ka-

ka-

1. Alternative form of ker-

• AK, Ak

Compare kaka and ka.

ka-

1. Forms a noun that denotes partnership or companionship; co-

   ‎ka- + ‎kawat (“play”) → ‎kakawat (“playmate”)

   ‎ka- + ‎iwal (“fight”) → ‎kaiwal (“enemy”)

• IPA^(key): /ka/ [kɐ]

Compare Tagalog ka-.

ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ)

1. (added to adjectives) denotes a state of being; -ness

   Synonyms: pagka-, ka- -an

   ‎ka- + ‎linaw (“calm”) → ‎kalinaw (“calmness”)

   ‎ka- + ‎bugnaw (“cold”) → ‎kabugnaw (“coldness”)

2. (added to an adjective) used in exclamations; how...

   Synonyms: -a, ka- -a

   ‎ka- + ‎init (“hot”) → ‎kainit! (“how hot!”)

3. (added to nouns or verbs) denotes partnership or companionship; co-

   Synonym: isigka-

   ‎ka- + ‎klase (“class”) → ‎kaklase (“classmate”)

   ‎ka- + ‎away (“to fight”) → ‎kaaway (“enemy”)

ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ)

1. Short for maka-.

ka-

1. Rōmaji transcription of か

ka-

1. Romanization of ꦏ-

• IPA^(key): /ka/

ka- (verb base)

1. accidental aspect of the passive intransitive verb

   ‎ka- + ‎gibe (“bring”) → ‎kagibe (“(accidentally) taken along”)

From Proto-Bantu *kà-.

ka- (plural tu-)

1. noun class prefix, used with a diminutive meaning

ka-

1. Used to form ordinal numbers

ka-

1. third person feminine/neuter agent pronominal prefix

-	Initial consonant
Environment	t/s/h/k	n/r/w/’	a	e/en	o/on	i	y
Word-Initial	ka-	ka-	w-	w-	i-	ken-	ka-

ka-

1. noun prefix

• Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 9
• Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 173

• IPA^(key): /ˈka-/

ka-

1. Used to form causative verbs

This prefix sometimes takes the forms koa-, ke- and ko-.

ka-

1. Used to form ordinal numbers

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

ka-

1. (Bavaria) Alternative form of gi-

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-.

• IPA^(key): /ka/

ka-

1. passive verb-forming prefix

• Javanese: k-, ꦏ- (ka-), ꦏꦼ- (ke-)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

Probably related to South Efate go

• IPA^(key): /ka/

ka-

1. and (forms dependent verbs)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-.

ka- (Sundanese script ᮊ-)

1. verb-forming prefix
   1. accidental aspect of the passive transitive verb

      ‎ka- + ‎tijek (“to step on”) → ‎katijek (“(accidentally) stepped on”)

      ‎ka- + ‎bedil (“gun”) → ‎kabedil (“(accidentally) shot”)

   2. perfective aspect of the passive transitive verb

      ‎ka- + ‎déngé (“to hear”) → ‎kadéngé (“to be heard”)

      ‎ka- + ‎baca (“to read”) → ‎kabaca (“to be read”)

   3. implies that the action can be done

      ‎ka- + ‎harti (“meaning”) → ‎kaharti (“(can be) understood”)

2. noun-forming prefix
   1. abstract noun-forming prefix

      ‎ka- + ‎rugi (“loss”) → ‎karugi (“loss”)

      ‎ka- + ‎hayang (“to want”) → ‎kahayang (“desire, want”)

• Not all roots can be prefixed with ka- only. Some verbs, due to semantic reasons, must feature the suffix -an.^[1] For example:

  ‎ka- + ‎merdika (“free, independent”) + ‎-an → ‎kamerdikaan (“independence”)

  ‎ka- + ‎kalangkang (“shadow”) + ‎-an → ‎kakalangkangan (“to become overshadowed”)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ika-, from Proto-Austronesian *Sika-. Compare Malay ke-, Tagalog ika-

ka-

1. numeral-forming prefix
   1. ordinal number forming prefix; -th

      ‎ka- + ‎hiji (“one”) → ‎kahiji (“first”)

