Appendix:Proto-Arawan reconstructions
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Proto-Arawan reconstructions:[1]
Dixon (2004)
Note: PN indicates an (inalienably) possessed noun.
| Semantic category | No. (numeral) | Gloss (Proto-Arawá) | Glosses (daughter languages) | Proto-Arawá | PN | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | 1 | fish (generic) | *aba- | |||
| a | 2 | moon, month | *abaCiko | |||
| a | 3 | araunã (fish sp.) | *aba majaro | |||
| a | 4 | nerve, tendon; corpse | *abapo-ni/ne | PN | ||
| a | 5 | cheek, tongue; roof of mouth | *abatha-ni/ne | PN | ||
| a | 6 | father | *abi('i) | |||
| a | 7 | body; spirit | *abono-ni/ne | PN | ||
| a | 8 | wet | *a'bi | |||
| a | 9 | hill, slope | *adami | |||
| a | 10 | trunk, stalk | *ade-ni/ne | PN | ||
| a | 11 | tree | *aga(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| a | 12 | yawn | *agaa | |||
| a | 13 | here | *ahi- | |||
| a | 14 | sing; song, music | *ahie- | see also t5 | ||
| a | 15 | cashew | *ajowa | |||
| a | 16 | satisfied (after eating) | *akhari | |||
| a | 17 | socó heron | *ama'ahawa | |||
| a | 18 | blood | *ama(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| a | 19 | sociozinho heron | *amasawari | |||
| a | 20 | mother | *ami- | |||
| a | 21 | crab | *amo | |||
| a | 22 | be good | *amoshi | |||
| a | 23 | star | *amowa | |||
| a | 25 | small bamboo sp.; flute made from it | *api | |||
| a | 26 | leaf | *apha-ni/ne | PN | see also j12 | |
| a | 27 | soft material inside something (e.g., brains, marrow) | *aphone(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| a | 28 | sister | *asima | |||
| a | 29 | skin | *asiphi-ni/ne | PN | ||
| a | 30 | mud hole, swamp | *ata | |||
| a | 31 | skin, bark | *atero-ni/ne, *etaro-ni/ne | PN | ||
| a | 32 | thorn | *ati-ni/ati-ne//ati(w)a | PN | ||
| a | 33 | stick, sticky; put, place | *atha | |||
| a | 34 | forehead | *atha-ni/ne | PN | ||
| a | 35 | voice, language | *athi-ni/ne | PN | ||
| a | 36 | see; be visible | *awa- | |||
| a | 37 | wasp | *awani | |||
| a | 38 | tapir | *awi | |||
| a | 39 | small ant with painful bite | *awitha | |||
| a | 40 | tongue | *abeno-ni/ne, *ebano-ni/ne | PN | ||
| ’a | 1 | father's sister, mother-in-law | *'aasho | |||
| ’a | 2 | father's sister, mother-in-law | *'aboni | see also w1 | ||
| ’a | 3 | older sister | *'adia | |||
| ’a | 4 | tingui (fish poison) | *'akonaha | |||
| ’a | 5 | piau sp. (fish) | *'awida | |||
| b | 1 | beat, hit | *baa | |||
| b | 2 | pluck, pick | *bada | |||
| b | 3 | (his/her) father's brother | *badi- | |||
| b | 4 | deer | *bado(e) | |||
| b | 5 | leafstalk, aerial roots; new leaf, crotch | *baha-ni/ne | PN | ||
| b | 6 | surubim (large fish) | *bahama | |||
| b | 7 | thunder, lightning | *bahi | |||
| b | 8 | small/young turtle | *baishi | |||
| b | 10 | fat; thick | *bajina (or *bajini) | |||
| b | 11 | break | *baka | |||
| b | 12 | chest, underside | *Bakho-ni/ne | |||
| b | 13 | white | *Bakho | |||
| b | 14 | roast on coals | *bana- (or *ibana) | |||
