Search Results

FINANCIAL MEASURES RESPONSES TO THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS,
Elena Dobre, in Theoretical and Applied Economics (2009)
Keywords: risk; liquidity; crisis; financial measures; responses.

Distortion measures and homogeneous financial derivatives,
John A. Major, in Insurance: Mathematics and Economics (2018)
Keywords: Distortion measures; Financial derivatives; Capital allocation; Aumann–Shapley; Reinsurance;

Estimating financial risk measures for options,
Ghulam Sorwar and Kevin Dowd, in Journal of Banking & Finance (2010)
Keywords: Financial risk measures Path dependent options Fat tail Simulation

How to measure the comparability of financial statements?,
Vicky Cole, Joël Branson and Diane Breesch, in International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting (2009)
Keywords: international financial reporting standards; IFRS; measuring comparability; harmonisation; consolidated financial statements; indices; statistical models; financial accounting; financial statement comparability.

The impact of institutional and cultural factors on the use of non-GAAP financial measures. International evidence from the oil and gas industry,
Franco Visani, F. Marta L. Di Lascio and Silvia Gardini, in Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation (2020)
Keywords: Non-GAAP financial measures; Adjusted financial measures; Institutions; Culture;

The impact of institutional and cultural factors on the use ofnon-GAAP financial measures. International evidence fromthe oil and gas industry,
Franco Visani, F. Marta L. Di Lascio and Silvia Gardini, from Faculty of Economics and Management at the Free University of Bozen (2017)
Keywords: non-GAAP financial measures, adjusted financial measures, institutions, culture

Financial and nonfinancial performance measures: How do they affect job satisfaction?,
Chong M. Lau and Mahfud Sholihin, in The British Accounting Review (2005)
Keywords: Financial and nonfinancial measures; Fairness; Trust; Job satisfaction;

Linking environmental uncertainty to non-financial performance measures and performance: a research note,
Zahirul Hoque, from Deakin University, Department of Economics (2005)
Keywords: Non-financial performance measures, environmental uncertainty, performance

Linking environmental uncertainty to non-financial performance measures and performance: a research note,
Zahirul Hoque, in The British Accounting Review (2005)
Keywords: Non-financial performance measures; Environmental uncertainty; Performance;

THE FINANCIAL CRISIS IN EUROPE AND IN ROMANIA. FEATURES AND COMBATING MEASURES,
Magdalena Rãdulescu, in Scientific Bulletin - Economic Sciences (2016)
Keywords: Financial crisis, European measures, Romanian measures, Profitabilty of the banking systems, Banking supervision.

Return Measures as a Link Between Financial Statements,
Andrew M. Collins, in The International Journal of Accounting (TIJA) (2022)
Keywords: Financial statement presentation, investment decisions, non-professional investors, performance measures

ECB’S MONETARY MEASURES DURING THE FINANCIAL CRISIS,
Magdalena Radulescu, in Scientific Bulletin - Economic Sciences (2015)
Keywords: financial crisis; ECB’s measures; European countries’ experience.

Financial anti-crisis measures in Heilongjiang Province,
Ma Yujiung (myj52@sina.com), in Journal "Region: Economics and Sociology" (2009)
Keywords: region, financial-economic crisis, structure, economy, revenues, measures, employment

An empirical study of the use and usefulness of financial, non-financial and subjective measures for performance evaluation in industrial companies in Bahrain,
P.L. Joshi, Rajesh Kumar and Jasim Al-Ajmi, in International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting (2011)
Keywords: balanced scorecard; BSC; financial measures; non-financial measures; subjective measures; Bahrain; industrial companies; firm size; performance evaluation.

