Editing 1920 East Prussian plebiscite
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=== Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area=== |
=== Allenstein / Olsztyn Plebiscite Area=== |
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The Allied forces had to intervene here in 1919 to release imprisoned Masurians, who had tried to reach the Paris Conference.<ref>Minakowski p. 28</ref> |
The Allied forces had to intervene here in 1919 to release imprisoned Masurians, who had tried to reach the Paris Conference.<ref>Minakowski p. 28</ref> |
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The president and British commissioner of the Inter-Allied Administrative and Plebiscite Commission for Allenstein was {{Interlanguage link multi|Ernest Amelius Rennie|de|lt=Ernest Rennie}}; the French commissioner was {{Interlanguage link multi|Joseph Fernand Gaston Robert Couget|de|lt=Couget}}; the Italian commissioner was Marquis Fracassi, a [[Senate of Italy|senator]]; and the Japanese commissioner was Marumo. The German government, under the Protocol's terms, was allowed to attach a delegate and sent ''[[Reichskommissar]]'' [[Wilhelm von Gayl]], who had been in the service of the Interior Ministry before he was on the Inner Colonisation Committee. The local police forces were placed under the control of two British officers: Lieutenant-Colonel Bennet and Major David Deevis. Bennet reported that he regarded them as "well-disciplined and reliable". There was also a battalion from the [[Royal Irish Regiment ( |
The president and British commissioner of the Inter-Allied Administrative and Plebiscite Commission for Allenstein was {{Interlanguage link multi|Ernest Amelius Rennie|de|lt=Ernest Rennie}}; the French commissioner was {{Interlanguage link multi|Joseph Fernand Gaston Robert Couget|de|lt=Couget}}; the Italian commissioner was Marquis Fracassi, a [[Senate of Italy|senator]]; and the Japanese commissioner was Marumo. The German government, under the Protocol's terms, was allowed to attach a delegate and sent ''[[Reichskommissar]]'' [[Wilhelm von Gayl]], who had been in the service of the Interior Ministry before he was on the Inner Colonisation Committee. The local police forces were placed under the control of two British officers: Lieutenant-Colonel Bennet and Major David Deevis. Bennet reported that he regarded them as "well-disciplined and reliable". There was also a battalion from the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684-1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]] and an Italian regiment stationed at [[Lyck]] (Ełk).<ref>Butler, pp. 721–732, 731</ref> |
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According to Jerzy Minakowski, the small forces had proven themselves inadequate to protect pro-Polish voters in the precincts from pro-German repressions.<ref>Minakowski p. 11</ref> [[File:1920 Allenstein Königsberg ID - ALLIED VISA.jpg|thumb|1920 Allied visa to exit Allenstein.]] |
According to Jerzy Minakowski, the small forces had proven themselves inadequate to protect pro-Polish voters in the precincts from pro-German repressions.<ref>Minakowski p. 11</ref> [[File:1920 Allenstein Königsberg ID - ALLIED VISA.jpg|thumb|1920 Allied visa to exit Allenstein.]] |
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According to several Polish sources, the Germans engaged in a massive persecution of Polish activists and their Masurian supporters and went as far as engaging in regular hunts and murder to influence the vote.{{cn|date=October 2022}} The organisation of the plebiscite was also influenced by Britain, which then supported Germany out of fear of an increased power for France in postwar Europe.<ref>Zarys dzíejów Polski Jerzy Topolski Interpress, p. 204, 1986</ref><ref>Rocznik olsztyński: Tom 10 |
According to several Polish sources, the Germans engaged in a massive persecution of Polish activists and their Masurian supporters and went as far as engaging in regular hunts and murder to influence the vote.{{cn|date=October 2022}} The organisation of the plebiscite was also influenced by Britain, which then supported Germany out of fear of an increased power for France in postwar Europe.<ref>Zarys dzíejów Polski Jerzy Topolski Interpress, p. 204, 1986</ref><ref>Rocznik olsztyński: Tom 10 |
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Muzeum Warmii i Mazur w Olsztynie – 1972 – Jeśli chodzi o stanowisko Anglików, to na Powiślu i Mazurach popierali oni wraz z Włochami Niemców,</ref><ref>Nowe ksia̜żki: miesie̜cznik krytyki literackiej i naukowej, Tom 857, Wydanie 860, Tom 862, Wydanie 860 |
Muzeum Warmii i Mazur w Olsztynie – 1972 – Jeśli chodzi o stanowisko Anglików, to na Powiślu i Mazurach popierali oni wraz z Włochami Niemców,</ref><ref>Nowe ksia̜żki: miesie̜cznik krytyki literackiej i naukowej, Tom 857, Wydanie 860, Tom 862, Wydanie 860 |
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Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)Wiedza Powszechna,p. 71, 1990</ref><ref>Gospodarka Polski międzywojennej, 1918–1939: Landau, Z., Tomaszewski, J. W dobie inflacji, 1918–1923, Książka i Wiedza, p. 24, 1967</ref><ref>Historical abstracts: Twentieth century abstracts, |
Biblioteka Narodowa (Warszawa)Wiedza Powszechna,p. 71, 1990</ref><ref>Gospodarka Polski międzywojennej, 1918–1939: Landau, Z., Tomaszewski, J. W dobie inflacji, 1918–1923, Książka i Wiedza, p. 24, 1967</ref><ref>Historical abstracts: Twentieth century abstracts, 1914-2000: Volume 37 American Bibliographical Center, p. 743 – 1986 |
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On 9 March 1920, Germans attacked the {{Interlanguage link multi|Polish Consulate, Allenstein|pl|3=Konsulat RP w Olsztynie|lt=Polish consulate in the city of Allenstein (Olsztyn)}}, as part of an anti-Polish campaign before the plebiscite on East Prussia that had been provided for by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.</ref> |
On 9 March 1920, Germans attacked the {{Interlanguage link multi|Polish Consulate, Allenstein|pl|3=Konsulat RP w Olsztynie|lt=Polish consulate in the city of Allenstein (Olsztyn)}}, as part of an anti-Polish campaign before the plebiscite on East Prussia that had been provided for by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.</ref> |
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