| b | 15 | game animal, meat | *bani | |||
| b | 16 | axe | *bari | |||
| b | 17 | pound to flatten | *baro | |||
| b | 18 | tree sp. | *baro | |||
| b | 19 | pacu (fish sp.) | *basani | |||
| b | 20 | bitter | *bidaro | |||
| b | 21 | mandi (catfish sp.) | *bidama | |||
| b | 22 | carai (yam sp.) | *biha | |||
| b | 23 | feather, wing; arm, hand | *bihi-ni/ne | PN | ||
| b | 24 | small | *biriha-ro/ri | |||
| b | 25 | large mosquito (carapanã); biting gnat | *bitha | |||
| b | 26 | steal, rob | *bo'di- | |||
| b | 27 | paxiúba (palm tree)' | *boba | |||
| b | 28 | piece | *bobi-ni/ne | PN | ||
| b | 29 | owl sp. | *bobo | |||
| b | 30 | bacuri (fruit tree) | *bodi | |||
| b | 31 | inside, inner part of | *bodi-ni/ne | |||
| b | 32 | frog sp. that calls out when high water recedes | *boka | |||
| b | 33 | brave, angry; violence; threaten | *boke'i | |||
| b | 34 | close, cover aperture | *boko | |||
| b | 35 | (1) beak, upper lip; (2) fruit | *bono-ni/ne | PN | ||
| b | 36 | pull, tear out | *Bore | |||
| ’b | 1 | tick | *'babo | |||
| ’b | 2 | pretend | *'bada(ra)- | |||
| ’b | 3 | beat | *'bakha | |||
| ’b | 4 | rotten, putrid | *'batha | |||
| ’b | 5 | dirty; bad (smell) | *'biiXa | |||
| ’b | 6 | stretch out legs | *'bishoni | |||
| ’b | 7 | stingray | *'bo'dani | |||
| ’b | 8 | old | *'bo'de | |||
| ’b | 9 | imbariba (tree sp.) | *'boko | |||
| d | 1 | son | *da'o | |||
| d | 2 | give | *da(a) | |||
| d | 3 | hit, pound, spank | *da(ka) (or *ida(ka)) | |||
| d | 4 | grab, hold | *dama | |||
| d | 5 | scrotum, testicles | *danapha-ni/ne | PN | see also n7 | |
| d | 6 | moth/butterfly | *daphopho | |||
| d | 7 | guan (bird sp.) | *dapo | |||
| d | 8 | ant sp. | *dasha(ri) | |||
| d | 9 | big leaf calathea (fish sp.) | *dawi | |||
| d | 10 | belch, burp | *dee- | |||
| d | 11 | wasp sp. | *deshishi | |||
| d | 12 | unfasten, undo, release | *disha | |||
| d | 13 | demolish, fell (tree) | *dobe | |||
| d | 15 | limp | *dokhi | |||
| d | 16 | tonka bean | *doni | |||
| d | 17 | inside part, abdomen | *doro-ni/ne | |||
| d | 18 | kingfisher | [*DiroDiro] | |||
| ’d | 1 | head | *'da'di-ni/ne | PN | ||
| ’d | 2 | fix, fasten | *'da(kha) | |||
| ’d | 3 | lake | *'dako(rija) | |||
| ’d | 4 | foot | *'dama-ni/ne | PN | ||
| ’d | 5 | shake, rock | *'Dara | |||
| ’d | 6 | peel (fruit, etc.) | *'dero | |||
| ’d | 7 | jump | *'di- | |||
| ’d | 8 | cicada | [*'Diriri] | |||
| ’d | 9 | push, shove | *'Dokho | |||
| e | 1 | palm sp, | *ere | |||
| g | 1 | stand | *ga- | |||
| g | 2 | snail sp. | *gaho | |||
| g | 3 | dry | *gahoko | |||
| g | 4 | woolly monkey | *gapha | |||
| g | 5 | catch, grab | *gathi- | |||
| g | 6 | go | *gawa(hi) | |||
| g | 7 | to grate | *giheki | |||
| h | 1 | eat | *ha(wa) | |||
| h | 2 | be, exist | *ha- | |||
| h | 3 | grasshopper sp. | *habishe | |||
| h | 4 | root | *habo(ri)-ni/ne | PN | ||
| h | 5 | be ripe, mature | *hada | |||
| h | 6 | sneeze | *hadisha | |||
| h | 7 | bamboo sp., knife made from it | *hado | |||
| h | 8 | be burnt | *ha'di | |||