FROM LITERACY TO FINANCIAL EDUCATION: A SURVEY OF METHODS TO MEASURE PHENOMENA. THE PARTICULAR SITUATION OF ROMANIA,
Adela Socol, in Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica (2014)
Keywords: Financial Literacy, Financial Education, Methodologies to measure, Financial Behavior

Restrictive measures: a question of adequacy or a failure of targeted measures?,
Daniel Cookman, in Journal of Money Laundering Control (2024)
Keywords: Restrictive measures, Financial sanctions, Targeted measures, Sectoral measures

The effects of the financial crisis and austerity measures on the Spanish health care system: A qualitative analysis of health professionals’ perceptions in the region of Valencia,
Francisco Cervero-Liceras, Martin McKee and Helena Legido-Quigley, in Health Policy (2015)
Keywords: Austerity measures; Financial crisis; Spain; Qualitative study;

A DEA model for measuring financial intermediation,
Martin Boďa and Emília Zimková, in Economic Change and Restructuring (2021)
Keywords: Financial intermediation, Loan-to-deposit ratio, Data envelopment analysis (DEA), Weighted slacks-based measure (WSBM), Aggregation over years or banks

Overcoming the loan-to-deposit ratio by a financial intermediation measure — A perspective instrument of financial stability policy,
Martin Boďa and Emília Zimková, in Journal of Policy Modeling (2021)
Keywords: Financial intermediation; Financial system; Financial intermediation measure; Loan-to-deposit ratio; Financial Development and Structure Dataset;

The effects of nonfinancial and financial measures on employee motivation to participate in target setting,
Chong M. Lau and Ketvi Roopnarain, in The British Accounting Review (2014)
Keywords: Nonfinancial measures; Financial measures; Intrinsic motivation to participate; Controlled extrinsic motivation to participate; Performance;

VOLATILITY MEASURES, LIQUIDITY AND CREDIT LOSS PROVISIONS DURING PERIODS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS,
Giulio Anselmi, in Journal of Financial Management, Markets and Institutions (JFMMI) (2018)
Keywords: Liquidity risk, financial institutions, volatility measures, market discipline

ROE in Banks: Performance or Risk Measure? Evidence from Financial Crises,
Christophe Moussu and Arthur Petit-Romec, in Finance (2017)
Keywords: return on equity, performance measure, bank risk, financial crisis

The Impact of Fiscal Policy Measures on the Financial Autonomy of Rural Municipalities: Case of Lithuania,
Laima Skauronė, Astrida Miceikienė and Ričardas Krikštolaitis, from IRENET - Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, Zagreb (2020)
Keywords: Fiscal policy measures, taxes, financial autonomy, rural municipality

A Fuzzy Entropy-Based Group Consensus Measure for Financial Investments,
József Dombi, Jenő Fáró and Tamás Jónás, in Mathematics (2023)
Keywords: consensus measure; group decision making; financial investment; consensus map

A new measurement of financial time irreversibility based on information measures method,
Yuanyuan Wang and Pengjian Shang, in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications (2018)
Keywords: Information measures method; Time irreversibility; Financial time series; Econophysics;

Consistency of firms' past financial performance measures and future returns,
Abdulaziz M. Alwathainani, in The British Accounting Review (2009)
Keywords: Growth consistency; Financial performance measures; Investors' overreaction; Behavioral models;

Measure to support credit and the financial sector in banking systems considered material for Spain,
Alejandro Buesa, Elena Vidal, José Luis Puente and Alberto Flores, in Economic Bulletin (2021)
Keywords: financial sector, COVID-19, credit, guarantee programmes, regulatory measures.

Measuring the evolution of competition and the impact of the financial reform in the Mexican banking sector, 2008–2019,
Enrique Bátiz-Zuk and José Luis Lara-Sánchez, in Research in International Business and Finance (2022)
Keywords: Competition measures; Regulatory impact; Financial reforms; Banks; Bank mergers;

Measuring the evolution of competition and the impact of the financial reform in the Mexican banking sector, 2008-2019,
Enrique Bátiz-Zuk and Jose Lara, from Banco de México (2021)
Keywords: competition measures;regulatory impact;financial reforms;banks;bank mergers

Are nonfinancial measures leading indicators of financial performance? An analysis of customer satisfaction,
Cd Ittner and Df Larcker, in Journal of Accounting Research (1998)
Keywords: Financial performance, Nonfinancial measures, Value relevance, Predictive ability

