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==No entrapment==
==No entrapment==
Defence counsel argued that police mole Shaikh, by taking on the role of a trainer, encouraging their client to perform better, and training him in the use of a firearm was teaching him how to be a criminal and [[entrap]]ping him. Superior Court Justice John Sproat ruled in March 2009, however, that the [[mole]] acted appropriately and did not entrap the accused youths, stating: "There has not been any entrapment and there has not been any [[abuse of process]]". The judge believed Shaikh was motivated by his "moral and religious convictions." Sproat said the winter camp had already been planned before Shaikh infiltrated the group, and that the youth was invited by the alleged ringleaders. "The camp would have been much the same had Shaikh not attended," wrote Sproat in his ruling. "The information and indoctrination presented to (the accused) was not influenced or affected by any state action." At the time of the camp, Shaikh was working as a confidential informer for the RCMP, and he later became an agent in February 2006. Sproat also noted Shaikh had limited contact with the teen after the camp, which was when his involvement intensified by shoplifting for the group and attending a second camp.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/article/607827 "No entrapment, judge rules in terrorism casePolice mole vindicated as court clears actions with accused youth", Toronto Star, March 25, 2009, November 20, 2009]</ref>
Defence counsel argued that police mole Shaikh, by taking on the role of a trainer, encouraging their client to perform better, and training him in the use of a firearm was teaching him how to be a criminal and [[entrap]]ping him. Superior Court Justice John Sproat ruled in March 2009, however, that the [[mole]] acted appropriately and did not entrap the accused youths, stating: "There has not been any entrapment and there has not been any [[abuse of process]]". The judge believed Shaikh was motivated by his "moral and religious convictions." Sproat said the winter camp had already been planned before Shaikh infiltrated the group, and that the youth was invited by the alleged ringleaders. "The camp would have been much the same had Shaikh not attended," wrote Sproat in his ruling. "The information and indoctrination presented to (the accused) was not influenced or affected by any state action." At the time of the camp, Shaikh was working as a confidential informer for the RCMP, and he later became an agent in February 2006. Sproat also noted Shaikh had limited contact with the teen after the camp, which was when his involvement intensified by shoplifting for the group and attending a second camp.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/article/607827 "No entrapment, judge rules in terrorism casePolice mole vindicated as court clears actions with accused youth", Toronto Star, March 25, 2009, November 20, 2009]</ref> The judge held further: ""The evidence is overwhelming that (the youth) would have committed the offence if he had never come into contact with Shaikh."<ref>[http://www.canadaeast.com/news/article/613516 "RCMP mole vindicated after judge finds no entrapment in terror case," Canada East, March 24, 2009, accessed November 20, 2009]</ref>


The roles of two [[informant]]s had been made public amid allegations they "perhaps provoked" the youths to make militant statements.<ref name="sinister">Austen, Ian. [[New York Times]], "At Canada Terror trial, the accused take on a less sinister cast", September 25, 2008</ref> Shaikh and [[Shaher Elsohemy]] had been paid $300,000<ref>[http://www.amherstdaily.com/index.cfm?sid=174920&sc=509 "Ontario youth guilty of al-Qaida membership", ''The Amherst Daily News'', September 25, 2008, accessed November 20, 2009]</ref> and granted [[legal immunity]] to "knowingly facilitate a terrorist activity" and asked to act as "moles" in the group, leading to accusations that they had "urged them to act, then sat back and counted [their] cash while the others went to jail".<ref name="maclean">[[Maclean's|MacLean's magazine]], [http://www.macleans.ca/canada/features/article.jsp?content=20070910_109132_109132 The Mounties' man in the Toronto terror bust admits a cocaine habit], Sept. 10, 2007.</ref><ref name="rat">Friscolanti, Michael. [[Macleans]], [http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070212_140696_140696 The four-million dollar rat], February 7, 2007</ref>
The roles of two [[informant]]s had been made public amid allegations they "perhaps provoked" the youths to make militant statements.<ref name="sinister">Austen, Ian. [[New York Times]], "At Canada Terror trial, the accused take on a less sinister cast", September 25, 2008</ref> Shaikh and [[Shaher Elsohemy]] had been paid $300,000<ref>[http://www.amherstdaily.com/index.cfm?sid=174920&sc=509 "Ontario youth guilty of al-Qaida membership", ''The Amherst Daily News'', September 25, 2008, accessed November 20, 2009]</ref> and granted [[legal immunity]] to "knowingly facilitate a terrorist activity" and asked to act as "moles" in the group, leading to accusations that they had "urged them to act, then sat back and counted [their] cash while the others went to jail".<ref name="maclean">[[Maclean's|MacLean's magazine]], [http://www.macleans.ca/canada/features/article.jsp?content=20070910_109132_109132 The Mounties' man in the Toronto terror bust admits a cocaine habit], Sept. 10, 2007.</ref><ref name="rat">Friscolanti, Michael. [[Macleans]], [http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070212_140696_140696 The four-million dollar rat], February 7, 2007</ref>

