Feature phone: Difference between revisions

A feature phone is a mobile phone which is priced at the mid-range in a wireless provider's hardware lineup.^{[dubious – discuss]} The term "feature phone" is a retronym. It is intended for customers who want a moderately priced and multipurpose phone without the expense of a high-end smartphone. A feature phone has additional functions over and above a basic mobile phone which is only capable of voice calling and text messaging. Due to the quick progression in capabilities, current mid-range devices in a carrier's lineup today may be more advanced than previous high-end devices just a few years ago.^[1][2]

Feature phones may often be marketed by certain carriers under various terms. Rogers Wireless labels them as "smartphone lite".^[3] Since mid-2012, the term dumbphone in order to refer to any mobile phone other than smartphone has increased in use and applies today to most of feature phones that do not offer touch screen, wireless internet and/or mobile OS support.^{[citation needed]}

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The category of feature phones is distinct from smart phones, and today refers primarily to mid-range phones, between basic phones on the low end (few or no features beyond basic dialing and messaging) and smart phones on the high end. Prior to the popularity of smart phones, the term may be applied to high-end phones with assorted features. These developed and peaked in popularity during the 2000s, contemporary with 3G networks, which allowed sufficient bandwidth for these features. Since the popularization of smart phones in the late 2000s, feature phones have been replaced at the high end with smart phones, though particular features may be found on either feature phones or smart phones.

In Japan, mobile phones developed a wide array of features prior to the development of smart phones. The introduction of smart phones has largely displaced these at the high end, though smart phones for the Japanese market often include features first developed on feature phones. Many of these features were and remain specific to Japan, often requiring network support, and the resulting phones, while dominant in Japan, proved unsuccessful abroad. This led to the term "Galápagos syndrome" – specialized development dominant on an island, but not found abroad – and then the term is Gala-phone (ガラケイ, gara-kei), blending with "mobile phone" (携帯, keitai), to refer to Japanese feature phones, by contrast with newer smart phones.

During the mid-2000s, best-selling feature phones such as the fashionable flip-phone Motorola Razr, multimedia Sony Ericsson W580i, and the LG Black Label Series not only occupied the mid-range pricing in a wireless provider's lineup, they made up the bulk of retail sales as smartphones from BlackBerry and Palm were still considered a niche category for business use. Even as late as 2009, smartphone penetration in North America was low.^[4]

In 2007, Apple introduced the iPhone and by 2009, the iPhone and Google Android shifted the smartphone focus from the enterprise to mass market consumers (at the expense of business-oriented operating systems such as Windows Mobile and BlackBerry).^[5] As a result smartphones have enjoyed the largest selection and advertising among carriers, who are devoting less and less store space and marketing to feature phones and dumbphones.^[6]

In 2011, feature phones accounted for 60 percent of the mobile telephones in the United States^[7] and 70 percent of mobile phones sold worldwide.^[8] It is predicted that by 2013 feature phones' share will drop as smartphones become more popular, as half of all mobile phones will be smartphones.^[9] For the first time ever, in 2013, smartphones outsold feature phones in the second quarter, according to research firm Gartner.^[10] Smartphones accounted for 51.8 percent of mobile phone sales in the second quarter of 2013, resulting in smartphone sales surpassing feature phone sales for the first time.^[11]

A survey of 4,001 Canadians by Media Technology Monitor in fall 2012 suggested about 83 per cent of the anglophone population owned a cellphone, up from 80 per cent in 2011 and 74 per cent in 2010. About two thirds of the mobile phone owners polled said they had a smartphone and the other third had feature phones or non-smartphones. According to MTM, non-smartphone users are more likely to be female, older, have a lower income, live in a small community and have less education. The survey found that smartphone owners tend to be male, younger, live in a high-income household with children in the home, and residents of a community of one million or more people. Students also ranked high among smartphone owners.^[12]

According to Gartner in Q2 2013, 225 million smartphones were sold which represented a 46.5 percent gain over the same period in 2012, while 201 million feature phones were sold which was a decrease of 21 percent year over year, the first time that smartphones have outsold feature phones.^[13]

Feature phones, despite their additional functions over and above a basic mobile phone or "dumb phone", were^[when?] still primarily designed as communication devices. Companies that produced feature phones, such as Nokia and Motorola, were^[when?] enjoying record sales of cell phones based more on fashion and brand, rather than technological innovation.^[14][15][16] However, consumer-oriented smartphones, such as the iPhone and those running Android, fundamentally changed the industry, with Steve Jobs proclaiming in 2007 that "the phone was not just a communication tool but a way of life".^[17]

Existing feature phone operating systems at the time, such as Series 30 (S30) and Series 40 (S40) were not designed to concurrently handle additional tasks beyond communication and basic functions.