| h | 9 | path | *hagi(hi)(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| h | 10 | laugh | *haha (or *haahaa) | |||
| h | 11 | web-spinning spider sp. | *hako | |||
| h | 12 | vine (for basket making) | *hama(ha) | |||
| h | 13 | angry, mean; rage, fury | *hami- | |||
| h | 14 | design, picture | *hano-ni/ne | PN | ||
| h | 15 | grandchild | *hanodi | |||
| h | 16 | heron sp. | *hanopi | |||
| h | 17 | blow, light fire | *hapho | |||
| h | 18 | breathe, rest | *hashi | |||
| h | 19 | patauá palm | *hawa | |||
| h | 20 | yes | *he'e | |||
| h | 21 | lick; eat a juicy fruit | *hero | |||
| h | 22 | now | *hida | |||
| h | 23 | beetle sp. | *hijabo | |||
| h | 24 | termite nest | *hijabo | |||
| h | 25 | white-lipped peccary | *hijama | |||
| h | 26 | tell (story) | *hijara (or *hijari) | |||
| h | 27 | bee sp., its honey | *hiji | |||
| h | 28 | let's go' (interjection) | *hiNa | |||
| h | 29 | mot-mot bird | *hiriti | |||
| h | 30 | suck, absorb; snigg, smell | *hishi | |||
| h | 31 | hole | *hodi-ni/ne | PN | ||
| h | 32 | great anteater | *hojawa | |||
| h | 33 | heron sp. | *honore | |||
| h | 34 | old, dried up | *horasa | |||
| h | 35 | play wind instrument; bark trumpet | *hori | |||
| i | 1 | put, place | *iba- | |||
| i | 3 | small piece | *ibisiCi | |||
| i | 4 | pierce, sting | *ida | |||
| i | 5 | back | *ide-ni/ne | PN | ||
| i | 6 | grandfather | *idi | |||
| i | 7 | animal | *igathe | |||
| i | 8 | medicine; poison on arrows and darts | *iha | |||
| i | 9 | pregnant | *ijahani | |||
| i | 10 | feces | *ijo(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| i | 11 | lips | *ijahi-ni/ne | |||
| i | 12 | teach something; story, talk (noun) | *ima | |||
| i | 13 | meat | *ima-ni/ne | PN | ||
| i | 14 | ingai (tree and edible fruit) | *imi | |||
| i | 15 | branch | *ini-ni/ne | PN | ||
| i | 16 | tooth | *ino-ni/ne | PN | ||
| i | 17 | shaman | *iniowa (or iniwa) | |||
| i | 18 | lip, edge | *ipo-ni/ne | PN | ||
| i | 19 | leg, stalk | *isho-ni/ne | PN | ||
| i | 20 | to skin | *ite | |||
| j | 1 | new | *ja'di | |||
| j | 2 | stone | *ja'di | |||
| j | 3 | large insect (possibly daddy longlegs) | *ja'o | |||
| j | 4 | sloth sp. | *ja'o | |||
| j | 5 | abdomen, uterus; stomach; fat | *jaha-ni/ne | PN | ||
| j | 6 | howler monkey | *jajiko | |||
| j | 7 | toucan (Ramphastos genus) | *jakhi | |||
| j | 8 | thing, forest | *jama | |||
| j | 9 | house | *jamari-ni/ne | PN | ||
| j | 10 | food | *jamatapa | |||
| j | 11 | palm sp. (paxiubinha) | *jani | |||
| j | 12 | hand | *japa-ni/ne | PN | ||
| j | 13 | frog sp. | *japho'i (or *japhowi) | |||
| j | 14 | rat sp. | *japi | |||
| j | 15 | be angry | *jawa- | |||
| j | 16 | palm sp. (murumuru) | *jawana | |||
| j | 17 | peach palm | *jawida | |||
| j | 18 | heron sp. | *jawiro | |||
| j | 19 | ant sp. (tocandira) | *jimo (or *jomo) | |||
| j | 20 | (cooking) pot | *jipaha | |||
| j | 21 | fire, firewood | *jipho | |||
| j | 22 | hammock | *jiphowi | |||
| j | 23 | fruit tree sp. | *joha | |||
| j | 24 | breast, milk | *johari-ni/ne | PN | ||
| j | 25 | urine | *jokhari-ni/ne | PN | ||
