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{{Campaignbox NATO intervention in Bosnia}}
{{Campaignbox NATO intervention in Bosnia}}
'''Operation Sharp Guard''' was a three-year joint naval [[blockade]] in the [[Adriatic Sea]] by [[NATO]] and the [[Western European Union]] on shipments to the former Yugoslavia.[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false][http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html][http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=archive&ct=res&cd=1-0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fg%2FGooglePM%2FNR%2Flib00472%2C0F574E769146EAE6.html&ei=i0oNTO2DNprqngfDrP2ABw&usg=AFQjCNF35ql3I_btfEhAmEzLau7Z9LAPvg&sig2=1IIq2FAC-J2N22NRKQ5FZw] It began on 15 June 1993, was suspended on 19 June 1996, and was terminated on 2 October 1996. It replaced operations Maritime Guard (of NATO) and Sharp Fence of the (WEU).[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html][http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false]
'''Operation Sharp Guard''' was a three-year joint naval [[blockade]] in the [[Adriatic Sea]] by [[NATO]] and the [[Western European Union]] on shipments to the former Yugoslavia.<ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false |title=Naval coalition warfare: from the ... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name="independent1">{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html |title=Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic – World, News |publisher=The Independent |date=June 20, 1996 |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=archive&ct=res&cd=1-0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fg%2FGooglePM%2FNR%2Flib00472%2C0F574E769146EAE6.html&ei=i0oNTO2DNprqngfDrP2ABw&usg=AFQjCNF35ql3I_btfEhAmEzLau7Z9LAPvg&sig2=1IIq2FAC-J2N22NRKQ5FZw</ref> It began on June 15, 1993, was suspended on June 19, 1996, and was terminated on October 2, 1996. It replaced operations Maritime Guard (of NATO) and Sharp Fence of the (WEU).<ref name="independent1"/><ref name="google1"/>


==Purpose==
==Purpose==
Its purpose was, through a blockade on shipments to the former Yugoslavia,[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june10/gaza2_06-02.html] to enforce economic sanctions and an [[weapon|arms]] [[embargo]] against the former [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]].[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=archive&ct=res&cd=4-0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-67138475.html%3Frefid%3Dgnews_1108&ei=eUoNTNfGDqeangfDupWBBw&usg=AFQjCNEetO349QACUHs4TsVR3vJB4ntfFA&sig2=-QW1_fgdY803Je4VzT-lMA]
Its purpose was, through a blockade on shipments to the former Yugoslavia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-june10/gaza2_06-02.html |title=As Flotilla Inquiry Calls Grow Louder, Legality of Gaza Blockade Examined &#124; PBS NewsHour &#124; June 2, 2010 |publisher=PBS |date=June 2, 2010 |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> to enforce economic sanctions and an [[weapon|arms]] [[embargo]] against the former [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=archive&ct=res&cd=4-0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-67138475.html%3Frefid%3Dgnews_1108&ei=eUoNTNfGDqeangfDupWBBw&usg=AFQjCNEetO349QACUHs4TsVR3vJB4ntfFA&sig2=-QW1_fgdY803Je4VzT-lMA |title=Analysis: NATO's predecessor about to go out of business. – United Press International &#124; HighBeam Research – FREE trial |publisher=Google.com |date=November 20, 2000 |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref>


==Blockade; ships challenged, boarded, and inspected==
==Blockade; ships challenged, boarded, and inspected==
Eighteen warships from 11 countries, and eight [[maritime patrol]] aircraft, were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html] The Combined Task Force 440 was commanded by Admiral Mario Angeli of Italy.[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html]
Eighteen warships from 11 countries, and eight [[maritime patrol]] aircraft, were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.<ref name="independent1"/> The Combined Task Force 440 was commanded by Admiral Mario Angeli of Italy.<ref name="independent1"/>


The NATO and WEU forces challenged more than 74,000 ships, boarded and inspected almost 6,000 at sea, and diverted 1,500 to ports for further inspection.[[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html][http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=blockade%20%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false] Of those, nearly a dozen vessels were found to be blockade runners, some carrying arms in violation of UN Security Council resolutions.[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html][http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=blockade%20%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false] NATO officials said that the maritime blockade had a major effect in preventing escalation of the conflict.[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html]
The NATO and WEU forces challenged more than 74,000 ships, boarded and inspected almost 6,000 at sea, and diverted 1,500 to ports for further inspection.<ref name="independent1"/><ref name="google2">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=blockade%20%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false |title=Naval coalition warfare: from the ... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> Of those, nearly a dozen vessels were found to be blockade runners, some carrying arms in violation of UN Security Council resolutions.<ref name="independent1"/><ref name="google2"/> NATO officials said that the maritime blockade had a major effect in preventing escalation of the conflict.<ref name="independent1"/>


