Swabia

Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia (German: "Schwaben", "Schwabenland" or "Ländle") is both a historic and linguistic (see Swabian German) region in Germany. Swabia consists of much of the present-day state of Baden-Württemberg (specifically, historical Württemberg and the Hohenzollerische Lande), as well as the Bavarian administrative region of Swabia. In the Middle Ages, Baden, Vorarlberg, the modern principality of Liechtenstein, modern German-speaking Switzerland, and Alsace (now belonging to France) were also considered to be a part of Swabia.

History

uebi

2000 years ago, the Suebi or Suevi were an Elbe Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea, which was thus known to the Romans as the Mare Suebicum (today, the term "Swabian Sea" is applied to Lake Constance). They migrated to the southwest, becoming part of the Alamannic confederacy. The Alamanni were ruled by independent kings throughout the 4th and 5th centuries. Also, a number of Suevi (20.000-50.000 [Their number would be comparable, but probably inferior, to that of the Vandals that passed into África after residing together in Galaecia for 10 years. See [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0430-0484,_Victor_Vitensis,_Historia_Persecutionis_Africae_Provinciae,_MLT.pdf Victor Vitense "Persecutiones", I] .] ) reached the Iberian Peninsula under king Hermeric and established an independent kingdom in 410 what is now northern Portugal, Galicia, and western regions of Asturias and most of León (in northwest Spain). It endured until 585. Its political center was Braccara Augusta (present-day Braga, Portugal).

Duchy of Swabia

Swabia became a duchy under the Frankish Empire in 496, following the Battle of Tolbiac. Swabia was one of the original stem duchies of East Francia, the later Holy Roman Empire, as it developed in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Hohenstaufen dynasty (the dynasty of Frederick Barbarossa), which ruled the Holy Roman Empire in the 12th and 13th centuries, arose out of Swabia, but following the execution of Conradin, the last Hohenstaufen, on October 29, 1268, the original duchy gradually broke up into many smaller units.

Holy Roman Empire

Karl the Great's (or Charlemagne) family is known to hail from Swabia. The major dynasty which arose out of the region were the Habsburgs, but also the Hohenzollerns, who rose to prominence in Northern Germany, stem from Swabia, as well as the dynasties of the Dukes of Württemberg and the Margraves of Baden. Smaller feudal dynasties eventually disappeared; however, for example, branches of the Montforts and Hohenems lived until modern age and the Fürstenberg survive still. The region proved to be one of the most divided in the Empire, containing, in addition to these principalities, numerous free cities, ecclesiastical territories, and fiefdoms of lesser counts and knights.

The Old Swiss Confederacy was "de facto" independent from Swabia from 1499 as a result of the Swabian War. Fearing the power of the greater princes, the cities and smaller secular rulers of Swabia joined to form the Swabian League in the 15th century. The League was quite successful, notably expelling the Duke of Württemberg in 1519 and putting in his place a Habsburg governor, but the league broke up a few years later over religious differences inspired by the Reformation, and the Duke of Württemberg was soon restored. The region was quite divided by the Reformation. While secular princes like the Duke of Württemberg and the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, as well as most of the Free Cities, became Protestant, the ecclesiastical territories (including the bishoprics of Augsburg, Konstanz and others) remained Catholic, as did the territories belonging to the Habsburgs, Hohenzollerns and the Margrave of Baden-Baden.

Modern history

In the wake of the territorial reorganization of the Empire of 1803 by the "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss", the shape of Swabia was entirely changed. All the ecclesiastical estates were secularized, and most of the smaller secular states, and almost all of the free cities, were mediatized, leaving only Württemberg, Baden and Hohenzollern as sovereign states. Much of Eastern Swabia became part of Bavaria, forming what is now the Bavarian administrative region of Swabia.

From 1939 to 1945, Nazi Germany claimed sovereignty over an area of Antarctica, which was named Neu-Schwabenland in honour of Swabia.

wabian settlements abroad

Outside of Germany, many Swabians settled in Hungary and Romania (the Danube Swabians and Swabian Turkey), as well as in Russia, Bessarabia, Serbia, and Kazakhstan. Outside of Europe, Swabian settlements can also be found in Brazil, Canada, and the United States. The town of Swaffham, Norfolk means "homestead of the Swabians", some of whom must presumably have settled in England alongside the Angles and Saxons.

Popular culture

: "For information on the distinct Swabian dialect see Swabian German."

Swabians have in former times been the target of many jokes and stories where they are depicted as excessively stingy, overly serious, prudish, or as simpletons, for instance in "The Seven Swabians" ("Die sieben Schwaben") published in "Kinder- und Hausmärchen" by the Brothers Grimm. Similar jokes are often made by the French toward Belgians, the Russians towards Georgians, the Australians toward New Zealanders, or Canadians toward Newfoundlanders. However, this has ceased to a large extent, while Swabians are nowadays said to be frugal, clever, entrepreneurial and hard-working. In a widely respected publicity campaign on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Baden-Württemberg, the economically most successful state in modern Germany, the Swabians famously replied to the former jokes with: ""We can do everything - except speaking High German" ("Wir können alles. Außer Hochdeutsch"), alluding to the region's distinct local dialect.

Many Swabian surnames end with the suffixes "-le", "-el", "-ehl", and "-lin". Examples would be: "Schäuble", "Egeler" and "Gmelin". The popular surname "Schwab" is derived from this area, meaning literally "Swabian".