| j | 26 | jaguar | *jomahi | |||
| j | 27 | scorpion | *jomowasha | |||
| j | 28 | night; shadow | *jome-ni/ne | PN | ||
| j | 29 | snake sp. | *jonirara | |||
| j | 30 | tail | *jopari-ni/ne | PN | ||
| j | 31 | to order | *joshe'e- | |||
| j | 32 | buttocks | *joto-ni/ne | PN | ||
| j | 33 | coati (quati) | *jotomi | |||
| j | 34 | capuchin monkey | *jowi(hi) | |||
| j | 35 | frog sp. | *joiwa | |||
| k | 1 | cut, chop | *ka | |||
| k | 2 | sand | *kaaxijo | |||
| k | 3 | to vomit | *ka'bi | |||
| k | 4 | window | *kathena | |||
| k | 5 | cook, roast | *ka'ari | |||
| k | 6 | urucuri (a palm) | *kahami | |||
| k | 7 | tie, fasten | *kaho | |||
| k | 8 | louse | *kamati | |||
| k | 9 | dove sp. | *kamowa | |||
| k | 10 | butterfly | *kamakokojo | |||
| k | 11 | chin | *kanada-ni/ne (or *anada-ni/-ne) | PN | ||
| k | 12 | small toad sp. | *kapakapa | |||
| k | 13 | ant sp. | *kaposhiri | |||
| k | 14 | biting fly (mutuca) | *karajati | |||
| k | 15 | (shoot with) blow-gun | *kariboba | |||
| k | 16 | necklace, beads | *kasoro | |||
| k | 17 | pepper | *kashi'i | |||
| k | 18 | banana sp. | *katomi | see also s5 | ||
| k | 19 | oriole | *kawashiro | |||
| k | 20 | howler monkey | *kawina | |||
| k | 21 | mixed; to lubricate, paint | *kete(ma) | |||
| k | 22 | defecate, be ill | *kija | |||
| k | 23 | maize, sweet corn | *kimi | |||
| k | 24 | three-toed sloth | *kiriwe | |||
| k | 25 | armadillo (tatu) | *kishi- | |||
| k | 26 | capuchin monkey | *kiso | |||
| k | 27 | spill | *kitxV | |||
| k | 28 | hit, beat | *koba | |||
| k | 29 | sweet manioc (macaxeira) | *kojo | |||
| k | 30 | tucunaré (fish sp.) | *kosop(h)a | |||
| k | 31 | woodpecker sp. | *koka | |||
| k | 32 | mother's brother, father-in-law | *koko | |||
| k | 33 | small eagle sp. | *koko(w)i | |||
| k | 34 | pain | *koma(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| k | 35 | eat, be satisfied; suck (on) | *komi | |||
| k | 36 | trogon (bird sp.) | *komi | |||
| k | 37 | hair | *kona(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| k | 38 | to bathe | *konaha | |||
| k | 39 | toad sp. | [*kore-] | |||
| k | 40 | palm sp. with thorns | *korira | |||
| k | 41 | throw | *koro | |||
| k | 42 | to whip | *koshi | |||
| k | 43 | kinkajou (jupara, night monkey) | *kosikosi | |||
| k | 44 | point, end; piece of | *kota-ni/ne | PN | ||
| k | 45 | tortoise | *kowasa | |||
| k | 46 | to weave | *kowa- | |||
| k | 47 | palm sp. | *kowasaki | |||
| k | 48 | to whistle | *kowika | |||
| kh | 1 | go, be in motion | *kha- | |||
| kh | 2 | hard, firm | *khaara | |||
| kh | 3 | dance; (women) sing | *khajobi- | |||
| kh | 4 | (be) heavy | *khanaha | |||
| kh | 5 | kingfisher (ariramba) | *khere | |||
| kh | 6 | see, look at | *khi | |||
| kh | 7 | scratch, tickle | *khiri | |||
| kh | 8 | knee, joint | *khobabari-ni/ne | PN | ||
| kh | 9 | nakedness | *khoriha-ni/ne | PN | ||
| kh | 10 | fish sp. (prob. jeju) | *khorobo | |||
| kh | 11 | to growl (of dog) | *khororo | |||
| kh | 12 | blowfly | *khorowira | |||
| m | 1 | (Indian) person | *madiha | |||