===Suspension===
===Suspension===
The blockade was suspended following a UN decision to end the arms embargo, and NATO's Southern Command said that: "NATO and WEU ships will no longer challenge, board or divert ships in the Adriatic".[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html] ''[[The Independent]]'' warned at the time that "In theory, there could now be a massive influx of arms to Bosnia, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), although senior military and diplomatic sources yesterday said that they thought this would be unlikely."[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html]
The blockade was suspended following a UN decision to end the arms embargo, and NATO's Southern Command said that: "NATO and WEU ships will no longer challenge, board or divert ships in the Adriatic".<ref name="independent1"/> ''[[The Independent]]'' warned at the time that "In theory, there could now be a massive influx of arms to Bosnia, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), although senior military and diplomatic sources yesterday said that they thought this would be unlikely."<ref name="independent1"/>


==Applicable UN resolutions==
==Applicable UN resolutions==
It was conducted in accordance with numerous [[United Nations Security Council Resolution]]s: [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 713|UNSCR 713]],[http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u910925a.htm] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 757|UNSCR 757]],[http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u920530a.htm] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 787|UNSCR 787]] [http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u921116a.htm] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 820|UNSCR 820]],[http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930417a.htm] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 943|UNSCR 943]].[http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u940923c.htm] Resolution 787 authorized states to "use such measures ... as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping ... to insure strict implementation of" the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia.[http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false][http://books.google.com/books?id=4ubWqD1XcAQC&pg=PA172&dq=blockade+%22operation+sharp+guard%22&lr=lang_en&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&ei=z0oNTL6sB43MMomoyesE&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22operation%20sharp%20guard%22&f=false]
It was conducted in accordance with numerous [[United Nations Security Council Resolution]]s: [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 713|UNSCR 713]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u910925a.htm |title=NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/713 (1991) |publisher=Nato.int |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 757|UNSCR 757]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u920530a.htm |title=NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/757 (1992) |publisher=Nato.int |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 787|UNSCR 787]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u921116a.htm |title=NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/787 (1992) |publisher=Nato.int |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 820|UNSCR 820]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u930417a.htm |title=NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/820 (1993) |publisher=Nato.int |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 943|UNSCR 943]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u940923c.htm |title=NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/943 (1994) |publisher=Nato.int |date=September 23, 1994 |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> Resolution 787 authorized states to "use such measures ... as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping ... to insure strict implementation of" the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="google1"/>


Over the course of the operation, it was redefined due to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1021|UNSCR 1021]] [http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u951122a.htm] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1022|UNSCR 1022]].[http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u951122b.htm]
Over the course of the operation, it was redefined due to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1021|UNSCR 1021]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u951122a.htm |title=NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1021 (1995) |publisher=Nato.int |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref> and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1022|UNSCR 1022]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/ifor/un/u951122b.htm |title=NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1022 (1995) |publisher=Nato.int |date= |accessdate=June 7, 2010}}</ref>