The International Impact of Financial Shocks: A Global VAR and Connectedness Measures Approach,
Donal Smith, from Department of Economics, University of York (2016)
Keywords: Financial Frictions, Financial Shocks, international linkages, macroeconomic connectedness, Generalized Connectedness Measures (GCMs), Financial Stress Indicators

Competing Financial Performance Measures,
Daniela Venanzi, from Springer (2012)
Keywords: Financial performance measures, Discount cash flow (DCF) model, Economic value added (EVA), Cash flow return on investment (CFROI), Shareholder value added (SVA), Economic margin (EM), Cash value added (CVA), Residual income (RI), Market value metrics

Are index measures better than individual measures in assessing the association between environmental and financial performance? A multivariate analysis study,
Islam Elshahat, Martin Freedman and Ahmed Elshahat, in International Journal of Critical Accounting (2015)
Keywords: environmental performance; factor analysis; financial performance; KLD; index measures; variables.

Disclosure strategies among S&P 500 firms: Evidence on the disclosure of non-GAAP financial measures and financial statements in earnings press releases,
Ana Marques, in The British Accounting Review (2010)
Keywords: Non-GAAP financial measures; Pro forma financial measures; Reconciliation; Strategic benchmarks;

An analysis of dysfunctions and biases in financial performance measures,
Bernd Britzelmaier and Dennis Schlegel, in Global Business and Economics Review (2011)
Keywords: age bias; short-termism; myopia; sub-optimisation; performance management; performance measurement systems; non-financial measures; incentives; economic depreciation; dysfunctions; biases; financial performance; performance measures; biased measures; company performance; incentive setting; global business; economics; finance; accounting.

Non-financial e-procurement performance measures,
Nripendra Kumar and Kunal K. Ganguly, in International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management (2020)
Keywords: E-procurement, Coordination, Transparency, Managerial effectiveness, Efficiency, Non-financial performance measures, Production cost

Non-financial performance measures and pay-performance sensitivity,
MyoJung Cho and Salma Ibrahim, in Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting (2021)
Keywords: Performance measurement, Non-financial performance measures, CEO bonus pay, Pay-performance sensitivity, Shareholder wealth, JM12, M40

Customer satisfaction and future financial performance discussion of are nonfinancial measures leading indicators of financial performance? Are analysis of customer satisfaction,
Ra Lambert, in Journal of Accounting Research (1998)
Keywords: Financial performance, Nonfinancial measures, Value relevance, Predictive ability

The key financial and non-financial performance measures of manufacturing firms in Malaysia,
Anbalagan Krishnan and Ravindran Ramasamy, in International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting (2011)
Keywords: financial perfomance; non-financial performance; performance measures; performance measurement systems; balanced scorecard; business profiles; Malaysia; manufacturing industry; management accounting.

The effects of prudential policy measures on financial stability in post-transition countries,
Mario Pecaric and Josip Viskovic, in Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics (2013)
Keywords: prudential measures, monetary controls, financial stability, bank-oriented financial systems, panel data analysis

Testing for financial contagion based on a nonparametric measure of the cross-market correlation,
Fuchun Li and Hui Zhu, in Review of Financial Economics (2014)
Keywords: Financial contagion; Financial crisis; Nonparametric measure of the cross-market correlation; Monte Carlo simulation;

Discretionary measures and tax revenues in the run-up to the financial crisis,
Salvador Barrios and Raffaele Fargnoli, from Directorate General Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN), European Commission (2010)
Keywords: financial crisis barrios Taxation discretionary measures fiscal policy financial crisis fiscal stance business cycle Fargnoli

Network centrality measures and systemic risk: An application to the Turkish financial crisis,
Tolga Kuzubas, Inci Ömercikoğlu and Burak Saltoğlu, in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications (2014)
Keywords: Systemic risk; Network centrality measures; Systemically important financial institutions; Turkey financial crisis in 2000;

Do Measures of Financial Constraints Measure Financial Constraints?,
Alexander Ljungqvist and Joan Farre-Mensa, from C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2015)
Keywords: Financial constraints

