Calenda, using Italia Viva's symbol to avoid collecting signatures for Calenda's party.[115]

Main parties' slogans

Party Original slogan English translation Refs
League Credo "I believe" [116]
Five Star Movement Dalla parte giusta "On the right side" [117]
Democratic Party – IDP Vincono le idee "Ideas win" [118]
Forza Italia Una scelta di campo "A choice of field" [119]
Action – Italia Viva Italia sul Serio "Italy Seriously"
Brothers of Italy Pronti "Ready" [120]
Greens and Left Alliance Nuove Energie "New Energies" [121]

Electoral debates

Differently from many other Western world countries, electoral debates between parties' leaders are not so common before general elections in Italy;[122][123] the last debate between the two main candidates to prime ministry dated back to the 2006 Italian general election between Silvio Berlusconi and Romano Prodi.[124] With few exceptions, almost every main political leader had denied his participation to an electoral debate with other candidates,[125] preferring interviews with TV hosts and journalists;[126][127][128] however, many debates took places between other leading members of the main parties.[129]

2022 Italian general election debates
Date Organiser Moderator     P  Present    NI  Non-invitee   A  Absent invitee 
Centre-right Centre-left M5S A–IV Italexit UP
8 August La7
(La Corsa al Voto)
  • Paolo Celata
  • Alessandro De Angelis
 NI NI NI NI P
Paragone 		P
de Magistris
10 August NI P
Borghi (PD) 		NI P
Cangini (A) 		NI NI

Electoral system

See also: Politics of Italy

After the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum, the Italian electoral law of 2017 (Rosatellum), used in 2018 Italian general election,[130] was initially expected to be replaced entirely or its single-member districts (FPTP) be redesigned on the Italian territory for the next elections with 600 MPs.[131] The single-member districts changes were eventually approved and published on 30 December 2020 in Gazzetta Ufficiale, the Italian government gazette;[132] the Chamber of Deputies went down from 232 to 147 districts, while the Senate was down from 116 to 74.[3]

The 400 deputies are to be elected as follows:[133]

  • 147 in single-member constituencies by plurality.
  • 245 in multi-member constituencies by national proportional representation.
  • 8 in multi-member abroad constituencies by constituency proportional representation.

The 200 elective senators are to be elected as follows:[133]

  • 74 in single-member constituencies by plurality.
  • 122 in multi-member constituencies by regional proportional representation.
  • 4 in multi-member abroad constituencies by constituency proportional representation.
  • In addition, there are up to 5 senators for life and the former president of the Italian Republic

For Italian residents, each house members are to be elected in single ballots, including the constituency candidate and his/her supporting party lists. In each single-member constituency, the deputy or senator is elected on a plurality basis, while the seats in multi-member constituencies are allocated nationally. In order to be calculated in single-member constituency results, parties need to obtain at least 1% of the national vote and be part of a coalition obtaining at least 10% of the national vote. In order to receive seats in multi-member constituencies, parties need to obtain at least 3% of the national vote. Elects from multi-member constituencies will come from closed lists.[134]

The voting paper, which is a single one for the first-past-the-post and the proportional systems, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and in close conjunction with them the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative candidates.[135] The voter was able to cast their vote in three different ways, among them:[136]

  • Drawing a sign on the symbol of a list. In this case, the vote extends to the candidate in the single-member constituency that is supported by that list.
  • Drawing a sign on the name of the candidate of the single-member constituency and another one on the symbol of one list that supports them; the result is the same as that described above. Under penalty of annulmentit, the panachage is not allowed, so the voter cannot vote simultaneously for a candidate in the FPTP constituency and for a list which is not linked to them.
  • Drawing a sign only on the name of the candidate for the FPTP constituency, without indicating any list. In this case, the vote is valid for the candidate in the single-member constituency and also automatically extended to the list that supports them; however, if that candidate is connected to several lists, the vote is divided proportionally between them, based on the votes that each one has obtained in that constituency.

Parties and leaders

See also: List of political parties in Italy

Below are the main active parties that would likely participate in the election as stand-alone lists, as well as the main joint electoral lists.

Coalition Party Main ideology Leader Seats at last election Seats at dissolution
Deputies Senators Total MPs Deputies Senators Total MPs
Centre-right
coalition 		League (Lega)[a] Right-wing populism Matteo Salvini
125
58
183
131
61
192
Forza Italia (FI)[b] Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
104
57
161
73
50
123
Brothers of Italy (FdI) National conservatism Giorgia Meloni
32
18
50
37
21
58
Us Moderates (NM)[c] Liberal conservatism Maurizio Lupi
3
3
6
23
12
35
Centre-left coalition Democratic Party – IDP (PD–IDP)[d] Social democracy Enrico Letta
120
55
175
105
42
147
Civic Commitment (IC)[e] Centrism Luigi Di Maio — — —
54
11
65
Greens and Left Alliance (AVS)[f] Eco-socialism Nicola Fratoianni, Angelo Bonelli — — —
6
1
7
More Europe (+E)[g] Liberalism Emma Bonino
3
1
4
1
1
2
Five Star Movement (M5S) Populism Giuseppe Conte
227
112
339
96
62
158
Action – Italia Viva (A–IV)[h] Liberalism Carlo Calenda — — —
46
18
64
People's Union (UP)[i] Left-wing populism Luigi de Magistris — — —
4
2
6
Italexit Euroscepticism Gianluigi Paragone — — —
1
4
5
Sovereign and Popular Italy (ISP)[j] Populism Marco Rizzo — — — —
2
2
  1. ^ Including Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) and Italian Liberal Right (DLI)
  2. ^ Including New Italian Socialist Party (NPSI), Animalist Movement (MA), Green is Popular (VèP) and Pensioners' Party (PP)
  3. ^ List composed of Us with Italy (NcI), Italy in the Centre (IaC), Coraggio Italia (CI) and Union of the Centre (UdC); including also Cambiamo! (C!), Identity and Action (IDeA), Cantiere Popolare (CP), Popular Liguria (LP), Responsible Autonomy (AR) and Renaissance
  4. ^ Including also Article One (Art.1), Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Solidary Democracy (DemoS), European Republicans Movement (MRE), Italian Radicals (RI), Centrists for Europe (CpE), Moderates, Volt Italia (Volt) and Brave Emilia-Romagna (ERC)
  5. ^ List composed of Together for the Future (IpF), Democratic Centre (CD); including also National Civic Agenda (ACN) and Innovative Democratic Socialist Proposal (PSDI)
  6. ^ List composed of Italian Left (SI) and Green Europe (EV); including also Greens of South Tyrol (Grüne), Possible (Pos) and Sardinian Progressives (PS)
  7. ^ Including Team K (TK)
  8. ^ Including Good Right (BD), National Civic List – Italy is There (LCN) and Italian Republican Party (PRI)
  9. ^ Including Democracy and Autonomy (DemA), Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), Power to the People (PaP), ManifestA and Party of the South (PdS)
  10. ^ Including Communist Party (PC), Civil Action (AC), Reconquer Italy (RI), Italy Again (AI), Italy United (IU) and Socialist Homeland (PS)

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2022 Italian general election
Local regression trend line of poll results from 4 March 2018 to the present day, with each line corresponding to a political party

See also

References

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  4. ^ Biariella, Laura (8 July 2021). "Senato: elettorato attivo (anche) ai 18enni". AltaLex. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  5. ^ Sala, Alessandro (2018). "Elezioni 2018: M5S primo partito, nel centrodestra la Lega supera FI".
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