Revision as of 20:07, 20 November 2009

The 2006 Toronto terrorism case refers a series of counter-terrorism raids in the Greater Toronto Area that resulted in the June 2, 2006, arrest of 18 people (dubbed the "Toronto 18") alleged to be members of an Islamic terrorist cell plotting a series of attacks against targets in Ontario, Canada. They were accused of planning to detonate truck bombs, to open fire in a crowded area, and to storm the Canadian Broadcasting Centre, the Canadian Parliament building, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), and the Parliamentary Buildings' Peace Tower, to take hostages and to behead the Prime Minister and other leaders.

One man has been convicted, and four more have pleaded guilty. Seven have had the charges against them withdrawn or suspended, but the media are not allowed to report why. Six more are awaiting trial.[1]

Infiltration

On November 27, 2005, Mubin Shaikh (a police mole) met with members of the alleged terrorist plot at an information meeting regarding the use of security certificates in the country, at the Taj Banquet Hall, and began his infiltration of the group.[2] He was allegedly told that several friends had planned a camping trip in Orillia; they asked Shaikh if he would come with them and teach them how to use a gun, since he had mentioned his military training and shown them his Possession and Acquisition License.[2][3]

Orillia camping trip

The trip, classified by the authorities as terrorist training, was to Orillia, Ontario for a period of 12 days during Christmas break from school.[3][4] It was monitored by more than 200 police officers.[5]

Authorities said that "the internet played a large role in the suspects' planning".[6] The group listened to a video over the internet of Anwar al Awlaki, the imam who has been connected to three of the 9/11 hijackers and to Nidal Malik Hasan, the alleged shoorter in the Fort Hood shooting, preaching about the need for jihad in the name of religion now, because the "world is united in fighting Islam."[7]

The alleged ringleader of the camp gave sermons comparing the Canadian countryside to Chechnya, and calling for victory over "Rome", which prosecutors have alleged was a reference to Canada.[8] He also stated that "We're not officially al-Qaida but we share their principles and methods" around a campfire.[9]

Shaikh, the police agent, was accused by the defence of having played a "key role" in setting up and running the trip,[10] and purchased many of the supplies used.[5] and being the "military trainer" at the camp.[11][12][3] Shaikh gave firearms lessons to the accused, but also ostensibly at their request purchased a rifle and ammunition for the group.[13] Shaikh showed the "campers" how to fire an illegal 9 mm handgun and ammunition he had brought himself.[5][11][14] He also gave "exhortational sermons on Jihad"[15] but described the camp itself as hapless.[12]

In 2008, videos made at the camp documenting their actions were made public, after the media obtained them through the British trial of Aabid Khan, thus working around the publication ban that forbade them from showing evidence from the Canadian trials. In addition to the paintball antics, and hikes through the snow, the video showed the youths daring each other to jump over campfires, and driving in a Canadian Tire parking lot late at night, alternatively described as "evasive driving maneuvers" or simply having fun driving doughnuts on the slippery ice. The amateur film had been dubbed with Nasheed music,[16][17] and the informant admitted that he had "choreographed" some of the scenes, arranging the campers to perform for the camera in a militant fashion.[13] The youths frequented the local coffee shop, still dressed in their fatigues.[12]

Rockwood camping trip

Held over two days in May 2006 at the Rockwood Conservation Area,[11] the second camping trip, consisting of 10 people, came after members complained about fearing that police would arrest them for having known two Americans who had just been arrested.[18]

