143179 documents matched the search for Global inflation in titles and keywords.
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Is inflation a global phenomenon?,
Matteo Ciccarelli and Benoit Mojon,
in Research Bulletin
(2005)
Keywords: global inflation
Globalization, Inflation and Monetary Policy,
Ernest Gnan and Maria Valderrama,
in Monetary Policy & the Economy
(2006)
Keywords: Globalization, Inflation, Monetary policy
Globalization and Inflation,
Tan Xiaofen, Wang Xinkang and Yang Yahan,
in China Finance and Economic Review
(2023)
Keywords: globalization, inflation, hybrid Phillips curve, global value chain, international commodities
Globalization, the output-inflation tradeoff and inflation,
Harald Badinger,
in European Economic Review
(2009)
Keywords: Globalization Trade Financial Openness Inflation
Japan's Inflation under Global Inflation Synchronization,
Ichiro Fukunaga, Yosuke Kido and Kotaro Suita,
from Bank of Japan
(2024)
Keywords: Inflation; Monetary policy; Globalization
Global inflation forecasts,
Jonathan Kearns,
from Bank for International Settlements
(2016)
Keywords: Global inflation, inflation forecasts, survey forecasts
How global is “global inflation”?,
Miles Parker,
in Journal of Macroeconomics
(2018)
Keywords: Global inflation; Food prices; Energy prices;
Causes and consequences of global inflation,
Eugene Goryunov,
from Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy
(2022)
Keywords: Global economy, inflation, taxation, stagflation
Globalization and Inflation: a Swiss Perspective,
John Tatom,
in Open Economies Review
(2017)
Keywords: Inflation, Globalization, Switzerland, GDP gap
Globalization and Inflation: A Swiss Perspective,
John Tatom,
from Indiana State University, Scott College of Business, Networks Financial Institute
(2013)
Keywords: Inflation, Globalization, Switzerland, GDP gap
Globalization and Inflation: A Swiss Perspective,
John Tatom,
from The Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise
(2014)
Keywords: Inflation; Globalization; Switzerland; GDP gap
A conditionally heteroskedastic global inflation model,
Leonardo Morales-Arias and Guilherme Moura,
from Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel)
(2010)
Keywords: global inflation, conditional heteroskedasticity, inflation forecasting
Some simple tests of the globalization and inflation hypothesis,
Jane E. Ihrig, Steven B. Kamin, Deborah J. Lindner and Jaime R. Marquez,
from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)
(2007)
Keywords: Inflation (Finance); Globalization
Globalization and inflation: A threshold investigation,
Saad Ahmad and Andrea Civelli,
in Journal of Macroeconomics
(2016)
Keywords: Globalization; Inflation; Threshold models; Foreign output gap;
Oil Prices, Global Demand Expectations, and Near-Term Global Inflation,
Jan Groen and Adam I. Noble,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2021)
Keywords: oil prices; global inflation
A global perspective on inflation and propagation channels,
Luca Gattini, Huw Pill and Ludger Schuknecht,
in Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
(2015)
Keywords: VAR, global inflation, global house prices, global money
A global perspective on inflation and propagation channels,
Luca Gattini, Huw Pill and Ludger Schuknecht,
from European Central Bank
(2012)
Keywords: global house prices, global inflation, global money, VAR
Global inflation, inflation expectations and central banks in emerging markets,
Ana Aguilar, Rafael Guerra and Berenice Martinez,
from Bank for International Settlements
Keywords: global inflation, inflation expectations, monetary policy
Global commodity prices and inflation expectations,
Adviti Devaguptapu and Pradyumna Dash,
in International Journal of Emerging Markets
(2021)
Keywords: Inflation expectations, Global energy inflation, Global food inflation, MF-DCCA, European economies, E31
One-Stop Source: A Global Database of Inflation,
Jongrim Ha, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Ohnsorge,
from Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum
(2021)
Keywords: Prices, global inflation, deflation, inflation synchronization, global factor.