In Switzerland, "Sauschwab" is a derogatory term for Germans, derived from the Swabian War of 1499. In Serbian, Polish, and Bulgarian, "Shvab" or "Szwab" may be a semi-abusive term for any German, not just one from Swabia (like Kraut for the English). In parts of the former Yugoslavia (i.e. Slovenia, Slavonija in Croatia, and Vojvodina in Serbia), the term "Swab" (locally "Švab", from Шваб) is somewhat applied to all German peoples who lived in those regions until shortly after World War II, and many of their descendants; it is even occasionally used as a slang term to refer to all Germans as well as Austrians and Swiss German speaking people.

Related Alemannic Dialects

Swabian (Schwäbisch) is one of the Alemannic German dialects of High German, spoken in the region of Swabia, present in the North-Eastern area of the Alemannic Sprachraum. A separate version of Wikipedia is maintained as [http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houptsyte D'alemannisch Wikipedia] , which the main page called .

Famous Swabians

* Friedrich Gustav Jaeger (German officer during WWII who participated in a assassination attempt on Hitler)
* Leopold Mozart, Father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the family originally came from Swabia
* Maria-Luise Woehrle (arctic weather expert and region skiing champion)
* Andreas Stihl ("Founder of Stihl Maschinenfabrik")
* Götz von Berlichingen ("the knight with the iron fist")
* Johann Georg Faust (protagonist of tales and dramas)
* Johannes Kepler (astronomer and mathematician)
* Kraft Werner Jaeger (German officer during WWII who participated in a assassination attempt on Hitler)]
* Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (philosopher)
* Friedrich Schiller (historian and writer, "Wilhelm Tell", "Die Räuber", "Maria Stuart", "Ode an die Freude")
* Lorenz Oken (biologist, anatomist, naturphilosoph)
* Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer (biologist)
* Konrad von Jungingen (Grand Master of the Teutonic Order)
* Ulrich von Jungingen (Grand Master of the Teutonic Order)
* Friedrich Hölderlin (poet)
* Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (philosopher)
* Gerdoner (LFS skinner and Sonicrealms Racing driver)
* Ottmar Mergenthaler (inventor of the linotype)
* Hans Schober (structural engineer)
* Justinus Kerner (poet)
* Ludwig Uhland (poet)
* Eduard Mörike (poet)
* Wilhelm Hauff (poet)
* Gottlieb Daimler (developer of the first modern car, founder of Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, today: Daimler)
* Rudolf Diesel (inventor of the Diesel engine)
* Robert Bosch (inventor, industrialist and philanthropist)
* Margarete Steiff (toy maker)
* Carl Laemmle (founder of Hollywood)
* Karl Friedrich Benz (inventor of the first gas (petrol)-powered automobile)
* Nikolaus August Otto (inventor of the internal-combustion engine)
* Felix Heinrich Wankel (inventor of the Wankel engine )
* Johannes Nauclerus (historian, university rector/chancellor)
* Theodor Heuss (former President of the Federal Republic of Germany)
* Richard von Weizsäcker (former President of the Federal Republic of Germany)
* Kurt Georg Kiesinger (former Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany)
* Sophie Scholl (member of the White Rose resistance against the Nazis)
* Hans Scholl (founder of the White Rose resistance against the Nazis)
* Georg Elser (member of the resistance against the Nazis)
* Claus von Stauffenberg (leader of the July 20 Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler)
* Albert Leo Schlageter (WWI soldier, Freikorps leader, executed by French occupation forces)
* Ernst Heinkel (aircraft designer)
* Günther Rall (Third-highest scoring Ace of WWII, 275 victories)
* Hermann Graf (Ninth-highest scoring Ace of WWII, 212 victories)
* Hans Ekkehard Bob (WWII Ace, Me 262 pilot, 60 victories)
* Werner Streib (Nightfighter Ace, 66 victories, tested the He 219 in combat)
* Erich Hartmann (Highest-scoring Ace of WWII, 352 victories)
* Heinz Wolfgang Schnaufer (Highest scoring Nightfighter Ace of WWII, 121 victories)
* Erwin Rommel (World War II general)
* Martin Heidegger (philosopher)
* Roland Emmerich (Hollywood director)
* Harald Schmidt (late-night talk show host)
* Jürgen Klinsmann (football (soccer) player and former coach of the German national team)
* Albert Einstein (physicist, Nobel Laureate)
* Hermann Hesse (poet, writer, 1946 Nobel Laureate for Literature)
* Roland Asch (race driver)
* Joachim Löw (football (soccer) player and current coach of the German national team)
* Gudrun Ensslin (a founder of the German terrorist group Red Army Faction or RAF, a.k.a. the Baader-Meinhof Gang)
* Gustav Schwab (writer, most popular by "die schönsten Sagen des klassischen Altertums")
* Dieter Baumann (olympic gold medalist and anti doping activist)
* Wilhelm Groener (railroad chief in the German General Staff, Minister of Transportation, Minister of Defense, and acting Minister of the Interior in the Weimar Republic)
* Richard Vogt (brilliant designer of unconventional aircraft for Arado during WW2)

ee also

*Danube Swabians ("Donauschwaben"), Banat Swabians, Satu Mare Swabians
*Duke of Swabia
*Swabian children

External links

* [http://www.swabia.org Swabian history and culture on Swabia.org]
* [http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houptsyte D'alemannisch Wikipedia]
* [http://www.stuttgart-journal.de/tp/index.php?id=121 Typical Swabian events]

References

* Suevica. Beiträge zur schwäbischen Literatur- und Geistesgeschichte. Edited by Reinhard Breymayer. Stuttgart: Hans-Dieter Heinz, Akademischer Verlag (Stuttgarter Arbeiten zur Germanistik. Editors: Ulrich Müller (Salzburg), Franz Hundsnurscher (Münster in Westfalen), Cornelius Sommer (Berlin)).