死: difference between revisions

Stroke order

死 (Kangxi radical 78, 歹+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP), four-corner 1021₂, composition ⿸歹匕 or ⿱一⿰夕匕)

• 𭇟, 𫪔, 𦎄, 𩊢, 𮬳, 㱝, 㰷, 𬆘, 𣣌, 𬆜, 㘸, 𢍈, 𭜨, 𣑘, 𭻏, 𭮓, 𧵲, 𣩁, 𨱼
• 屍, 毙, 𣨀, 𤽨, 𥥱, 𬆗, 臰, 𣨰, 𣨻, 𣩂, 𣩇, 𭮜, 𣩖, 𩫓, 薨, 薧, 斃, 𣩴, 𣩸, 塟, 葬

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 578, character 22
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16365
• Dae Jaweon: page 970, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1380, character 6
• Unihan data for U+6B7B

Historical forms of the character 死
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 歹 + 人.

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səj.

For the figurative senses, compare the development of Japanese すごい from 凄.

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(deprecated template usage) 死

1. (intransitive) to die

   必死無疑／必死无疑  ―  bì sǐ wúyí  ―  will die without a doubt

   佢兩年前已經死咗。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   佢两年前已经死咗。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   keoi⁵ loeng⁵ nin⁴ cin⁴ ji⁵ ging¹ sei² zo². [Jyutping]

   He already died two years ago.

   高校學生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, trad.]
   高校学生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, simp.]

   Gāoxiào xuéshēng shítáng chī chū sǐ lǎoshǔ. [Pinyin]

   A dead mouse was found in college cafeteria food.

   食死自己 [Cantonese]  ―  sik⁶ sei² zi⁶ gei² [Jyutping]  ―  to "eat oneself to death" (endanger oneself with eating habits)

   你噉樣擺會跌死人。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   你噉样摆会跌死人。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   nei⁵ gam² joeng^6-2 baai² wui⁵ dit³ sei² jan⁴. [Jyutping]

   Placing it so is a serious tripping hazard.

   嗰時死咗唔少人。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   嗰时死咗唔少人。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   go² si⁴ sei² zo² m⁴ siu² jan⁴. [Jyutping]

   A number of people died at the time.

   • 見其生，不忍見其死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     见其生，不忍见其死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Jiàn qí shēng, bùrěn jiàn qí sǐ. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 這人姓王名冕，在諸暨縣鄉村裡住。七歲上死了父親，他母親做點針黹供給他到村學堂裡去讀書。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     这人姓王名冕，在诸暨县乡村里住。七岁上死了父亲，他母亲做点针黹供给他到村学堂里去读书。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: Wu Jingzi, The Scholars, 1750 CE

     Zhè rén xìng Wáng míng Miǎn, zài Zhūjì Xiàn xiāngcūn lǐ zhù. Qī suì shàng sǐ le fùqīn, tā mǔqīn zuò diǎn zhēnzhǐ gōnggěi tā dào cūn xuétáng lǐ qù dúshū. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   1. ^† (transitive) to die for the sake of; to sacrifice oneself for; to die together with someone

      死節／死节  ―  sǐjié  ―  to die for honour

      • 故君為社稷死，則死之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
        故君为社稷死，则死之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

        From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

        Gù jūn wèi shèjì sǐ, zé sǐ zhī. [Pinyin]

        So, if a lord is killed fulfilling his duty to the divinities of the land, one joins him in death.

      • 謀人之軍師，敗則死之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
        谋人之军师，败则死之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

        From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

        Móu rén zhī jūn shī, bài zé sǐ zhī. [Pinyin]

        He who has given counsel to another about his army should die with it when it is defeated.

      • 今亡亦死，舉大計亦死，等死，死國可乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
        今亡亦死，举大计亦死，等死，死国可乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

        From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

        Jīn wáng yì sǐ, jǔ dàjì yì sǐ, děng sǐ, sǐ guó kěhū? [Pinyin]

        At this moment, certain death awaits us no matter whether we escape as fugitives or rouse ourselves to a grand cause. One death is just as good as another; shall we not rather die for our lost fatherland?

      • 貪夫徇財，烈士徇名。夸者死權，品庶每生。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
        贪夫徇财，烈士徇名。夸者死权，品庶每生。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

        From: c. 174 BCE, Jia Yi (賈誼), The Owl (《鵩鳥賦》). Translated by Burton Watson.

        Tānfū xùncái, lièshì xùnmíng. Kuāzhě sǐquán, pǐnshù měishēng. [Pinyin]

        The covetous run after riches,
        The impassioned pursue a fair name;
        The proud die struggling for power,
        While the people long only to live.

2. inactive

   死結／死结  ―  sǐjié  ―  encased knot

   死機／死机  ―  sǐjī  ―  (of a computer system) to crash

   路被垃圾堵死了。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]

   Lù bèi lājī dǔ sǐ le. [Pinyin]

   The road is blocked by trash.

3. (only in compounds) deadly; fatal; killing; to the death

   死刑  ―  sǐxíng  ―  capital punishment

   死戰／死战  ―  sǐzhàn  ―  deadly battle; fight to the death

4. (colloquial or Southern Min) very; bloody; totally

   我累死了。  ―  Wǒ lèi sǐ le.  ―  I'm dead tired.

   嘈死！ [Cantonese]  ―  cou⁴ sei²! [Jyutping]  ―  Keep it down! (lit. You're being really noisy!)

   熱死／热死 [Teochew]  ―  ruah⁸ si² [Peng'im]  ―  really hot

5. (offensive) damned; damn

   呢個死阿伯唔識揸車。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   呢个死阿伯唔识揸车。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   nei¹ go³ sei² aa³ baak³ m⁴ sik¹ zaa¹ ce¹. [Jyutping]

   This damn geezer can't drive.

