-nya

• -nja (pre-1947, 1947-1972)

From Malay -nya, from Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a (compare Tagalog niya, Javanese -ne, Madurese -na).^[1]

• IPA^(key): /ɲa/

-nya

1. Third person singular oblique enclitic personal pronoun.
   1. As an possesive adjective.

      ibunya ― his mother

   2. As an direct or indirect object

      aku memeluknya ― I hugged him

      kami belum memberitahukannya tentang ini ― we haven't tell her yet about this

   3. As an object of a preposition, with the exception for 'di', 'ke', and 'dalam'.

      aku pinjam pensil ini darinya ― I borrow this pen from him

2. (by extension)
   1. (in some contexts and positions only) Used to mark definiteness.

      bangunannya indah ― the building is beautiful (literally, “its building (is) beautiful”)

      pakaiannya mana? ― where is the cloth? (literally, “where (is) its cloth?”)

   2. Used to mark possessive, especially in some context where it needs to be clear.

      bukunya aku ― my book (literally, “book of me”)

      abangnya Dani ― Dani's older brother (literally, “older brother of Dani”)

   3. Used to emphasize an adjective.

      manisnya permen ini ― how sweet this candy is

   4. Uses to nominalize an adjective.

      punahnya suatu bahasa ― the extinction of a language (punah means 'extinct')

      lemahnya pemerintah ― the weakness of the government (lemah means 'weak')

   5. (with the passive prefix 'di-') Used to nominalize a passive verb.

      dibacanya buku ― the reading of the book

   6. (sometimes colloquial in some contexts) Uses to nominalize an active verb.

      dia nulisnya lama ― the way he writes is slow

      kamu makannya jangan gitu ― you should not eat like that

• This enclitic can also have a plural meaning, especially when referring to objects other than humans or animals.
• When it is used to emphasize an adjective, the adjective is usually placed in front of the sentence, with the enclitic being stressed in the pronunciation.
• When it is used to nominalize adjectives and verbs, the suffixed results are dependant (can not stand alone).
• As with other enclitic pronouns in the language, it is optional can be replaced with other terms (depending on the function).

• -ku
• -mu

• “-nya” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

-nya

1. third person singular dative enclitic

-nya

1. continuative aspect enclitic

   Laku-nggu-nya.

   I am going.

• Marian Klamer (2000) “Continuative Aspect and the Dative Clitic in Kambera”, in Mark Campana, Ileana Paul, Vivianne Phillips, Lisa Travis, editors, Formal Issues in Austronesian Linguistics (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory; 49), Springer Netherlands, →ISBN, page 58

• -ڽ

From Proto-Malayic *ña, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /ɲə/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /ɲa/
• Rhymes: -ɲə, -ə

-nya (Jawi spelling -ڽ)

1. (dative) to him, to her, to it
2. (objective after preposition) him, her, it
3. (accusative) him, her, it
4. his, her, its (attributive: belonging to him / her / it)

   rumahnya ― his/her/its house

5. (emphasis) as a stress to a word or sentence.

   Wah, cantiknya bunga ini!

   Wow, this flower is so beautiful!

When used to address God, a capital letter and hyphen is used.

1. dari-Nya ― from Them (God)

• Indonesian: -nya
• → Petjo: -nja

Malay personal pronouns
		singular	plural
1st person	standard	saya／ساي aku／اکو, ku-／كو- (informal/towards God) -ku／-كو (informal possessive) hamba／همبا (dated)	kami／کامي (exclusive) kita orang／كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita／کيت (inclusive)
	royal	beta／بيتا
2nd person	standard	kamu／کامو anda／اندا (formal)
		engkau／اڠکاو, kau-／كاو- (informal/towards God) awak／اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu／-مو (possessive)	awak semua／اوق سموا kamu semua／كامو سموا kalian／کالين (informal) kau orang／كاو اورڠ (informal)
	royal	tuanku／توانكو
3rd person	standard	dia／دي ia／اي beliau／بلياو (honorific) -nya／-ڽ (possessive)	mereka／مريک dia orang／دي اورڠ (informal)
	royal	baginda／بݢيندا