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*[[HMS Nottingham|HMS ''Nottingham'']] of the British Navy<ref name="independent1"/>
*[[HMS Nottingham|HMS ''Nottingham'']] of the British Navy<ref name="independent1"/>
*[[HMS Campbeltown|HMS ''Campbeltown'']] of the British Navy<ref name="independent1"/>
*[[HMS Campbeltown|HMS ''Campbeltown'']] of the British Navy<ref name="independent1"/>
*[[USS Bainbridge (CGN-25)|USS ''Bainbridge'']]
*[[USS Bainbridge (CGN-25)|USS ''Bainbridge'']] of the U.S. Navy
*[[USS Elrod (FFG-55)|USS ''Elrod'']]
*[[USS Conolly (DD-979)|USS ''Conolly'']] of the U.S. Navy
*[[USS Comte de Grasse (DD-974)|USS ''Comte de Grasse'']]
*[[USS Elrod (FFG-55)|USS ''Elrod'']] of the U.S. Navy
*[[USS Comte de Grasse (DD-974)|USS ''Comte de Grasse'']] of the U.S. Navy
*[[USS Nicholas (FFG-47)|USS ''Nicholas'']] of the U.S. Navy
*[[USS Normandy|USS ''Normandy'']] of the U.S. Navy<ref name="google3"/>
*[[USS Normandy|USS ''Normandy'']] of the U.S. Navy<ref name="google3"/>
*[[USS John Rodgers (DD-983)|USS ''John Rodgers'']]
*[[USS John Rodgers (DD-983)|USS ''John Rodgers'']] of the U.S. Navy
*[[USS Scott (DDG-995)|USS ''Scott'']] of the U.S. Navy
*USS {{USS|Simpson|FFG-56|3}} 1994–2009
*[[USS Simpson (FFG-56)|USS ''Simpson'']] of the U.S. Navy
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Revision as of 21:16, 7 June 2010

Operation Sharp Guard was a multi-year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union on shipments to the former Yugoslavia.[1][2][3][4] It began on June 15, 1993, was suspended on June 19, 1996, and was terminated on October 2, 1996.

It replaced naval blockades Maritime Guard (of NATO; begun by the U.S. in November 1992) and Sharp Fence (of the WEU).[5] It put them under a single chain of command and control (the "Adriatic Military Committee", over which the NATO and WEU Councils exerted joint control), to address what their respective Councils viewed as wasteful duplication of effort.[2][1][6][7] Some maintain that despite the nominal official joint command and control of the operation, in reality it was NATO staff that ran the operation.[8]

Purpose

Its purpose was, through a blockade on shipments to the former Yugoslavia,[9] to enforce economic sanctions and an arms embargo against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and rival factions in Croatia and Bosnia.[10][11]

Blockade; ships challenged, boarded, and inspected

NATO and U.S. ships enforcing the Operation Sharp Guard blockade

Eighteen warships from 11 countries (which included Canada, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, and the U.S.), and eight maritime patrol aircraft, were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.[12][2][13][14] Most contributors to the operation supplied one or two ships.[12] The Combined Task Force 440 was commanded by Admiral Mario Angeli of Italy.[2]

The NATO and WEU forces challenged more than 74,000 ships, boarded and inspected almost 6,000 at sea, and diverted 1,500 to ports for further inspection.[2][15][16] Of those, nearly a dozen vessels were found to be blockade runners, some carrying arms in violation of UN Security Council resolutions.[2][15] NATO officials said that the maritime blockade had a major effect in preventing escalation of the conflict.[2]

Suspension

The blockade was suspended following a UN decision to end the arms embargo, and NATO's Southern Command said that: "NATO and WEU ships will no longer challenge, board or divert ships in the Adriatic".[2] The Independent warned at the time that "In theory, there could now be a massive influx of arms to Bosnia, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), although senior military and diplomatic sources yesterday said that they thought this would be unlikely."[2]

Applicable UN resolutions

It was conducted in accordance with numerous United Nations Security Council Resolutions: UNSCR 713,[17] UNSCR 757,[18] UNSCR 787 [19] UNSCR 820,[20] and UNSCR 943.[21] Resolution 787 authorized states to "use such measures ... as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping ... to insure strict implementation of" the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia.[1][1]

Over the course of the operation, it was redefined due to UNSCR 1021 [22] and UNSCR 1022.[23]

Select ships participating

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Naval coalition warfare: from the ... – Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic – World, News". The Independent. June 20, 1996. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  3. ^ NPR : Transcripts Search Results
  4. ^ "American defense policy - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  5. ^ "America's Global Advantage: US ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  6. ^ "Challenges for the new peacekeepers - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  7. ^ "The elusive quest for European ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  8. ^ "NATO's 'peace-enforcement' tasks and ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  9. ^ "As Flotilla Inquiry Calls Grow Louder, Legality of Gaza Blockade Examined | PBS NewsHour | June 2, 2010". PBS. June 2, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  10. ^ "Analysis: NATO's predecessor about to go out of business. – United Press International | HighBeam Research – FREE trial". Google.com. November 20, 2000. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  11. ^ a b "American naval history: an ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  12. ^ a b "The role of European naval forces ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  13. ^ "Naval Air Station Jacksonville ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  14. ^ "The Canadian way of war: serving the ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  15. ^ a b "Naval coalition warfare: from the ... – Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  16. ^ "Naval Strategy and Operations in ... - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  17. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/713 (1991)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  18. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/757 (1992)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  19. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/787 (1992)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  20. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/820 (1993)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  21. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/943 (1994)". Nato.int. September 23, 1994. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  22. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1021 (1995)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  23. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1022 (1995)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
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