Employee morale, non-financial performance measures, deployment of innovative managerial practices and shop-floor involvement in Italian manufacturing firms,
A. Abdel-Maksoud, F. Cerbioni, F. Ricceri and S. Velayutham, in The British Accounting Review (2010)
Keywords: Employee morale measures; Italian manufacturing firms; Management accounting systems; Non-financial performance measures; Shop-floor involvement;

Measuring Financial Infrastructure Development,
Dimitar Rafailov, in Izvestia Journal of the Union of Scientists - Varna. Economic Sciences Series (2018)
Keywords: financial infrastructure, financial development, financial system

An estimation of reserves of the growth of financial results under the influence of innovative measures of the enterprise development,
Olesya A. Kurnosova and Volodymyr I. Zdor, in Journal of Applied Management and Investments (2012)
Keywords: management development, innovative measures, determined multivariable model, financial result

Non-Financial Performance Measures on Local Culture Basis in Assessing The Health of Microfinance Institutions,
I Putu Astawa, from Global Academy of Training and Research (GATR) Enterprise (2017)
Keywords: Non-Financial; Performance Measures; Local Culture; Microfinance Institutions.

Non-Standard Measures of the Monetary Policy – Mechanism for Overcoming Problems in the Implementation of the Neoliberal Concept of Monetary Policy During a Financial Crisis,
Milošević Andriana and Jemović Mirjana, in Economic Themes (2017)
Keywords: neoliberal paradigm, global financial crisis, non-standard measures, central bank

Multidimensional Assessment of Polish Farm Household Financial Security by TOPSIS and Generalised Distance Measure,
Andrzej Woloszyn, Joanna Stanislawska, Romana Głowicka-Woloszyn, Agnieszka Kozera and Anna Rosa, in European Research Studies Journal (2021)
Keywords: Financial security, Generalised Distance Measure GDM, TOPSIS method, farms.

Financial risk in the activity of voivodships in Poland: Synthetic measure as an element of risk assessment in the activities of local government units in the years 2010-2020,
Andrzej Pawlik and Paweł Dziekański, in International Entrepreneurship Review (2023)
Keywords: risk, financial risk, voivodship, synthetic measure, sustainable finance

Information measure for long-range correlated time series: Quantifying horizon dependence in financial markets,
Linda Ponta, Pietro Murialdo and Anna Carbone, in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications (2021)
Keywords: Complex systems; Information Measures; Long-range dependence; Financial Markets;

Unconventional Monetary Policy Measures and Their Role in Contending the Effects of the Current Global Financial Crisis,
Angela Roman and Irina Bilan, in Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series (2010)
Keywords: the current global financial crisis, central banks, monetary policy, unconventional measures

EU Regulatory Measures Following the Crises: What Impact on Corporate Governance of Financial Institutions?,
Izabela Jędrzejowska-Schiffauer, Peter Schiffauer and El Thalassinos, in European Research Studies Journal (2019)
Keywords: EU corporate governance framework, risk management, financial institutions, regulatory measures.

Networks and market-based measures of systemic risk: the European banking system in the aftermath of the financial crisis,
Gian Paolo Clemente, Rosanna Grassi and Chiara Pederzoli, in Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination (2020)
Keywords: Network analysis, Financial interconnectedness, Systemic risk, Market-based risk measures

The disappointment of financial support measures during the COVID-19 pandemic among small business managers’ in Sweden,
Åsa Tjulin, Stig Vinberg, Bodil J Landstad, Marianne Hedlund and Mikael Nordenmark, in SN Business & Economics (2022)
Keywords: Financial support measures, Small business managers, COVID-19, Health, Sweden

How to Measure Financial Literacy?,
Marc Oliver Rieger, in JRFM (2020)
Keywords: financial literacy; measurement; financial decisions

An empirical study of the influence of business strategy, uncertainty and market position on financial measures using the SEM approach,
Anbalagan Krishnan, R. Ravindran and PremLal Joshi, in International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation (2014)
Keywords: financial performance; performance measures; business strategy; environmental uncertainty; market position; performance evaluation; financial measures; SEM; structural equation modelling.