| m | 2 | vine, rope | *mado(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| m | 3 | tie (e.g., cord on bow) | *mado- | probably related to m2 | ||
| m | 4 | sun | *mahi | |||
| m | 5 | smell | *maho-ni/ne | PN | ||
| m | 6 | tree sp. with cottonlike growth | *mahowa | |||
| m | 7 | pajurá (tree sp.) | *majo | |||
| m | 8 | heart; belly | *makawari(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| m | 9 | snake | *makha | (generic) | ||
| m | 10 | man, husband | *makhira | |||
| m | 11 | exchange, price | *manako-ni/ne | PN | ||
| m | 12 | ant sp. | *mapho | |||
| m | 13 | bat | *mase | |||
| m | 14 | father's sister, mother-in-law | *mashodini | see also 'a1 | ||
| m | 15 | moon, month | *masiko | |||
| m | 16 | buttocks, tree stump | *mata-ni/ne | |||
| m | 17 | neck; back of neck | *matho-ni/ne | PN | ||
| m | 18 | ant sp. | *me'i | |||
| m | 19 | give birth to; defecate | *mihi | |||
| m | 20 | electric eel | *mina'di | |||
| m | 21 | porcupine | *mishe | |||
| m | 22 | hear, listen | *mitha- | |||
| m | 23 | anteater (tamanduá) | *modo | |||
| m | 24 | larva of fly (laid in skin) | *moho | |||
| m | 25 | resin, beeswax | *moja | |||
| m | 26 | honey bee; wasp | *monamona | |||
| m | 27 | message, news; noise, sound | *moni | |||
| m | 28 | fish sp. | *moro | |||
| m | 29 | bite, crush between the teeth; pierce | *moto | |||
| m | 30 | termite | *mototowa | |||
| m | 31 | flower, blossom | *mowe-ni/ne (or *mawa-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| m | 32 | night monkey | *mowi | |||
| n | 1 | big | *na'bi(ha)- | |||
| n | 2 | paxiúba-barriguda (palm sp.) | *nabohi | |||
| n | 3 | underside, lower part, below | *nabopa(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| n | 4 | later | *naho(thi) | |||
| n | 5 | ground | *nami | |||
| n | 6 | to show | *namitha | |||
| n | 7 | egg | *napha-ni/ne or *inapha-ni/ne | PN | cf. d5 *danapha ni/ne 'scrotum, testicles' | |
| n | 8 | ear | *naribo-ni/ne | PN | ||
| n | 9 | measure | *nathomV | |||
| n | 10 | know | *nawato | |||
| n | 11 | upper part of, above; sky | *neme(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| n | 12 | squeeze | *niki | |||
| n | 13 | show | *noke | |||
| n | 14 | wait for | *nokhV | |||
| n | 15 | face, eye, middle | *nokho-ni/ne | PN | ||
| n | 16 | to wake | *nokho | |||
| n | 17 | door | *nokho bihiri | |||
| n | 18 | sleep | *nokhobisha | |||
| n | 19 | (finger/toe) nail | *nokhoshi-ni/ne | PN | ||
| n | 20 | to like, want | *nophV- | |||
| o | 1 | be one, be alone | *ohari (or *wahari) | |||
| o | 2 | cry, weep | *ohi | |||
| o | 3 | make smoke; light emitted from source; to give off light | *oja | |||
| o | 4 | pigeon; dove sp. (juriti) | *okoko | |||
| o | 5 | alligator sp. | *ona | |||
| o | 6 | name | *oni-ni/ne | PN | ||
| o | 7 | genipap (jenipapo) | *ora | |||
| o | 8 | to paddle, mix | *ori | |||
| o | 9 | cará (fish sp.) | *otawi | |||
| o | 10 | frog sp. | *owawa | |||
| p | 1 | garden | *p(h)adara | |||
| p | 2 | gourd | *paho | |||
| p | 3 | two | *pama- | |||