A youth who cannot be named appeared in videos with the rest of the group, meant to mimic Jihadist beheading videos coming out of the Invasion of Iraq, sitting in front of a flag, and flanked by two dull hunting knives.[9] During the filming, the leader kept trying to effect giggles from the adolescents, who were trying "to look tough" for the "mock" video.[19]

Following the arrests of a number of campers, Sahl Syed came forward to police to provide information about the camp as he attended it. He was thus called as a witness for the prosecution during the trial of the under-aged suspect. However, his testimony at trial was damaging to the attempt to portray the camp as an elite training camp, as he testified that the group slept in until noon, went swimming, hiking and played with inflatable watercraft, while discussing their shared plans for school and marriage.[19]

Targets

The group was preparing a large-scale terrorist attack in southern Ontario. They planned to detonate truck bombs at at least two locations, and open fire in a crowded area. They also made plans to storm various buildings such as the Canadian Broadcasting Centre and the Canadian Parliament building, and take hostages. Law enforcement authorities identified other targets, including the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) and the Parliamentary Buildings' Peace Tower.[20]

According to one of the suspect's lawyers, they were also accused of planning to "behead the Prime Minister", Stephen Harper, and other leaders.[21][22][23]

Arrests

The American Joint Terrorism Task Force had become involved in the investigation by March 2005.[24] The raids were carried out by an inter-agency task force, the Integrated National Security Enforcement Team (INSET), which coordinated the activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP), and other police forces, as the operation was spread across several different jurisdictions in southern Ontario, in the area north of Toronto.

The police state that one of the arrested men, 20-year-old Ali Imran, ordered three metric tonnes (6,600 pounds) of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, a potentially powerful ingredient often used as quarry and mining explosives. This weight has widely been compared to the amount of ammonium nitrate used in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing in the United States. The official account actually estimates the ammonium nitrate in the Oklahoma City bomb at 2,000 pounds, or about 0.9 metric tons. There was never any serious chance of danger or harm as a harmless substance was substituted for the ammonium nitrate and delivered to the men by the RCMP in a sting operation.

In a press conference held after the arrests, the RCMP said that the CSIS had been monitoring the individuals since 2004, joined by the RCMP last year,[25] and that the individuals had planned to blow up unidentified targets in southern Ontario. The suspects, all adherents to Islam, were alleged by CSIS to have been inspired by Al-Qaeda.[26] A direct connection seems unlikely.[27]

The investigation started with intelligence officials monitoring Internet chat sites. The suspects were charged under the anti-terrorism legislation[28] passed by Canadian parliament in December 2001 in response to the September 11 attacks in the US. The June 2 and 3 arrests were only the second time the legislation has been used.

Two men, Yasim Mohamed and Ali Dirie, were already serving a two-year prison sentence for trying to smuggle a pair of handguns across the Peace Bridge a year earlier, for "personal protection" for themselves since they had worked as designer clothing re-sellers in seedy neighborhoods. They had their charges upgraded to "importing weapons for terrorist purposes" after it was revealed that their third handgun had been meant to repay Ahmad who had used his credit card to pay for their rental car.[29][30]

Suspects

The identities of the five minors were legally protected by Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act.

Six of the 17 men arrested have ties to the Al Rahman Islamic Center near Toronto, a Sunni mosque.[31] Another two of those arrested were already serving time in a Kingston, Ontario, prison on weapons possession charges.[34] According to the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) two other men, Syed Ahmed and Ehsanul Sadequee, who were arrested in Georgia in the US on terrorism charges, are connected to the case as well.[35]

John Thompson, an analyst with the Mackenzie Institute, summarized the young suspects stating "These are kids at a transition... unsure of their own identity... They're just young and stupid. If you're 17, bored, restless, you want to meet girls - hey, be a radical."[6]