      ‎ka- + ‎sapuluh (“ten”) → ‎kasapuluh (“tenth”)

• Maman Sumantri, et al. (1985) Kamus Sunda-Indonesia [Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

ka-

1. third-person singular animate (m class_(I)) recent-past perfective marker

   Near-synonyms: ali-, ame-

   • 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 5:

     Nimefanya jitihada mwenyewe na Mungu kanisaidia, […]

     I have worked hard on my own and God has helped me, […]

   • 2013, “Rais Obama kaondoka, tusirudie maisha ya aibu”, in Mwananchi‎^[1]:

     Rais Obama kaondoka, tusirudie maisha ya aibu

     President Obama has left, let us not return to a life of shame

Swahili TAM markers
Initial
Positive infinitive	ku-/kw-1
Negative infinitive	kuto-
Habitual	hu-1
Telegrammic	ka-1
Final
General (positive indicative)	-a
Positive subjunctive	-e
Negative present	-i
Second person plural	-ni
Infix position positive subject concord
Positive past	-li-
Positive present	-na-
Positive future	-ta-
Negative subjunctive	-si-1
Positive present conditional	-nge-
Negative present conditional	-singe-
Positive past conditional	-ngali-
Negative past conditional	-singali-
Gnomic	-a-1
Perfect	-me-
"Already" past	-lisha-
"Already" present	-mesha-/-sha-
"If/When"	-ki-1
"If not"	-sipo-
Consecutive	-ka-1
Infix position negative subject concord
Negative past	-ku-1
Negative future	-ta-
"Not yet"	-ja-1
Negative present conditional	-nge-
Negative past conditional	-ngali-
Relative
Past	-li-
Present	-na-
Future	-taka-
Negative	-si-
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.

Ultimately from Proto-Bantu *kà-.

ka-

1. (colloquial or dialect, nonstandard) noun class 12 prefix, used with a diminutive or depreciative meaning

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka- (Baybayin spelling ᜃ)

1. implies companionship or partnership when prefixed to a root

   ‎ka- + ‎sama (“to accompany”) → ‎kasama (“partner”)

   ‎ka- + ‎opisina (“office”) → ‎kaopisina (“coworker”)

2. implies similarity or interaction when prefixed to a root noun

   ‎ka- + ‎mukha (“face”) → ‎kamukha (“someone/something similar; look-alike”)

   ‎ka- + ‎away (“fight”) → ‎kaaway (“enemy”)

3. implies repeated action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable

   ‎ka- + ‎sigaw (“shout”) → ‎kasisigaw (“repeatedly shouting”)

   ‎ka- + ‎isip (“mind, thought”) → ‎kaiisip (“thinking a lot”)

4. implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree when prefixed to a root that repeats the first two syllables

   ‎ka- + ‎galang (“respect”) → ‎kagalang-galang (“inspiring great respect”)

   ‎ka- + ‎paniwala (“belief”) → ‎kapani-paniwala (“very plausible”)

5. implies recent action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable and followed by lang or lamang

   ‎ka- + ‎punta (“going”) → ‎kapupunta (“recently went”)

   ‎ka- + ‎luto (“cooking, cuisine”) → ‎kaluluto (“recently cooked”)

• kaka-

• (before /e/) ke-
• (before /o/) ko-

From Proto-Bantu *ká-.

• IPA^(key): /ka-/

ka-

1. class 12 pronominal concord

   ‎ka- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎kanu (“this (class 12)”)

2. they; class 12 subject concord

   ‎ka- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎kakora (“it (class 12) does”)

3. positive imperative form of -ka- (“it; class 12 object concord”)

   ‎ka- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎kaha (“give it (class 12)”)

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ká-

1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

ka-

1. Alternative form of ma- (hortative)

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ka-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ka-”