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[[File:Bin Laden Poster2.jpeg|thumb|180px|[[Osama bin Laden]]]]
[[File:Bin Laden Poster2.jpeg|thumb|180px|[[Osama bin Laden]]]]
All of the assets of all SDTs were frozen. In addition, transfers of "funds, goods, or services" to SDTs were prohibited.<ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA669&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&hl=en&ei=bEqhTLqkBoaKlwf695GXBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20%22funds%2C%20goods%2C%20or%20services%22&f=false |title=The Code of Federal regulations of ... |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&hl=en&ei=Gk2hTK-sKIH6lweA_ZjyAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ |title=International economics and ... |publisher=Books.google.com |date=September 25, 2008 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Sj2cwVNqUvYC&pg=SA8-PA112&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&hl=en&ei=Gk2hTK-sKIH6lweA_ZjyAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20funds%20goods%20services&f=false |title=United States Export Controls |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DPNJsqgYtucC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&hl=en&ei=Gk2hTK-sKIH6lweA_ZjyAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBw |title=9-11 And Beyond - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=September 11, 2001 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> Also, any U.S. entity that holds any funds in which any interest is held in an SDT was required under the law to report its interest to appropriate U.S. authorities.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="ter"/><ref name="eord"/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1mHo6zjKwC&pg=PA323&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''Infiltration: how Muslim spies and subversives have penetrated Washington'', Paul Sperry, Thomas Nelson Inc, 2005, ISBN 1595550038, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&pg=PA188&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+assets+frozen&hl=en&ei=wkmhTOqcNMWblgeL0uCyAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20assets%20frozen&f=false |title=Terrornomics |publisher=Books.google.com |date=September 11, 2001 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> The sanctions apply to any entity "owned or controlled by", or acting on behalf of, an SDT.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="eord"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA669&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&hl=en&ei=bEqhTLqkBoaKlwf695GXBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22owned%20or%20controlled%20by%22%20%22on%20behalf%20of%22&f=false |title=The Code of Federal regulations of ... |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&pg=PA188&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&hl=en&ei=oUyhTIzBMsX7lwfC2N3BBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20owned%20or%20controlled%20by&f=false |title=Terrornomics - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=September 11, 2001 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> [http://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&hl=en&ei=oUyhTIzBMsX7lwfC2N3BBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw] They also apply to foreign branches of U.S. entities, but not to subsidiaries formed under non-U.S. law.<ref name="eord"/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=R52qp4xa_DYC&pg=PA623&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=10#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''The law and business of international project finance'', Scott L. Hoffman, Kluwer Law International, 2001, ISBN 1571051767]</ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA669&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&hl=en&ei=bEqhTLqkBoaKlwf695GXBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20%22funds%2C%20goods%2C%20or%20services%22&f=false][http://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA669&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&hl=en&ei=bEqhTLqkBoaKlwf695GXBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22foreign%20branch%22%20&f=false][http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&oi=fnd&pg=PA179&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+12947+entities+%22peace+process%22&ots=MoUrbP1BSw&sig=XCrvM1_-hL-AwyC5sEshU3_nmrk#v=onepage&q&f=false]
All of the assets of all SDTs were frozen. In addition, transfers of "funds, goods, or services" to SDTs were prohibited.<ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA669&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&hl=en&ei=bEqhTLqkBoaKlwf695GXBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20%22funds%2C%20goods%2C%20or%20services%22&f=false |title=The Code of Federal regulations of ... |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&hl=en&ei=Gk2hTK-sKIH6lweA_ZjyAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ |title=International economics and ... |publisher=Books.google.com |date=September 25, 2008 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Sj2cwVNqUvYC&pg=SA8-PA112&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&hl=en&ei=Gk2hTK-sKIH6lweA_ZjyAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20funds%20goods%20services&f=false |title=United States Export Controls |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DPNJsqgYtucC&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+funds+goods+services&hl=en&ei=Gk2hTK-sKIH6lweA_ZjyAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBw |title=9-11 And Beyond - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=September 11, 2001 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> Also, any U.S. entity that holds any funds in which any interest is held in an SDT was required under the law to report its interest to appropriate U.S. authorities.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="ter"/><ref name="eord"/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1mHo6zjKwC&pg=PA323&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''Infiltration: how Muslim spies and subversives have penetrated Washington'', Paul Sperry, Thomas Nelson Inc, 2005, ISBN 1595550038, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&pg=PA188&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+assets+frozen&hl=en&ei=wkmhTOqcNMWblgeL0uCyAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20assets%20frozen&f=false |title=Terrornomics |publisher=Books.google.com |date=September 11, 2001 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref> The sanctions apply to any entity "owned or controlled by", or acting on behalf of, an SDT.<ref name="ter"/><ref name="eord"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA669&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&hl=en&ei=bEqhTLqkBoaKlwf695GXBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=%22owned%20or%20controlled%20by%22%20%22on%20behalf%20of%22&f=false |title=The Code of Federal regulations of ... |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&pg=PA188&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&hl=en&ei=oUyhTIzBMsX7lwfC2N3BBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20owned%20or%20controlled%20by&f=false |title=Terrornomics - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=September 11, 2001 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Giu7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+owned+or+controlled+by&hl=en&ei=oUyhTIzBMsX7lwfC2N3BBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw |title=International economics and ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2008-09-25 |accessdate=2010-09-28}}</ref> They also apply to foreign branches of U.S. entities, but not to subsidiaries formed under non-U.S. law.<ref name="eord"/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=R52qp4xa_DYC&pg=PA623&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=10#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''The law and business of international project finance'', Scott L. Hoffman, Kluwer Law International, 2001, ISBN 1571051767]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA669&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&hl=en&ei=bEqhTLqkBoaKlwf695GXBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Specially%20Designated%20Terrorist%22%20%22funds%2C%20goods%2C%20or%20services%22&f=false |title=The Code of Federal regulations of ... |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BBY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA669&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22funds,+goods,+or+services%22&hl=en&ei=bEqhTLqkBoaKlwf695GXBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22foreign%20branch%22%20&f=false |title=The Code of Federal regulations of ... |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CtfSiaj9R5wC&oi=fnd&pg=PA179&dq=%22Specially+Designated+Terrorist%22+%22executive+order%22+12947+entities+%22peace+process%22&ots=MoUrbP1BSw&sig=XCrvM1_-hL-AwyC5sEshU3_nmrk#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Terrornomics |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2010-09-28}}</ref>