No entrapment

Defence counsel argued that police mole Shaikh, by taking on the role of a trainer, encouraging their client to perform better, and training him in the use of a firearm was teaching him how to be a criminal and entrapping him. Superior Court Justice John Sproat ruled in March 2009, however, that the mole acted appropriately and did not entrap the accused youths, stating: "There has not been any entrapment and there has not been any abuse of process". The judge believed Shaikh was motivated by his "moral and religious convictions." Sproat said the winter camp had already been planned before Shaikh infiltrated the group, and that the youth was invited by the alleged ringleaders. "The camp would have been much the same had Shaikh not attended," wrote Sproat in his ruling. "The information and indoctrination presented to (the accused) was not influenced or affected by any state action." At the time of the camp, Shaikh was working as a confidential informer for the RCMP, and he later became an agent in February 2006. Sproat also noted Shaikh had limited contact with the teen after the camp, which was when his involvement intensified by shoplifting for the group and attending a second camp.[36] The judge held further: ""The evidence is overwhelming that (the youth) would have committed the offence if he had never come into contact with Shaikh."[37]

The roles of two informants had been made public amid allegations they "perhaps provoked" the youths to make militant statements.[13] Shaikh and Shaher Elsohemy had been paid $300,000[38] and granted legal immunity to "knowingly facilitate a terrorist activity" and asked to act as "moles" in the group, leading to accusations that they had "urged them to act, then sat back and counted [their] cash while the others went to jail".[39][40]

A month after the arrests, the Toronto Star reported that a well-known member of Toronto's Islamic community had infiltrated the alleged terrorist cell while on the police payroll as an informant, and that another mole had been involved in setting up the purchase of phony ammonium nitrate.[41]

Elsohemy, the second mole in the case, was placed in witness protection after he agreed to help the Royal Canadian Mounted Police arrange the phony ammonium nitrate purchase on behalf of the youths, which led to the allegations of a bomb plot.[12][42]

A third man, Qari Kafayatullah, was an Afghan immigrant who frequently told the youths that he had knowledge of explosives, and convinced their parents to let them attend the upcoming December camp - promising that it was just a bit of fun for the young men, and that he would be the responsible adult present - even though there was never any indication he later attended.[43]

Impact

On the night following the arrests, the Rexdale, Toronto mosque was vandalized, as windows were smashed across the building as well as the cars in the parking lot.[44] Similar vandalism was reported at a mosque in Etobicoke.[45]

The arrests sparked several comments by politicians in the US regarding the security of Canada, as well that of the US. Congressman Peter King was reported on June 6 to have said that "there's a large al-Qaeda presence in Canada … because of their very liberal immigration laws, because of how political asylum is granted so easily",[46] without providing evidence to support his statement.

John Hostettler, American chairman of the House Judiciary subcommittee on Border Security said the arrest illustrated that "South Toronto" served as a "enclave for radical discussion", where people held "a militant understanding of Islam". His comments were widely criticized in Canada, as there is no area of Toronto known as "South Toronto", as the downtown core of the city sits immediately above the shores of Lake Ontario, and none of the suspects were even from the downtown core. Both Canada's Conservative government and the Liberal opposition condemned the "completely uninformed and ignorant remarks".[47][48]

Although CSIS originally said five days after the arrest that the intent was to take politicians hostage until the country agreed to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan.[49]

Reporting controversy

The initial reports of this incident caused some controversy when a Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer, Mike McDonell, described the arrested people as representing a "broad strata" of Canadian society[50] and the Toronto Star claimed that it is "difficult to find a common denominator" among them[50], even though all were Muslims and many attended the same mosque. Some individuals in the media, such as Andrew C. McCarthy in National Review, have described this as a tendency of the police and media to whitewash a role of militant Islam in contemporary terrorism.[51] Despite a scarcity of information due to a publication ban, an online documentary entitled "Unfair Dealing: The Toronto Homegrown 'Terror' Threat" raised a series of issues around the case.[52]

The media coverage of the arrests was accused of bringing to light underlying racism in Canadian media, after a number of incidents including the Globe and Mail newspaper's use of the term "brown-skinned young men" in describing the men who had rented a storage unit.[53]

Imam Aly Hindy, who knew nine of the accused youths personally, said he had doubts that any of them "did anything wrong", adding that "If some of them are guilty, I don't think it's terrorism. It may be criminal, but it's not terrorism."[44]

Court proceedings

A preliminary hearing started June 4, 2007, for the remaining 14 terrorism suspects was halted by the Crown Attorney on September 24, 2007, so the case could proceed directly to trial. The move (called a "preferred indictment", or a "direct indictment") meant defense counsel could not hear the balance of the testimony of the Crown's key witness, police informant Mubin Shaikh, who was in the middle of testifying.[54]