==Select ships participating==
==Select ships participating==
Line 22: Line 22:
* [[Bremen class frigate|F210 Emden (1979)]] of the [[German Navy]]
* [[Bremen class frigate|F210 Emden (1979)]] of the [[German Navy]]
* [[Baleares class frigate|F-74 Asturias]] of the [[Spanish Navy]]
* [[Baleares class frigate|F-74 Asturias]] of the [[Spanish Navy]]
*[[HMS Nottingham]] of the British Navy[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html]
*[[HMS Nottingham]] of the British Navy<ref name="independent1"/>
*[[HMS Campbeltown]] of the British Navy[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/naval-blockade-lifts-in-adriatic-1337903.html]
*[[HMS Campbeltown]] of the British Navy<ref name="independent1"/>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 40: Line 40:
* [http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/ UN Security Council Official Website including full text of all resolutions]
* [http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/ UN Security Council Official Website including full text of all resolutions]
* [http://www.afsouth.nato.int/operations/SharpGuard/SharpGuardFactSheet.htm NATO Regional HQ Allied Forces Southern Europe Fact Sheet on Operation SHARP GUARD]
* [http://www.afsouth.nato.int/operations/SharpGuard/SharpGuardFactSheet.htm NATO Regional HQ Allied Forces Southern Europe Fact Sheet on Operation SHARP GUARD]
* [http://www.afsouth.nato.int/archives/gopher/facts-afs-ops-07DECEMBER95.txt Update on SHARP GUARD - December 1995]
* [http://www.afsouth.nato.int/archives/gopher/facts-afs-ops-07DECEMBER95.txt Update on SHARP GUARD – December 1995]
* [http://www.nato.int/ifor/gfa/gfa-home.htm General Frame Work Agreement]
* [http://www.nato.int/ifor/gfa/gfa-home.htm General Frame Work Agreement]
* [http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm Evolution of the Conflict NATO Handbook]
* [http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm Evolution of the Conflict NATO Handbook]

Revision as of 19:53, 7 June 2010

Operation Sharp Guard was a three-year joint naval blockade in the Adriatic Sea by NATO and the Western European Union on shipments to the former Yugoslavia.[1][2][3] It began on June 15, 1993, was suspended on June 19, 1996, and was terminated on October 2, 1996. It replaced operations Maritime Guard (of NATO) and Sharp Fence of the (WEU).[2][1]

Purpose

Its purpose was, through a blockade on shipments to the former Yugoslavia,[4] to enforce economic sanctions and an arms embargo against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[5]

Blockade; ships challenged, boarded, and inspected

Eighteen warships from 11 countries, and eight maritime patrol aircraft, were involved in searching for and stopping blockade runners.[2] The Combined Task Force 440 was commanded by Admiral Mario Angeli of Italy.[2]

The NATO and WEU forces challenged more than 74,000 ships, boarded and inspected almost 6,000 at sea, and diverted 1,500 to ports for further inspection.[2][6] Of those, nearly a dozen vessels were found to be blockade runners, some carrying arms in violation of UN Security Council resolutions.[2][6] NATO officials said that the maritime blockade had a major effect in preventing escalation of the conflict.[2]

Suspension

The blockade was suspended following a UN decision to end the arms embargo, and NATO's Southern Command said that: "NATO and WEU ships will no longer challenge, board or divert ships in the Adriatic".[2] The Independent warned at the time that "In theory, there could now be a massive influx of arms to Bosnia, Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), although senior military and diplomatic sources yesterday said that they thought this would be unlikely."[2]

Applicable UN resolutions

It was conducted in accordance with numerous United Nations Security Council Resolutions: UNSCR 713,[7] UNSCR 757,[8] UNSCR 787 [9] UNSCR 820,[10] and UNSCR 943.[11] Resolution 787 authorized states to "use such measures ... as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping ... to insure strict implementation of" the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia.[1][1]

Over the course of the operation, it was redefined due to UNSCR 1021 [12] and UNSCR 1022.[13]

Select ships participating

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Naval coalition warfare: from the ... – Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Naval blockade lifts in Adriatic – World, News". The Independent. June 20, 1996. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  3. ^ http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=archive&ct=res&cd=1-0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fg%2FGooglePM%2FNR%2Flib00472%2C0F574E769146EAE6.html&ei=i0oNTO2DNprqngfDrP2ABw&usg=AFQjCNF35ql3I_btfEhAmEzLau7Z9LAPvg&sig2=1IIq2FAC-J2N22NRKQ5FZw
  4. ^ "As Flotilla Inquiry Calls Grow Louder, Legality of Gaza Blockade Examined | PBS NewsHour | June 2, 2010". PBS. June 2, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  5. ^ "Analysis: NATO's predecessor about to go out of business. – United Press International | HighBeam Research – FREE trial". Google.com. November 20, 2000. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  6. ^ a b "Naval coalition warfare: from the ... – Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  7. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/713 (1991)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  8. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/757 (1992)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  9. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/787 (1992)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  10. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/820 (1993)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  11. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/943 (1994)". Nato.int. September 23, 1994. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  12. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1021 (1995)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  13. ^ "NATO/IFOR: UN Resolution S/RES/1022 (1995)". Nato.int. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
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