| p | 4 | (his) wife | *panadi | |||
| p | 5 | thigh | *panakho-ni/ne | PN | ||
| p | 6 | assai palm | *para'i | |||
| p | 7 | stick, handle; house girder; to straighten | *pini-ni/ne | PN | ||
| p | 8 | illuminate, shine on | *piri | |||
| p | 9 | squirrel monkey (macaco-de-cheiro, Saimiri sciurus); marmoset (small monkey) | *pishi | |||
| p | 10 | lie down | *poma (or *pona) | |||
| p | 11 | high, large | *pota | |||
| p | 12 | to drink | *pawe | |||
| p | 13 | (bitter) manioc | *po'a (or *powa) | |||
| ph | 1 | water, liquid | *phaha(-ni/ne) | PN | ||
| ph | 2 | sprouting; hatch (egg); open (e.g., clouds) | *phata | |||
| ph | 3 | to spit (at/into) | [*phito (or *phiro)] | |||
| ph | 4 | disappear from view | *PHiri | |||
| ph | 5 | small bird sp. | [*PHiriri] | |||
| ph | 6 | mortar (for grinding) | *phowa | |||
| r | 1 | show, point at | *rajopi | |||
| r | 2 | pull out, snatch away | *rajopha | |||
| r | 3 | swell, overflow | *raphowa | |||
| r | 5 | rub, scour; perforate, bore | *rawijo | |||
| r | 6 | spread out, disordered; disappear | *riphira | |||
| r | 7 | shake, rock | *Roko | |||
| s | 1 | cloud, foam | *sabi | |||
| s | 3 | pierce, sting, shoot with arrow | *saka | |||
| s | 4 | passion fruit (maracuja) | *sanaro | |||
| s | 5 | banana sp. | *satomi | see also k18 | ||
| s | 6 | to sharpen | *sejo | |||
| s | 7 | fish sp. | *siraba | |||
| s | 8 | suck, absorb | *soso | |||
| s | 9 | sweep; scratch, scrape | *sowe | |||
| sh | 1 | peel, separate layers | *sha | |||
| sh | 2 | otter | *shabira | |||
| sh | 3 | eagle-hawk (Harpia harpia) | *shabiria | |||
| sh | 4 | vine sp. | *shahi | |||
| sh | 5 | lung fish (traira) | *shako | |||
| sh | 6 | pineapple | *shami | |||
| sh | 7 | gnaw | *shawari | cf. hi *ha(wa) 'eat' | ||
| sh | 8 | burn | *sharV | |||
| sh | 9 | weasel sp. (irara) | *shawa(ri) | |||
| sh | 10 | sand | *shiki- | |||
| sh | 11 | tobacco, snuff | *shina | |||
| sh | 12 | agouti (cutia) | *shinama | |||
| sh | 13 | to toast (e.g., manioc) | *shira | |||
| sh | 14 | turtle (tartaruga) | *shire | |||
| sh | 15 | be cold | *shiri- | |||
| sh | 16 | drip, drop; sprinkle (liquids); flow, pour; urinate | *sho(roro) | |||
| sh | 17 | navel | *shobori-ni/ne | PN | ||
| sh | 18 | to wash | *shoko | |||
| sh | 19 | scum, froth; starchy juice, gum | *shoko-ni/ne | PN | ||
| sh | 20 | tie, fasten, bind | *shokV | |||
| sh | 21 | earthworm | *shomi | |||
| sh | 22 | to fall | *shona | |||
| sh | 23 | fruit vine sp. | *shabono | |||
| t | 1 | throat; neck | *TaBidi-ni/ne | PN | ||
| t | 2 | roast over fire | *tabishe | |||
| t | 3 | stir, mix, crush (in water) | *tabo | |||
| t | 4 | home, village; bed, sleeping place, seat | *tabora-ni/ne (or *taboro-ni/-ne) | PN | ||
| t | 5 | song about | *tahieri-ni/ne | PN | ||
| t | 6 | ant sp. | *takasiri | |||
| t | 7 | matamatá tree; envira tree | *tamajara | |||
| t | 8 | monkey sp. (macaco parauaçu, Pithecia monachus) | *tamakori | |||
| t | 9 | jack fruit tree | *tamino | |||
| t | 10 | sweat | *tanikho-ni/ne | PN | ||