   死鬼佬 [Cantonese]  ―  sei² gwai² lou² [Jyutping]  ―  goddamn white

   做咗咁死多次，我仲唔識做咩？ [Cantonese, trad.]
   做咗咁死多次，我仲唔识做咩？ [Cantonese, simp.]

   zou⁶ zo² gam³ sei² do¹ ci³, ngo⁵ zung⁶ m⁴ sik¹ zou⁶ me¹? [Jyutping]

   I've done it so darn many times already, and you think I wouldn't know how to do it by now?

6. (slang, offensive) to disappear; to go; (as in "where the hell did ... go")

   嗰枝死人原子筆死咗去邊呀？ [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
   嗰枝死人原子笔死咗去边呀？ [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]

   go² zi¹ sei² jan⁴ jyun⁴ zi² bat¹ sei² zo² heoi³ bin¹ aa³? [Jyutping]

   Where's that goddamn pen?

   你這個死人死到哪裡去了，打手機也不接。 [MSC, trad.]
   你这个死人死到哪里去了，打手机也不接。 [MSC, simp.]

   Nǐ zhège sǐrén sǐ dào nǎlǐ qù le, dǎ shǒujī yě bù jiē. [Pinyin]

   Where the hell have you been? Why are you not answering my calls? (said by wife)

   佢哋今次死咗去邊呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
   佢哋今次死咗去边呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]

   keoi⁵ dei⁶ gam¹ ci³ sei² zo² heoi³ bin¹ aa³? [Jyutping]

   Where'd they fuck off to this time?

   死返屋企 [Cantonese]  ―  sei² faan¹ uk¹ kei² [Jyutping]  ―  to fuck off back to one's home

   • 2002, chapter 1 (21m50s from the start), in 七十二家房客:

     阿竹竿鬼！死出來！死出來佮我相罵。 [Teochew, trad.]
     阿竹竿鬼！死出来！死出来佮我相骂。 [Teochew, simp.]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

7. (Cantonese, Southern Min) persistently; stubbornly

   佢死都唔肯講。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   佢死都唔肯讲。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   keoi⁵ sei² dou¹ m⁴ hang² gong². [Jyutping]

   He absolutely refuses to speak. (lit. He is persistently not willing to say it.)

   呢份工佢做死三十年。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]

   ni¹ fan⁶ gung¹ keoi⁵ zou⁶ sei² saam¹ sap⁶ nin⁴. [Jyutping]

   He has been stubbornly doing this job for thirty years.

8. (Cantonese) screwed

   做又死，唔做又死 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]

   zou⁶ jau⁶ sei², m⁴ zou⁶ jau⁶ sei² [Jyutping]

   screwed if I do, screwed if I don't

9. (Cantonese) awful

   死囉！／死啰！ [Cantonese]  ―  sei² lo¹! [Jyutping]  ―  Oh no!

   • 聾嘅！死唔死呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
     聋嘅！死唔死呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]

     From: 黄俊英《肥仔米》

     lung⁴ ge³! sei² m⁴ sei² aa³? [Jyutping]

     [He's] deaf! Isn't that awful?

10. (Southern Min) closely; firmly; tightly

• The adjective 死 ("dead, inactive, etc.") cannot be used as a predicative adjective. The sentence *這隻狗死 generally does not mean "This dog is dead". For the meaning "is dead", usually the verb 死 in the perfect aspect ("to have died") is used instead:

  這隻狗死了。／这只狗死了。  ―  Zhè zhī gǒu sǐ le.  ―  This dog has died.

• The verb 死 ("to die") lacks a present meaning and denotes either past (in perfect aspect) or future (not in perfect aspect) events. It cannot be modified by the progressive aspect marker 正在 (zhèngzài) or 著／着 (zhe).

  不死  ―  bùsǐ  ―  "will not die", immortal

  沒死／没死  ―  méi sǐ  ―  "did not die", alive

• (to die):

• (awful): (Cantonese) 死人 (sǐrén), 糟糕 (zāogāo)

• (to die): 活 (huó)

• (intensifier) 鬼 (guǐ)

Others:

• Wutunhua: se
• → Thai: ซี้ (síi)

• “死”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02077

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

• Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
• Kun: しぬ (shinu, 死ぬ, Jōyō)、ころす (korosu, 死す)

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

死

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Death

Wikipedia

/si/ → /ɕi/

Appears to be a conflation of Middle Chinese 死 (MC sijX), with an Old Japanese root that happened to have a similar pronunciation to the Middle Chinese and was probably cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, to go away”). Compare modern Mandarin 死 (sǐ).

In kanji compounds, this would be considered as on'yomi; but on its own, this could be considered as either on'yomi or kun'yomi.

• (Tokyo) し [shíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1][2][3]
• IPA^(key): [ɕi]

死(し) • (shi) 

1. death

   Antonym: 生 (sei)

   死(し)に至(いた)る病(やまい)

   Shi ni Itaru Yamai

   The Sickness Unto Death

   • 1925, Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Aphorisms by a pygmy:

     眠(ねむ)りは死(し)よりも愉(ゆ)快(かい)である。少(すくな)くとも容(よう)易(い)には違(ちが)いあるまい。

     Nemuri wa shi yori mo yukai de aru. Sukunaku to mo yōi ni wa chigai aru mai.

     (please add an English translation of this example)

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. (law, historical) one of the five punishments under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, the methods used are 絞 (kō, “strangling”) and 斬 (zan, “decapitation”)

死(し) • (shi) 

1. death, to die
2. dead, unfunctional
3. life-or-death situation
4. dangerous, life-threatening
5. (baseball) out