One-stop source: A global database of inflation,
Jongrim Ha, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Ohnsorge,
from Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University
(2021)
Keywords: Prices, global inflation, deflation, inflation synchronization, global factor
One-Stop Source: A Global Database of Inflation,
Ayhan Kose, Jongrim Ha and Franziska Ohnsorge,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2021)
Keywords: Prices; Global inflation; Deflation; Inflation synchronization; Global factor
One-stop source: A global database of inflation,
Jongrim Ha, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Ohnsorge,
in Journal of International Money and Finance
(2023)
Keywords: Prices; Global inflation; Deflation; Inflation synchronization; Global factor;
One-Stop Source: A Global Database of Inflation,
Jongrim Ha, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Ohnsorge,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2021)
Keywords: Prices, global inflation, deflation, inflation synchronization, global factor
Globalization and Inflation: Evidence from a Time Varying VAR,
Francesco Bianchi and Andrea Civelli,
in Review of Economic Dynamics
(2015)
Keywords: Globalization; Inflation; Time-variation; VAR
Impacts of Covid-19 on Global Inflation and Unemployment,
Bushra Fatima, Fareeha Maqbool and Hina Maqbool,
in Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies
(2022)
Keywords: Covid-19, Inflation, Unemployment, Economic Crisis, Global North
Was Globalization the Root Cause of Low Inflation?,
Juhana Hukkinen and Matti Viren,
in Economia Internazionale / International Economics
(2024)
Keywords: Inflation; Globalization; Phillips Curve; Trade Unions
Is globalization the root cause of declining inflation?,
Juhana Hukkinen and Matti Viren,
from Aboa Centre for Economics
(2022)
Keywords: Inflation, globalization, Phillips curve, trade unions
Commodity Prices and Global Inflation, 1851-1913,
Stefan Gerlach and Rebecca Stuart,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2021)
Keywords: Commodity prices; Gold standard; Global inflation; Pig iron
Competition, Globalization and the Decline of Inflation,
Andrew Scott, Jean Imbs and Natalie Chen,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2004)
Keywords: Competition; Globalization; inflation; Markups; Openness; Prices; Productivity; Trade
Commodity Prices and Global Inflation, 1851-1913,
Stefan Gerlach and Rebecca Stuart,
from IRENE Institute of Economic Research
(2021)
Keywords: commodity prices, Gold standard, global inflation, pig iron
Globalization, aggregate productivity, and inflation,
W. Michael Cox,
in Staff Papers
(2007)
Keywords: Inflation (Finance); Globalization; Macroeconomics; Microeconomics; Gross domestic product
Global Factors Driving Inflation and Monetary Policy: A Global VAR Assessment,
Martin Feldkircher, Elizaveta Lukmanova and Gabriele Tondl,
from WU Vienna University of Economics and Business
(2019)
Keywords: Monetary policy, Inflation, Global VAR
Global Factors Driving Inflation and Monetary Policy: A Global VAR Assessment,
Martin Feldkircher and Gabriele Tondl,
in International Advances in Economic Research
(2020)
Keywords: Monetary policy, Inflation, Global VAR
Global Factors Driving Inflation and Monetary Policy: A Global VAR Assessment,
Martin Feldkircher, Elizaveta Lukmanova and Gabriele Tondl,
from Vienna University of Economics and Business, Department of Economics
(2019)
Keywords: Monetary policy, Inflation, Global VAR
Global inflation,
Matteo Ciccarelli and Benoit Mojon,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(2008)
Keywords: Inflation (Finance)
A conditionally heteroskedastic global inflation model,
Leonardo Morales‐Arias and Guilherme Moura,
in Journal of Economic Studies
(2013)
Keywords: Global inflation, Conditional heteroskedasticity, State space models, Inflation forecasting, Inflation, Forecasting
International vulnerability of inflation,
Ignacio Garrón Vedia, Carlos Vladimir Rodríguez Caballero and Esther Ruiz Ortega,
from Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de EstadÃstica
(2024)
Keywords: Global inflation
Euro Area Inflation and ECB Policy in a Global Environment,
Christophe Blot, Jerome Creel, Paul Hubert, Fabien Labondance and Xavier Lagot,
in Politica economica
(2016)
Keywords: Inflation; Global Factors; Domestic Inflation; Principal Component Analysis; Euro Area.