At the opening trial, against the sole remaining youth, prosecutors alleged that comments that referred to "shotgun on Blondie" were actually a pretext to sexually assault non-Muslims.[55]

In September 2008 Nishanthan Yogakrishnan, charged as a youth when arrested, was convicted of knowingly participating in, and contributing to, a terrorist group and plotting to detonate truck bombs in downtown Toronto and storm Paliament Hill.[56] In May 2009, he was sentenced as an adult to two and a half years of time served.[57] The judge ruled there was overwhelming evidence that he belonged to a homegrown terrorist group, attended two terrorist training camps, and stole items to enhance training. He was the first person to be found guilty under Canada's 2001 Anti-Terrorism Act, which was passed following the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks.[58]

Saad Khalid pleaded guilty in May 2009 to aiding a plot to detonate bombs in the city's bustling downtown, the Toronto Stock Exchange, the CSIS headquarters in Toronto, and an unidentified military base, off Highway 401 between Toronto and Ottawa..[59][60]

In September 2009 Ali Mohamed Dirie, a Canadian born in Somalia, admitted he was a member of a terrorist group that planned attacks in Canada. On tape, he called white people the "number 1 filthiest people on the face of the planet. They don't have Islam. They're the most filthiest people." He added: "In Islam there is no racism, we only hate kufar (non-Muslims)." The Crown and defence have agreed on a seven-year sentence.[61]

Also in September 2009, Aabid Hussein Khan (an avid al-Qaeda supporter), considered a key figure in a terrorist network that spanned a half-dozen countries, including Canada, in an overlapping investigations and related trial in Britain was sentenced in a Brampton court to 14 years for his involvement in the Toronto bomb plot.[62]