The Symbian operating system evolved from the UK-originated EPOC, which was originally meant for low-power devices. Symbian well succeeded S30 and S40 as a true multitasking smartphone operating system, reaching 73% of world smartphone market share in 2006.^[18]

Despite that, Symbian was at various stages difficult to develop for: First (at around early-to-mid-2000's) due to the complexity of then the only native programming language Symbian C++ and of the OS itself; then the obstinate developer bureaucracy, along with high prices of various IDEs and SDKs, which were prohibitive for independent or very small developers; and then the subsequent fragmentation, which was in part caused by infighting among and within manufacturers, each of whom also had their own IDEs and SDKs. All of this discouraged third-party developers, and served to cause the native app ecosystem for Symbian not to evolve to a scale akin to Apple's App Store or Android's Google Play.^[17]

By contrast, iPhone OS (renamed iOS in 2010) and Android had comparatively simpler design, provided easier and much more centralized infrastructure to create and obtain third-party apps, offered certain developer tools and programming languages with a manageable level of complexity, and having capabilities such as multitasking and graphics (compared to S30, S40, and Blackberry) in order to meet future consumer demands.^[19]

That Symbian was difficult to program for, could be worked around by creating Java Mobile Edition apps, ostensibly under a "write once, run anywhere" slogan. This wasn't always the case because of fragmentation due to different device screen sizes and differences in levels of Java ME support. The issues around Symbian development itself were gradually alleviated after several other programming languages were deployed to the platform, among them Standard C/C++, Python, Ruby, and Flash Lite. The open-source Qt framework was introduced to Symbian in 2010 as the primary upgrade path to MeeGo, which was to be the next mobile operating system to replace and supplant Symbian on high-end devices. Qt was by its nature free and very convenient to develop with; new IDEs and SKs were developed and then released for free, and app development for Symbian picked up from then on. Yet in September 2010, Stephen Elop became the CEO of Nokia, and in early 2011 he changed the company's course to Windows Phone. After that, third-party app development substantially decreased.

To Symbian's credit, the OS was feature-complete to the extent that newer smartphone operating systems, such as Windows Phone 7, were found to be severely lacking;^[20] many of Symbian's buit-in functions could only be obtained in most other mobile operating systems by downloading and installing one or more apps. Well after the introduction of iOS and Android, Symbian began strangely to be considered a featurephone operating system, despite its extensive functionality rarely found anywhere else.

The shift away from feature phones has forced wireless carriers to increase subsidies of handsets, and the high selling prices of flagship smartphones have had a negative effect on wireless carriers in United States (AT&T Mobility, Verizon, and Sprint) who have seen their EBITDA service margins drop as they sold more smartphones and fewer feature phones.^[21][22][23] Trends have shown that consumers are willing to pay more for smartphones that deliver more features/applications such as 4G LTE and touchscreens, and smartphones have become a part of North American pop culture (while feature phones are no longer "cool"). Though smartphones cost more to produce, they deliver higher profit margins than feature phones, thus device makers and wireless carriers have shifted towards smartphones.[1]

An analyst noted Windows Phone has been successfully able to attract first-time smartphone buyers upgrading from a feature phone (52% of Windows Phone users had previously owned a feature phone), and as of 2013 over half of the US population still used feature phones.[2]^[24]

Whilst a feature phone is a low-end device and a smartphone a high-end one, there is no standard way of distinguishing them.^[25][26] Smartphone and feature phone are not mutually exclusive categories.^[27] A complication in distinguishing between smartphones and feature phones is that over time the capabilities of new models of feature phones can increase to exceed those of phones that had been promoted as smartphones in the past. Because technology changes rapidly, what was a smartphone ten years ago may be considered only a feature phone today. For example, today's feature phones typically also serve as a personal digital assistant (PDA) and portable media player and have capabilities such as cameras, touchscreen, GPS navigation, Wi-Fi, and mobile broadband access.

Back in 2009, a significant difference between smartphones and feature phones is that the advanced application programming interfaces (APIs) on smartphones for running third-party applications^[28] can allow those applications to have better integration with the phone's OS and hardware than is typical with feature phones.^[29] In comparison, feature phones more commonly run on proprietary firmware, with third-party software support through platforms such as Java ME or BREW.^[30] It should be noted, though, that many of these proprietary software platforms, such as S60 (Nokia, Samsung and LG), UIQ (Sony Ericsson and Motorola) and MOAP(S) (Japanese only such as Fujitsu, Sharp etc.), which were based on Symbian, were gradually phased out in 2009-11. During that period the manufacturers shifted their lineups, usually the high-end handsets first then followed by the mid-range and low-end offerings, to advanced APIs such as Android and Windows Phone.

The price difference between a smartphone and feature phone remains one of the widely used attributes to distinguish the two devices. As of March 2012, the big three Canadian cellular service providers (Rogers, Bell, Telus) offer the choice of purchasing smartphone upfront for $450–650 CAD on "no term" (month-by-month), or by signing 3-year voice and data contract to waive most of the handset purchase cost (there are no waivers for a voice-only plan). The no term price for a feature phone, by contrast, is typically half or even less than that of a smartphone (topping out at $300 CAD), and this cost can be waived with a 3-year voice-only plan.^[31][32][33] Smartphones, while improving their features and capabilities, however, have always maintained their price advantage over feature phones.^[34] Pricing structure is still a grey area, for instance at Rogers Wireless, the Sony Xperia ion was originally released with smartphone pricing in June 2012, however poor sales led to that device being demoted to feature phone pricing by December 2012 of that year. By contrast, the iPhone 4 8 GB which debuted in mid-2010 is still sold as a smartphone by Rogers as of December 2012 (which reflects Apple's success in keeping the price of its phones constant).

• Media related to Mobile phones at Wikimedia Commons