Euro Area Inflation and ECB Policy in a Global Environment,
Christophe Blot, Jerome Creel, Paul Hubert, Fabien Labondance and Xavier Ragot,
from HAL
(2016)
Keywords: Inflation,Global factors,Domestic inflation,Principal component analysis,Euro area
Euro Area Inflation and ECB Policy in a Global Environment,
Christophe Blot, Jerome Creel, Paul Hubert, Fabien Labondance and Xavier Ragot,
from HAL
(2016)
Keywords: Inflation,Global factors,Domestic inflation,Principal component analysis,Euro area
Globalisation, domestic inflation and global output gaps: Evidence from the euro area,
Alessandro Calza,
from European Central Bank
(2008)
Keywords: globalisation, global output gap, inflation
The Effects of Openness and Globalization on Inflation: An ARDL Bounds Test Approach,
Ahmad Jafari Samimi, Saman Ghaderi and Bahram Sanginabadi,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2012)
Keywords: Openness;Economic Globalization;Inflation; Iran.
Globalization and Inflation: Structural Evidence from a Time Varying VAR Approach,
Francesco Bianchi and Andrea Civelli,
from Duke University, Department of Economics
(2013)
Keywords: Globalization, Inflation, Time-variation, VAR
Impact of Financial Development and Globalization on Inflation: The Role of Remittance and Economic Growth in Bangladesh,
Saqlain Latif Satti, Muhammad Shahbaz, Nooreen Mujahid and Amjad Ali,
from University Library of Munich, Germany
(2013)
Keywords: Financial Development, Globalization, Inflation, Bangladesh
Globalization's impact on U.S. growth and inflation,
Richard W. Fisher,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
(2006)
Keywords: economic conditions - United States; Inflation (Finance); Globalization
Comments on stylized facts of globalization and world inflation,
Richard W. Fisher,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
(2008)
Keywords: Globalization; Inflation (Finance); Monetary policy; Economic development
Pandemic-Era Inflation Drivers and Global Spillovers,
Julian di Giovanni, Kalemli-Özcan, Á¹¢ebnem, Alvaro Silva and Yıldırım, Muhammed A.,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2023)
Keywords: Inflation; Global production network; International spillovers
Pandemic-Era Inflation Drivers and Global Spillovers,
Julian di Giovanni, Şebnem Kalemli-Özcan, Álvaro Silva, Muhammed A. Yildirim and Muhammed Ali Yildirim,
from CESifo
(2023)
Keywords: inflation, international spillovers, global production network
Global value chains and the dynamics of UK inflation,
Tommaso Aquilante, Aydan Dogan, Melih Firat and Aditya Soenarjo,
from Bank of England
(2024)
Keywords: Global value chains; inflation dynamics; Phillips curve
Pandemic-Era Inflation Drivers and Global Spillovers,
Julian di Giovanni, Ṣebnem Kalemli-Özcan, Álvaro Silva and Muhammed A. Yildirim,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2023)
Keywords: inflation; international spillovers; global production network
PETRODOLLARS, GLOBALIZATION AND U.S. INFLATION,
Tahereh Alavi Hojjat and Bhagyavati,
in Global Journal of Business Research
(2009)
Keywords: globalization, inflation, Consumer Price Index, petrodollars, International Monetary Fund
Globalization, market structure and inflation dynamics,
Sophie Guilloux-Nefussi,
in Journal of International Economics
(2020)
Keywords: Inflation; Impact of globalization; Strategic interactions; Market structure; Phillips curve;
Has globalization changed the inflation process?,
Kristin Forbes,
from Bank for International Settlements
(2019)
Keywords: inflation, Phillips curve, trend-cycle, price dynamics, globalization
Globalization, Market Structure and Inflation Dynamics,
Sophie Guilloux-Nefussi,
from Banque de France
(2016)
Keywords: Inflation, Impact of Globalization, Strategic Interactions, Market Structure, Phillips Curve
Key Elements of Global Inflation,
Robert Anderton, Alessandro Galesi, Marco Lombardi and Filippo di Mauro,
from Reserve Bank of Australia
(2010)
Keywords: global inflation; relative prices; globalisation; Phillips curve; GVAR models; import prices; unit labour costs; output gap
Global Inflation Synchronization,
Jongrim Ha, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Ohnsorge,
from Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum
(2019)
Keywords: Global inflation, synchronization, dynamic factor model, advanced economies, emerging markets, developing economies.