References

  1. ^ Gillies, Rob, "Canada Supreme Court hears media appeal," AP, November 17, 2009, accessed November 20, 2009
  2. ^ a b Singh, Gurmukh. The Indian News, Bomb-laden trucks planned in Toronto terror plot, June 11, 2008
  3. ^ a b c PBS, Frontline, Canada: The Cell Next Door, January 30, 2007
  4. ^ Alleged Toronto terror plot detailed in court
  5. ^ a b c Teotino, Isabel. Toronto Star, "Terror camp police mole on his own, court told", February 6, 2009
  6. ^ a b Dube, Rebecca Cook. Christian Science Monitor, Canada faces jihad generation, June 6, 2006
  7. ^ "The powerful online voice of jihad; Shadowy cleric revered by disenchanted Muslim youths throughout West cited in Toronto 18 case," Toronto Star, October 18, 2009, accessed November 20, 2009
  8. ^ Brean, Joseph. National Post, 'We weren't out there picking daisies', June 10 2008
  9. ^ a b National Post, [1], September 25, 2008
  10. ^ Freeze, Colin. Globe and Mail, RCMP agent concedes key role in set-up, running of terrorist training camp, January 31, 2009
  11. ^ a b c Wark, Wesley. Ottawa Citizen, The beginning of terrorism, August 9, 2008
  12. ^ a b c d CBC, Informant says militant training camp was 'potty training' exercise, June 11, 2008 Cite error: The named reference "cbc" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b c Austen, Ian. New York Times, "At Canada Terror trial, the accused take on a less sinister cast", September 25, 2008
  14. ^ Toronto Star, Suspect told 'terrorist camp' was camping trip, March 26, 2008
  15. ^ Leong, Melissa. National Post, Ontario terror case far from over, June 2, 2007
  16. ^ National Post, Video of alleged Ont. terror group released, September 18, 2008
  17. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2008/09/19/defence-video.html
  18. ^ http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=569571
  19. ^ a b Walkom, Thomas. Toronto Star, Crown's linchpin shakes case, June 25, 2008
  20. ^ globeandmail.com: National
  21. ^ [2]
  22. ^ CNN.com - Lawyer: Government says terror plans included beheading - Jun 7, 2006
  23. ^ Terror suspects plotted two separate attacks
  24. ^ Berger, J. M. Intelwire.com. Al Qaeda Figures Lurk in Shadows Around Toronto Terror Cell, June 3, 2006
  25. ^ CTV.ca | RCMP arrests 17, foiling alleged Ont. bomb plot
  26. ^ 17 held in terror plot in Canada -DAWN - Top Stories; June 4, 2006
  27. ^ 17 Held in Plot to Bomb Sites in Ontario - New York Times
  28. ^ "Anti-terrorism Act". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Feb.27, 2007. Retrieved Oct.21, 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  29. ^ Friscolanti, Michael. Macleans, The Terrorist who Wasn't, May 5, 2008
  30. ^ Bell, Stewart. National Post, After escaping war in Somalia, terror suspects grew up in Toronto, June 5, 2006
  31. ^ a b Six of 17 Arrested in Canada's Antiterror Sweep Have Ties to Mosque Near Toronto - New York Times
  32. ^ globeandmail.com
  33. ^ Metro
  34. ^ Six of 17 Arrested in Canada's Antiterror Sweep Have Ties to Mosque Near Toronto - New York Times
  35. ^ The News channel » Propeller
  36. ^ "No entrapment, judge rules in terrorism casePolice mole vindicated as court clears actions with accused youth", Toronto Star, March 25, 2009, November 20, 2009
  37. ^ "RCMP mole vindicated after judge finds no entrapment in terror case," Canada East, March 24, 2009, accessed November 20, 2009
  38. ^ "Ontario youth guilty of al-Qaida membership", The Amherst Daily News, September 25, 2008, accessed November 20, 2009
  39. ^ MacLean's magazine, The Mounties' man in the Toronto terror bust admits a cocaine habit, Sept. 10, 2007.
  40. ^ Friscolanti, Michael. Macleans, The four-million dollar rat, February 7, 2007
  41. ^ CBC News Indepth: Toronto Bomb Plot
  42. ^ El Akad, Omar. Globe and Mail, Online leaks get around publication ban, June 2, 2007
  43. ^ Freeze, Colin. Globe and Mail, Was imam another informant in Toronto terror plot?, January 16, 2007
  44. ^ a b Thomas, Vanessa and Make Becker. Buffalo News, A portrait of terrorist suspects, June 5, 2006
  45. ^ DePalma, Antony. New York Times, Six of 17 arrested in Canada's anti-terror sweep have ties to mosque near Toronto, June 5, 2006
  46. ^ globeandmail.com: World
  47. ^ Ljunggren, David. Reuters, "Canada slams "ignorant" US comments on security", June 9, 2006
  48. ^ globeandmail.com: National
  49. ^ Shepherd, Michelle & Bruce Campion-Smith. Toronto Star, "Plan to behead PM", June 7, 2006
  50. ^ a b "The ties that bind 17 suspects?". Toronto Star. June 4, 2006. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ Andrew C. McCarthy on At War & Media on National Review Online
  52. ^ Law is Cool » Unfair Dealing - Another Independent Documentary
  53. ^ Fisk, Robert, The Independent, How racism has invaded Canada, June 10, 2006
  54. ^ Teotonio, Isabel (September 24, 2007). "Homegrown terror case goes to trial". The Toronto Star. Retrieved September 24, 2007. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  55. ^ Walkom, Thomas. Toronto Star, Canada's terrorist shoplifter, May 27, 2009
  56. ^ "Youth terror convict to be sentenced as adultCrown seeks three-year term plus probation, but court must rule on credit for time served", Toronto Star, April 17, 2009, accessed September 20, 2009
  57. ^ "Publication ban lifted in Toronto 18 case," Toronto Star, September 10, 2009, accessed November 20, 2009
  58. ^ "Man in terror trial sentenced to 2.5 years; Scarborough man to be released today based on credit for time served before trial", Toronto Star, May 22, 2009, accessed November 20, 2009
  59. ^ O'Toole, Megan, "Man pleads guilty in Toronto terror plot", May 5, 2009, accessed November 21, 2009
  60. ^ "Toronto 18" member to be sentenced for terror plot," September 3, 2009, accessed November 17, 2009
  61. ^ Bell, Stewart, "Toronto terror participant hated non-Muslims, court told", Ottawa Citizen, September 23, 2009, accessed November 20, 2009
  62. ^ Bell, Stewart, "International links linger after 'Toronto 18' member imprisoned," National Post, September 3, 2009, accessed November 20, 2009

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