Detecting Risk Transfer in Financial Markets using Different Risk Measures,
Marcin Faldzinski, Magdalena Osinska and Tomasz Zdanowicz, in Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics (2012)
Keywords: extreme value theory, risk measures, Granger causality in risk, Chinese financial processes

IMPROVEMENT OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT MEASURES FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION OF FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION,
Julia Yu. Sadovnikova (Садовникова Ю.Ю.), Yulia A. Mashchenko (Мащенко Ю.А.) and Lyudmila N. Timeychuk (Тимейчук Л.Н.), in State and Municipal Management Scholar Notes (2023)
Keywords: financial security, social protection, social support, fiscal measures, family with children, social expenses

Mixed data sampling expectile regression with applications to measuring financial risk,
Qifa Xu, Lu Chen, Cuixia Jiang and Keming Yu, in Economic Modelling (2020)
Keywords: Financial risk measure; Mixed frequency data; Value at risk (VaR); Expected shortfall (ES); MIDAS expectile regression;

Non-financial performance measures, CEO compensation, and firms’ future value,
Huiqi Gan, Myung S. Park and SangHyun Suh, in Journal of Business Research (2020)
Keywords: Non-financial performance measures; Compensation structure; Equity-based compensation; Firms’ future value;

The use of non-financial performance measures for managerial compensation: evidence from SMEs,
Iryna Alves and Sofia M. Lourenço, in Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung (2022)
Keywords: SME, Compensation, Non-financial performance measures, Strategy, Perceived environmental uncertainty, Decentralization

Equivalent martingale measures for large financial markets in discrete time,
Miklós Rásonyi, in Mathematical Methods of Operations Research (2003)
Keywords: Large financial market, Asymptotic arbitrage, Martingale measures, APM, Stable random variables,

The Minimal Entropy Martingale Measure in a Market of Traded Financial and Actuarial Risks,
Jan Dhaene, Ben Stassen, Pierre Devolder and Michel Vellekoop, from Tinbergen Institute (2014)
Keywords: Minimal entropy martingale measure, relative entropy, financial risks, actuarial risks, independence, incomplete markets

Financial development and the effectiveness of macroprudential and capital flow management measures,
Yusuf Baskaya, Ilhyock Shim and Philip Turner, from Bank for International Settlements (2024)
Keywords: bank lending, capital flow management measures, cross-border capital flows, financial development, macroprudential policy

Measuring financial exclusion of firms,
Gerhard Kling, in Finance Research Letters (2021)
Keywords: Impulse control; Financial constraints; Financial exclusion;

The Prevention and Diffusion of Systematic or Regional Financial Risks—The Methodology for China to Resolve Financial Crises,
Yunxian Chen, from Springer (2021)
Keywords: Financial risk, Crises, Preventive measures

MEASURING THE EVOLUTION OF THE FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION,
Andrei V. Stoian, in Network Intelligence Studies (2014)
Keywords: Financial crisis, Financial globalization index, Global imbalances, Financial integration, Financial statements

Measuring the Financial Sophistication of Households,
Laurent Calvet, John Campbell and Paolo Sodini, from HAL (2009)
Keywords: Households,Financial Sophistication

ESG as a Measure of Credit Ratings,
Patrycja Chodnicka-Jaworska, in Risks (2021)
Keywords: default risk; ESG measures; non-financial sector

An analysis of the literature on systemic financial risk: A survey,
Walmir Silva, Herbert Kimura and Vinicius Amorim Sobreiro, in Journal of Financial Stability (2017)
Keywords: Systemic risk; Financial stability; Bibliometry; Financial; Measure;

Measuring financial stress in Turkey,
Emrah Çevik, Selahattin Dibooglu and Turalay Kenc, in Journal of Policy Modeling (2013)
Keywords: Financial crises; Financial pressure; Economic indicators; Business cycles;

Measuring Financial Inclusion: A Survey,
Malabika Roy, from Springer (2022)
Keywords: Index of financial inclusion, Financial exclusion, Deposit account, Loan account, Insurance

Measures of Financial Stability in Macedonia,
Magdalena Petrovska and Elena Mucheva Mihajlovska, in Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice (2013)
Keywords: Banking Stability Index; Banking Sector’s Financial Strength; Financial Conditions Index; Financial Stability; Principal Component Analysis