Global inflation synchronization,
Jongrim Ha, Ayhan Kose and Franziska Ohnsorge,
from Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University
(2019)
Keywords: Global inflation, synchronization, dynamic factor model, advanced economies, emerging markets, developing economies.
The Global Component of Inflation Volatility,
Massimiliano Marcellino, Andrea Carriero and Francesco Corsello,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2019)
Keywords: inflation; Volatility; Global factors; Large datasets; Multivariate autoregressive index models; Reduced rank regressions; Forecasting
Global Inflation Synchronization,
Ayhan Kose, Jongrim Ha and Franziska Ohnsorge,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2019)
Keywords: Global inflation; Synchronization; Dynamic factor model; Advanced economies; Emerging markets; Developing economies
The global component of inflation volatility,
Andrea Carriero, Francesco Corsello and Massimiliano Marcellino,
from Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area
(2018)
Keywords: inflation, volatility, global factors, large datasets, multivariate autoregressive index models, reduced rank regressions, forecasting
Advanced economy inflation: the role of global factors,
Irena Mikolajun and David Lodge,
from European Central Bank
(2016)
Keywords: advanced economies, forecasting, global economic slack, global inflation, inflation, Phillips curve
Sixty Years of Global Inflation: A Post-GFC Update,
Raphael Auer, Mathieu Pedemonte and Raphael Schoenle,
from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers
(2024)
Keywords: Globalization; Inflation; Phillips curve; Monetary policy; Global value chains; International inflation synchronization
Sixty Years of Global Inflation: A Post-GFC Update,
Raphael Auer, Mathieu Pedemonte and Raphael Schoenle,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
(2024)
Keywords: globalization; inflation; Phillips curve; monetary policy; global value chain; international inflation synchronization
Sixty Years of Global Inflation: A Post-GFC Update,
Raphael Auer, Mathieu Pedemonte, Raphael Schoenle and Raphael A. Auer,
from CESifo
(2024)
Keywords: globalization, inflation, Phillips curve, monetary policy, global value chain, international inflation synchronization
The Effect of Global Output on U.S. Inflation and Inflation Expectations: A Structural Estimation,
Fabio Milani,
from University of California-Irvine, Department of Economics
(2009)
Keywords: Globalization; Global output; Inflation dynamics; New Keynesian Phillips curve; Global slack hypothesis; Constant-gain learning
Global inflation,
Matteo Ciccarelli and Benoit Mojon,
from European Central Bank
(2005)
Keywords: common factor, inflation, international business cycle, OECD countries
Global Inflation,
Matteo Ciccarelli and Benoit Mojon,
from Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel)
(2006)
Keywords: Inflation, common factor, international business cycle, OECD countries
Global Value Chain and Inflation Dynamics,
Vu Chau, Marina Conesa Martinez, Taehoon Kim and John Spray,
from International Monetary Fund
(2024)
Keywords: Inflation; global value chains; network; pandemic; spillovers; inflation dynamics; lockdown shock; producer price inflation; reopening policy; PPI inflation; Supply shocks; Fiscal stimulus; COVID-19; Global; Asia and Pacific; North America; Northern Europe
The Asymmetric Impacts of Economic, Social, and Political Globalization on Inflation,
Hande Aksoz Yılmaz,
in Journal of Economic Policy Researches
(2024)
Keywords: Economic Globalization, Social Globalization, Political Globalization, Inflation, Non-Linear ARDL JEL Classification : B23 , F6 , E31
Is Inflation Domestic or Global? Evidence from Emerging Markets,
Rudolfs Bems, Francesca Caselli, Francesco Grigoli, Bertrand Gruss and Weicheng Lian,