On January 25, 1995, [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]] were listed as SDTs, [[Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook]] was added in August 1995, [[Osama bin Laden]] was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001, OFAC designated the [[Holy Land Foundation]] as an SDT.<ref name="eord"/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=DcUeAc4YZo0C&pg=PA135&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=18#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''Checkpoints in cyberspace: best practices to avert liability in cross-border transactions'', [[American Bar Association]], Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, ISBN 1590314298, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&pg=PA265&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism'', Jimmy Gurulé, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008, ISBN 1845429621, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref> On February 28, 2006, [[Sami Al-Arian]] signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to contribute services to or for the benefit of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], a SDT organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; he was sentenced to 57 months in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml |title=Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord |publisher=Sptimes.com |date=April 24, 2006 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref name="plea">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|title=Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian|date=February 28, 2006|accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref><ref name="57months">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprsentencing.pdf|title=Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group|last=U.S. Department of Justice|date=May 1, 2006|work=Press Release|accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref>
On January 25, 1995, [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]] were listed as SDTs, [[Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook]] was added in August 1995, [[Osama bin Laden]] was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001, OFAC designated the [[Holy Land Foundation]] as an SDT.<ref name="eord"/><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=DcUeAc4YZo0C&pg=PA135&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=18#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''Checkpoints in cyberspace: best practices to avert liability in cross-border transactions'', [[American Bar Association]], Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, ISBN 1590314298, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&pg=PA265&dq=%22specially+designated+terrorist%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&client=firefox-a&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22specially%20designated%20terrorist%22&f=false ''Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism'', Jimmy Gurulé, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008, ISBN 1845429621, accessed March 12, 2010]</ref> On February 28, 2006, [[Sami Al-Arian]] signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to contribute services to or for the benefit of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], a SDT organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; he was sentenced to 57 months in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/24/Hillsborough/Plea_deal_overcame_th.shtml |title=Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord |publisher=Sptimes.com |date=April 24, 2006 |accessdate=September 28, 2010}}</ref><ref name="plea">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_pleaagr.pdf|title=Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian|date=February 28, 2006|accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref><ref name="57months">{{cite web|url=http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Al-Arian_dojprsentencing.pdf|title=Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group|last=U.S. Department of Justice|date=May 1, 2006|work=Press Release|accessdate=March 8, 2010}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:26, 28 September 2010

A Specially Designated Terrorist is any person who is determined by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury to be a specially designated terrorist (SDT) under notices or regulations issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).[1]