Sensitivity of measuring the progress in financial risk protection to survey design and its socioeconomic and demographic determinants: A case study in Rwanda,
Chunling Lu, Kai Liu, Lingling Li and Yuhong Yang, in Social Science & Medicine (2017)
Keywords: Rural Rwanda; Measuring catastrophic health expenditure; Measuring out-of-pocket health expenditure; Survey design; Financial risk protection; Survey instruments; Developing countries;

Measuring financial inclusion and financial exclusion,
Peterson K Ozili, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2021)
Keywords: Financial inclusion, financial exclusion, poverty, access to finance, index, inclusive growth, development

PENSIONS PRIVATE - MEASURES TO PROTECT THE MEN,
Maria Mirabela Florea Ianc, in Annals - Economy Series (2015)
Keywords: pension private, measures, financial planning, men

The effectiveness of capital controls and macroprudential measures,
Junyong Lee, Kyounghun Lee and Frederick Dongchuhl Oh, in KDI Journal of Economic Policy (2023)
Keywords: Capital Control, Macroprudential Measure, Financial Crisis

Capital Control Measures: A New Dataset,
Andrés Fernández Martin, Michael Klein, Alessandro Rebucci, Martin Schindler and Martín Uribe, from Inter-American Development Bank (2015)
Keywords: Capital flows;Capital control measures;Financial integration

The role of non-financial measures in controlling myopic activities: the case of hard selling,
Dhinu Srinivasan and Alex Thevaranjan, in International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation (2016)
Keywords: customer satisfaction; non-financial measures; hard selling; sales force incentives; myopic activities; short-term performance; long-term profitability; customer irritation.

Measuring the interconnectedness of financial institutions,
Ramaprasad Bhar and Biljana Nikolova, in Economic Systems (2013)
Keywords: Interconnectedness; Convergence; Kalman filter; Financial institutions;

A Measure of Financial Conditions for Pakistan,
Asif Mahmood and Ringchan Ali, from University Library of Munich, Germany (2024)
Keywords: Financial Conditions Index, Principal Component Analysis, Forecasting

Measuring financial market stress,
Kevin Kliesen and Douglas C. Smith, in Economic Synopses (2010)
Keywords: Financial market regulatory reform; Bank supervision

Measuring the probability of a financial crisis,
Robert Engle and Tianyue Ruan, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2019)
Keywords: financial stability, systemic risk, probability of crisis

Measuring Financial Access,
Rashmi Umesh Arora, from Griffith University, Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics (2010)
Keywords: Financial access, HDI, Development, Developing countries

Combining risk measures to overcome their limitations - spectrum representation of the sub-additivity issue, distortion requirement and added-value of the Spatial VaR solution: An application to Regulatory Requirement for Financial Institutions,
Dominique Guegan and Bertrand Hassani, from HAL (2016)
Keywords: Risk measures,Sub-additivity,Level of confidence,Distributions,Financial regulation,Distortion,Spectral measure,Spectrum

Combining risk measures to overcome their limitations - spectrum representation of the sub-additivity issue, distortion requirement and added-value of the Spatial VaR solution: An application to Regulatory Requirement for Financial Institutions,
Dominique Guegan and Bertrand Hassani, from HAL (2016)
Keywords: Risk measures,Sub-additivity,Level of confidence,Distributions,Financial regulation,Distortion,Spectral measure,Spectrum

Combining risk measures to overcome their limitations - spectrum representation of the sub-additivity issue, distortion requirement and added-value of the Spatial VaR solution: An application to Regulatory Requirement for Financial Institutions,
Dominique Guegan and Bertrand K. Hassani, from Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne (2016)
Keywords: Risk measures; Sub-additivity; Level of confidence; Distributions; Financial regulation; Distortion; Spectral measure; Spectrum

Measuring complementarity in financial systems,
Adeline Saillard and Thomas Url, from HAL (2012)
Keywords: financial structure,Bank-based,market-based,complementarity,efficiency,financial structure.,Structure financière,complémentarité,efficacité.