from International Monetary Fund
(2018)
Keywords: WP;inflation expectation;inflation dynamics; Emerging markets; globalization; inflation; inflation expectations; Phillips Curve; price inflation; headline inflation dynamics; price pressure; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Inflation targeting; Output gap; Food prices; Global
The impact of global economies on US inflation: A test of the Phillips curve,
Hany Guirguis, Vaneesha Boney Dutra and Zoe McGreevy,
in Journal of Economics and Finance
(2022)
Keywords: Global Inflation, Phillips Curve, Price Discovery, Principal Component, Inflation Forecasts
Global inflation dynamics and inflation expectations,
Martin Feldkircher and Pierre Siklos,
in International Review of Economics & Finance
(2019)
Keywords: Inflation; Inflation expectations; GVAR modelling; Anchoring of inflation expectations;
Global inflation dynamics and inflation expectations,
Martin Feldkircher and Pierre Siklos,
from Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University
(2018)
Keywords: inflation, inflation expectations, GVAR modelling, anchoring of inflation expectations
Domestic and global output gaps as inflation drivers: What does the Phillips curve tell?,
Martina Jašová, Richhild Moessner and Elod Takats,
in Economic Modelling
(2020)
Keywords: Output gaps; Global factors; Inflation;
Domestic and Global Output Gaps as Inflation Drivers: What Does the Phillips Curve Tell?,
Martina Jasova, Richhild Moessner and Elod Takats,
from CESifo
(2018)
Keywords: output gaps, global factors, inflation
Domestic and global output gaps as inflation drivers: what does the Phillips curve tell?,
Martina Jasova, Richhild Moessner and Elod Takats,
from Bank for International Settlements
(2018)
Keywords: output gaps, global factors, inflation
Exploring the Link between Globalization and Inflation: Evidence from Pakistan,
Ayza Shoukat, Muhammad Abdullah, Muzammal Rafique and Ghulam Muhammad Qamri,
in Journal of Policy Research (JPR)
(2023)
Keywords: Globalization, inflation, exchange rate, government expenditures
Global inflation dynamics in the post-crisis period: What explains the puzzles?,
Christian Friedrich,
in Economics Letters
(2016)
Keywords: Disinflation; Global Phillips curve; Household inflation expectations;
Inflation Targets Regime and global financial cycle: An assessment for the Brazilian economy,
Elisangela Luzia Araujo,, Eliane Araujo, Mateus Ramalho da Fonseca and Pedro Perfeito da Silva,
in PSL Quarterly Review
(2020)
Keywords: inflation target regime, global financial cycle, Brazil
Has greater globalization made forecasting inflation more difficult?,
Patrick Roy and Mark Wynne,
in Economic Letter
(2009)
Keywords: International trade; Inflation (Finance); Globalization; Forecasting
Impact of global supply disruptions and energy prices on inflation in European countries,
Mirjana Miletic, Danilo Cerovic and Aleksandar Tomin, Mirjana Miletic, Danilo Cerovic and Aleksandar Tomin,
from National Bank of Serbia
(2023)
Keywords: inflation, global supply chain disruptions, energy, panel
Global Supply Chains and U.S. Import Price Inflation,
Mary Amiti, Oleg Itskhoki and David Weinstein,
from Federal Reserve Bank of New York
(2024)
Keywords: global supply chains; imports; inflation; China
Inflation Dynamics: Expectations, Structural Breaks and Global Factors,
Pierre Siklos,
in Review of Economic Analysis
(2020)
Keywords: "Inflation, Globalization, monetary policy, Vector autoregressions, local projections, quantile regressions"
Global liquidity, money growth and UK inflation,
Michael Ellington and Costas Milas,
in Journal of Financial Stability
(2019)
Keywords: Global liquidity; Inflation; Divisia money; Non-linear model;
Global inflation: the role of food, housing and energy prices,
Miles Parker,
from European Central Bank
(2017)
