Radio resource management

Radio resource management (RRM) is the system level control of co-channel interference and other radio transmission characteristics in wireless communication systems, for example cellular networks, wireless networks and broadcasting systems. RRM involves strategies and algorithms for controlling parameters such as transmit power, channel allocation, handover criteria, modulation scheme, error coding scheme, etc. The objective is to utilize the limited radio spectrum resources and radio network infrastructure as efficiently as possible.

RRM concerns multi-user and multi-cell network capacity issues, rather than point-to-point channel capacity. Traditional telecommunications research and education often dwell upon channel coding and source coding with a single user in mind, although it may not be possible to achieve the maximum channel capacity when several users and adjacent base stations share the same frequency channel. Efficient dynamic RRM schemes may increase the system capacity in an order of magnitude, which often is considerably more than what is possible by introducing advanced channel coding and source coding schemes. RRM is especially important in systems limited by co-channel interference rather than by noise, for example cellular systems and broadcast networks homogeneously covering large areas, and wireless networks consisting of many adjacent access points that may reuse the same channel frequencies.

The cost for deploying a wireless network is normally dominated by base station sites (real estate costs, planning, maintenance, distribution network, energy, etc) and sometimes also by frequency license fees. The objective of radio resource management is therefore typically to maximize the system spectral efficiency in "bit/s/Hz/base station site" or "Erlang/MHz/site", under constraint that the grade of service should be above a certain level. The latter involves covering a certain area and avoiding outage due to co-channel interference, noise, attenuation caused by long distances, fading caused by shadowing and multipath, Doppler shift and other forms of distortion. The grade of service is also affected by blocking due to admission control, scheduling starvation or inability to guarantee quality of service that is requested by the users.

Static radio resource management

Static RRM involves manual as well as computer aided fixed cell planning or radio network planning. Examples:
* Frequency allocation band plans decided by standardization bodies, by national frequency authorities and in frequency resource auctions.
* Deployment of base station sites (or broadcasting transmitter site)
* Antenna heights
* Channel frequency plans
* Sector antenna directions
* Selection of modulation and channel coding parameters
* Base station antenna space diversity, for example
** Receiver micro diversity using antenna combining
** Transmitter macro diversity such as OFDM single frequency networks (SFN)

Static RRM schemes are used in many traditional wireless systems, for example 1G and 2G cellular systems, in today's wireless local area networks and in non-cellular systems, for example broadcasting systems. Examples of static RRM schemes are:
* Circuit mode communication using FDMA and TDMA.
* Fixed channel allocation (FCA)
* Static handover criteria

Dynamic radio resource management

Dynamic RRM schemes adaptively adjust the radio network parameters to the traffic load, user positions, quality of service requirements, etc. Dynamic RRM schemes are considered in the design of wireless systems, in view to minimize expensive manual cell planning and achieve "tighter" frequency reuse patterns, resulting in improved system spectral efficiency.

Some schemes are centralized, where several base stations and access points are controlled by a Radio Network Controller (RNC). Others are distributed, either autonomous algorithms in mobile stations, base stations or wireless access points, or coordinated by exchanging information among these stations.

Examples of dynamic RRM schemes are:

* Power control algorithms
* Link adaptation algorithms
* Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) or Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) algorithms
* Traffic adaptive handover criteria, allowing "cell breathing"
* Re-use partitioning
* Adaptive filtering
** Single antenna interference cancellation (SAIC)
* Dynamic diversity schemes, for example
**Soft handover
**Dynamic Single Frequency Networks (DSFN)
**Phased array antenna with
***beamforming
***Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO)
***Space-time coding
* Admission control
* Dynamic bandwidth allocation using resource reservation multiple access schemes or statistical multiplexing, for example Spread spectrum and/or packet radio
* Channel-dependent scheduling, for instance
** Max-min fair scheduling using for example fair queuing
** Proportionally fair scheduling using for example weighted fair queuing
** Maximum throughput scheduling (gives low grade of service due to starvation)
** Dynamic packet assignment (DPA)
** Packet and Resource Plan Scheduling (PARPS) schemes
* Mobile ad-hoc networks using multihop communication
* Cognitive radio

ee also

* Cellular networks
* Cellular traffic
* Electromagnetic interference control
* IEEE 802.11h - Transmit power control and dynamic frequency selection (DFS) for wireless local area networks
* IEEE 802.11k - RRM for wireless local area networks
* Mobility management
* Multiple access methods
* Radio Network Controller (RNC)
* Spectral efficiency

References

* J. Zander, S-L Kim, M. Almgren (2001), Radio Resource Management for Wireless Networks, Artech House Publishers, ISBN:1580531466.
* N. D. Tripathi, J. H. Reed, H. F. Vanlandingham (2001), Radio Resource Management in Cellular Systems, Springer, ISBN:079237374X [http://books.google.com/books?id=xex6Z-DquTwC&dq=radio+resource+management]