| t | 11 | pied-crested oropendola (type of oriole, japu) | *tano | |||
| t | 12 | eat | *tapa | |||
| t | 13 | food | *tapa(ri)-ni/ne | PN | cf. t12 | |
| t | 14 | leaf bundle for wrapping | *taphowe-ni/ne | PN | ||
| t | 15 | shellfish | *taro | |||
| t | 16 | medicine, seasoning | *tasha-ni/ne | PN | cf. t19 *tesha-ni/ne | |
| t | 17 | first, firstly, first place, go first | *Tatide | |||
| t | 18 | black-fronted nunbird (bico-de-brasa) | *tawikhoro(ro) | |||
| t | 19 | companion of | *tesha-ni/ne | PN | ||
| t | 20 | cut with knife, scissors | *ti- | |||
| t | 21 | gull (gaviota) | [*tihe] | |||
| t | 22 | daughter | *to | |||
| t | 23 | nighthawk (bacurau) | *tobejaro (or *tobejero) | |||
| t | 24 | imitate | *tomi- | |||
| t | 25 | bone | *tona-ni/ne | PN | ||
| t | 26 | snail sp. | *topawa | |||
| t | 27 | vine sp. | *topi | |||
| t | 29 | bamboo sp. (taboca) and flute made from it | *totore | |||
| th | 1 | tread on, step on | *thahi | |||
| th | 2 | upstream | *-thima | (verb suffix) | ||
| th | 3 | to cough, a cough | *thoho | |||
| th | 4 | light, nimble, quick, agile, easy | *thoja | |||
| tx | 1 | thin, flat | *txeperi | |||
| tx | 2 | sour(ness) | *txika'da | |||
| tx | 3 | sweet | *txina | |||
| w | 1 | brother-in-law for man | *wabo | see also 'a2 | ||
| w | 2 | to dream, to sleep | *wadami- (verb) | see also w3 | ||
| w | 3 | a dream | *wadari-ni/ne | PN | ||
| w | 4 | light (noun); brightness of; clearness | *waha-ni/ne | |||
| w | 5 | cicada | *wahano | |||
| w | 6 | large mosquito (carapanã) | *waharo | |||
| w | 7 | liver | *wahati-ni/ne | PN | ||
| w | 8 | river | *waini | |||
| w | 9 | be hungry | *waipemi- | |||
| w | 10 | abiurana (covering several trees of genus Lucuma) | *waishowa | |||
| w | 11 | to bite | *waji | |||
| w | 12 | tree sp. | *wakana | |||
| w | 13 | spinx-month larva; caterpillar sp. | *wakari | |||
| w | 14 | tree with resin which is used to light fires | *wami | |||
| w | 15 | spider sp. | *wanakoRi | |||
| w | 16 | owl sp. | *wapa | |||
| w | 17 | cotton | *wape | |||
| w | 18 | oar, paddle | *waRami | |||
| w | 19 | chachalaca (bird, aracuã) | *wara- | |||
| w | 20 | tree sp. with soft wood | *warakana | |||
| w | 21 | kapok ceibe tree (samatima, Ceiba pendandra) | *wasina (or *wasini) | |||
| w | 22 | lungs | *washabori-ni/ne | PN | ||
| w | 23 | fruit tree sp. | *watama | |||
| w | 24 | walk bent over; rapid, swift; run fast | *watxi | |||
| w | 25 | rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) | *wekhe'i | |||
| w | 26 | to dig | *wi | |||
| w | 27 | container for; in company with | *wijehe-ni/ne | PN | ||
| w | 28 | cashew sp. | *winika | |||
| w | 29 | nose | *wiridi-ni/ne | PN | ||
| w | 30 | throw water, bail out | *wisha | |||
| w | 31 | cut, saw | *wishi(na) | |||
| w | 32 | sit | *witha- | |||
| x | 1 | urucu (Bixa orellana; red paint made from fruit) | *xidepe | |||
| x | 2 | sweet manioc (macaxeira) | *ximeka |
References
- ^ Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. Proto-Arawá Phonology. Anthropological Linguistics 46: 1-83.