The U.S. government began to use economic sanctions against international terrorists in 1995.[2] The lead agency in the effort has been OFAC, under the U.S. Treasury Department.[2]

Executive Order 12947, issued by President Bill Clinton on January 23, 1995, prohibits financial transactions with any SDT.[1][2][3] Twelve organizations and 18 people were identified in the Order as threatening disruption of the Middle East peace process. The U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.S. Attorney General were given the power to add other organizations and people to the list.[1][4][5] On August 20, 1998, President Clinton expanded the list by Executive Order 13099.[2]

File:Bin Laden Poster2.jpeg
Osama bin Laden

All of the assets of all SDTs were frozen. In addition, transfers of "funds, goods, or services" to SDTs were prohibited.[6][7][8][9] Also, any U.S. entity that holds any funds in which any interest is held in an SDT was required under the law to report its interest to appropriate U.S. authorities.[6][1][3][10][11] The sanctions apply to any entity "owned or controlled by", or acting on behalf of, an SDT.[1][3][12][13][14] They also apply to foreign branches of U.S. entities, but not to subsidiaries formed under non-U.S. law.[3][15][16][17][18]

On January 25, 1995, Hamas and Hezbollah were listed as SDTs, Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook was added in August 1995, Osama bin Laden was added in 1998, and on December 4, 2001, OFAC designated the Holy Land Foundation as an SDT.[3][19][20] On February 28, 2006, Sami Al-Arian signed a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to one count of conspiracy to contribute services to or for the benefit of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, a SDT organization, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; he was sentenced to 57 months in prison.[21][22][23]

The SDT list appears in the Federal Register, which is updated regularly.[24][25][26]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Costigan, Sean S. Terrornomics. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754649953. Retrieved March 12, 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d U.S. Treasury Department. "Terrorist Assets Report; Calendar Year 2002" (PDF). Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e Clinton, William J. (January 23, 1995). "Executive Order 12497" (PDF). Federal Register. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
  4. ^ "Islamic Jihad Leader's Bank Accounts Frozen," Gainesville Sun, November 3, 1995, accessed March 13, 2010
  5. ^ "The Code of Federal regulations of ..." Books.google.com. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  6. ^ a b "The Code of Federal regulations of ..." Books.google.com. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  7. ^ "International economics and ..." Books.google.com. September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  8. ^ "United States Export Controls". Books.google.com. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  9. ^ "9-11 And Beyond - Google Books". Books.google.com. September 11, 2001. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  10. ^ Infiltration: how Muslim spies and subversives have penetrated Washington, Paul Sperry, Thomas Nelson Inc, 2005, ISBN 1595550038, accessed March 12, 2010
  11. ^ "Terrornomics". Books.google.com. September 11, 2001. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  12. ^ "The Code of Federal regulations of ..." Books.google.com. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  13. ^ "Terrornomics - Google Books". Books.google.com. September 11, 2001. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  14. ^ "International economics and ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. 2008-09-25. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  15. ^ The law and business of international project finance, Scott L. Hoffman, Kluwer Law International, 2001, ISBN 1571051767
  16. ^ "The Code of Federal regulations of ..." Books.google.com. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  17. ^ "The Code of Federal regulations of ..." Books.google.com. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  18. ^ "Terrornomics". Books.google.com. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  19. ^ Checkpoints in cyberspace: best practices to avert liability in cross-border transactions, American Bar Association, Roland L. Trope, Gregory E. Upchurch, 2005, ISBN 1590314298, accessed March 12, 2010
  20. ^ Unfunding terror: the legal response to the financing of global terrorism, Jimmy Gurulé, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008, ISBN 1845429621, accessed March 12, 2010
  21. ^ "Hillsborough: Plea deal overcame the discord". Sptimes.com. April 24, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  22. ^ "Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian" (PDF). February 28, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  23. ^ U.S. Department of Justice (May 1, 2006). "Sami Al-Arian Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Assisting Terrorist Group" (PDF). Press Release. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  24. ^ To supply or to deny: comparing nonproliferation export controls in five key countries, Michael David Beck, Michael David Beck, Kluwer Law International, 2003, ISBN 9041122168, accessed March 12, 2010
  25. ^ The cost of counterterrorism: power, politics, and liberty, Laura K. Donohue, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 0521844444, accessed March 12, 2010
  26. ^ "Hamas-Linked US Ventures Under Scrutiny", Fox News, April 27, 2004, accessed March 12, 2010
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