Keywords: common factor, energy prices, food prices, global inflation
The effects of globalization on inflation and their implications for monetary policy,
Donald L. Kohn,
in Conference Series ; [Proceedings]
(2006)
Keywords: Globalization; Balance of trade; Inflation (Finance); International trade; Monetary policy
Geopolitical Risk, Supply Chains, and Global Inflation,
Omid Asadollah, Linda Carmy, Md. Hoque and Hakan Yilmazkuday,
from Florida International University, Department of Economics
(2024)
Keywords: Geopolitical Risk, Supply Chains, Global Inflation, Oil Prices, Policy Rates
US inflation and global commodity prices: Asymmetric interdependence,
Zhigang Pan, Zhihong Bai, Xiaochao Xing and Zhufeng Wang,
in Research in International Business and Finance
(2024)
Keywords: Inflation; Global commodity prices; Granger causality test; Asymmetric; Frequency domain;
Inflation dynamics: Expectations, structural breaks and global factors,
Pierre Siklos,
from Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University
(2020)
Keywords: Inflation, Globalization, monetary policy, Vector autoregressions, local projections, quantile regressions
Some preliminary evidence on the globalization-inflation nexus,
Sophie Guilloux-Nefussi and Enisse Kharroubi,
from Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
(2008)
Keywords: Globalization; Inflation (Finance); time series analysis; International trade
Global Commodity Prices and Inflation in a Small Open Economy,
Muhammad Hanif, Javed Iqbal and Imran Naveed Khan,
from State Bank of Pakistan, Research Department
(2016)
Keywords: Global Commodity Prices, Exchange Rate, Money Supply, Inflation
China's Imported Inflation and Global Commodity Prices,
Ke Tang, Changyun Wang and Shiyi Wang,
in Emerging Markets Finance and Trade
(2014)
Keywords: global commodity market, imported inflation, price transmission mechanism, VAR
Estimation of the impact of global and domestic factors on inflation in Serbia,
Ana Ivkovic, Mirjana Miletic, Savo Jakovljevic, Ana Ivkovic, Mirjana Miletic and Savo Jakovljevic,
from National Bank of Serbia
(2022)
Keywords: inflation, global factors, domestic factors, principal component analysis, structural VAR
Determinants and Implications of Low Global Inflation Rates,
Juan Carlos Berganza, Fructuoso Borrallo and Pedro Río,
from Springer
(2018)
Keywords: Global Inflation, Economic Slack, Inflationary Expectations, Cyclical Sensitivity, Phillips Curve
Some Preliminary Evidence on the Globalization-Inflation Nexus,
Sophie Guilloux-Nefussi and Enisse Kharroubi,
from Banque de France
(2008)
Keywords: Inflation ; Globalization ; Phillips curve ; Intra-industry trade ; Contestability ; Import prices.
Discussion of Key Elements of Global Inflation,
Heather Anderson,
from Reserve Bank of Australia
(2010)
Keywords: global inflation; relative prices; globalisation; Phillips curve; GVAR models; import prices; unit labour costs; output gap
Thai Inflation Dynamics in a Globalized Economy,
Pym Manopimoke and Wanicha Direkudomsak,
from Puey Ungphakorn Institute for Economic Research
(2015)
Keywords: Inflation; Dynamic Factor Model; Globalization; New Keynesian Phillips Curve; Output Gap; Structural Break; Unobserved Components Model
China's role in global inflation dynamics,
Sandra Eickmeier and Markus Kühnlenz,
from Deutsche Bundesbank
(2013)
Keywords: global inflation, China, international business cycles, structural dynamic factor model, sign restrictions
The Globalisation of Inflation: The Growing Importance of Global Value Chains,
Raphael Auer, Claudio Borio and Andrew Filardo,
from CESifo
(2017)
Keywords: globalization, inflation, Phillips curve, monetary policy, global value chain, production structure, international inflation synchronisation, input-output linkages, supply chain
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