improbus

• inprobus

From in- +‎ probus.

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈim.pro.bus/, [ˈɪmprɔbʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈim.pro.bus/, [ˈimprobus]

improbus (feminine improba, neuter improbum, comparative improbior, superlative improbissimus, adverb improbē); first/second-declension adjective

1. excessive, immoderate, flagrant, impudent
2. greedy, wanton, ravenous
3. wicked, bad, villainous, immoral, impious, malicious, cruel, unprincipled, shameless
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.386:

     “[...] Dabis, improbe, poenās.”

     “You will be given — wicked [man]! — [your] punishments.”
     (Translations — Mackail, 1885: “Wretch, thou shalt repay!”; Knight, 1956: “You will have your punishment, you villain.”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “Depraved, you will then pay your penalties.”; Fitzgerald, 1981: “You will pay for this, unconscionable!”; West, 1990: “You will receive the punishment you deserve.”; Lombardo, 2005: “You will pay, you despicable liar,”; Fagles, 2006: “You’ll pay, you shameless, ruthless —”; Ahl, 2007: “There'll be no impunity. You'll pay.”; Ferry, 2017: “...wicked one. You will be punished.”; Bartsch, 2020: “Wicked man, you’ll pay.”; Ruden, 2021: “when you, at last, are paying.”)

4. indomitable
5. Given so many nuanced meanings of the word in context, varied understandings and translations of classical Latin may be possible, e.g.:
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.412:

     “Improbe Amor, quid nōn mortālia pectora cōgis?”

     “Indomitable Love: What do you not compel [in] human hearts?”
     “Wicked Love: What do you not compel [in] human hearts?”
     “Wanton Love: What do you not compel [in] human hearts?”

   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.331:

     noctis erat medium, quid nōn amor improbus audet?

     It was midnight – what doesn’t wanton desire dare?
     It was midnight – what doesn’t wicked lust dare?
     It was midnight – what doesn’t shameless passion dare?

First/second-declension adjective.

• improbulus

• French: improbe
• Portuguese: ímprobo
• Spanish: ímprobo
• Italian: improbo

• “improbus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “improbus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• improbus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• improbus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • the aristocracy (as a party in politics): boni cives, optimi, optimates, also simply boni (opp. improbi); illi, qui optimatium causam agunt