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Article

The Effect of Chairside Verbal Instructions Matched with Instagram Social Media on Oral Hygiene of Young Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

by
Andrea Scribante
*,
Simone Gallo
*,
Karin Bertino
,
Stefania Meles
,
Paola Gandini
and
Maria Francesca Sfondrini
Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020706
Submission received: 9 December 2020 / Revised: 31 December 2020 / Accepted: 8 January 2021 / Published: 13 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Applications for Dentistry and Oral Health)
Browse Figures
Figure 1
<p>CONSORT flow chart of the study.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Bleeding index (BI). Mean and standard deviation of the BI in the intervention and control group.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Modified gingival index (MGI). Mean and standard deviation of the MGI in the intervention and control group.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Plaque index (PI). Mean and standard deviation of the PI in the intervention and control group.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Frequency distributions of questionnaire answers.</p> ">
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Featured Application

The social media Instagram could represent a valid support for orthodontists in addition to verbal motivation of young orthodontic patients towards a correct oral hygiene.

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of Instagram in improving oral hygiene compliance and knowledge in young orthodontic patients compared to traditional chairside verbal instructions. Design: Single-center, parallel, randomized controlled trial. Setting: Section of Dentistry of University of Pavia. Participants: 40 patients having fixed appliances in both arches were recruited and randomly divided into an intervention (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). Intervention: At a first appointment, both groups were given verbal instructions and motivated to oral hygiene. In addition, multimedia contents on Instagram were sent weekly to trial participants for six months. Main outcome measures: For all participants, the bleeding index (BI), modified gingival index (MGI), and plaque index (PI) were assessed at baseline (T0), after one (T1), three (T2), and six months (T3). A questionnaire was administered at the beginning (T0) and at the end of the study (T3) to assess participants’ knowledge. Results: In both groups, BI, MGI, and PI significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at T1 (means control group: BI 0.26 ± 0.22, MGI 0.77 ± 0.36, PI 0.53 ± 0.20; means test group: BI 0.24 ± 0.22, MGI 0.65 ± 0.46, PI 0.49 ± 0.21) compared to baseline (means control group: BI 0.56 ± 0.27, MGI 1.23 ± 0.41, PI 0.87 ± 0.23; means test group: BI 0.54 ± 0.26, MGI 1.18 ± 0.39, PI 0.93 ± 0.20) but no significant differences in clinical measures were showed between T1, T2, and T3 (p > 0.05) (intragroup differences). Trial patients demonstrated significant improvements in knowledge with respect to controls comparing scores at T0 and T3 (p < 0.05) but despite this result in the test group clinical outcomes did not report significant intergroup differences at any time (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Presenting multimedia information through Instagram resulted in a significant improvement in knowledge. Therefore, this social media represents an aid to the standard verbal motivation performed by orthodontists towards young patients under an orthodontic treatment.

1. Introduction

The advent of the Internet and new digital technologies has completely changed the way we communicate. In recent years, a widespread phenomenon is that of social media, a group of Internet-based applications that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated contents [1]. Due to the diffusion of smartphones into people’s daily routines, these technologies offer the innovative opportunity to reach a large audience and represent an inexpensive, rapid, and powerful way to communicate and disseminate information [2]. An exponentially increasing number of publications in medicine and dentistry have focused on the importance of using social media for health promotion interventions [3,4] and evidence suggests that new technologies can effectively contribute to improve knowledge and behavioral changes [5,6]. Social media have demonstrated to be a promising resource to facilitate chronic diseases self-management, medication adherence, tobacco cessation and support for mental health conditions [5,7,8]. Other recent studies used digital platforms to disseminate information related to skin cancer prevention [6], human papillomavirus vaccination [9], nutrition, and physical activity [10].
The Lancet Commission on Adolescent Health and Wellbeing suggested that Digital Media offer “outstanding new possibilities for engagement” with youth populations [11]. In dentistry, several studies investigated the contents of social media on oral health and treatment procedures [12,13,14,15,16], but until now there has been little research on the effectiveness of social in relation to orthodontics. A good communication is an integral part of orthodontic treatments to obtain the patient’s compliance for the oral hygiene, considering that the insertion of fixed orthodontic appliances makes hygiene procedures more difficult, restricts salivary and mucosal self-cleaning capacity, altering the microbial environment and increasing plaque build-up [17,18,19,20]. As a result, gingivitis and enamel demineralization (including white spot lesions and dental caries) have been regarded as the most prevalent undesired effects that can lead to unsatisfactory results or premature termination of orthodontic therapy [21]. Mehra et al. [22] showed that 5% to 10% of orthodontic patients failed to complete their treatment just because of oral hygiene issues.
It is well known that patient’s compliance can be challenging during a long orthodontic therapy, especially in adolescents; therefore, both oral hygiene instruction (OHI) and patient motivation play a crucial role in maintaining an effective plaque control. To get better feedback, it would be appropriate to use communication tools that are familiar to youth population. As an innovative method, social media have the advantage of being constantly used, besides having interactive and engaging features such as animations [23,24]. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Instagram, the most used social media app among young adults [25], in improving knowledge and compliance for oral hygiene among young patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.
The first null hypothesis of this study is that there is no significant difference in clinical parameters between young patients receiving conventional oral hygiene instructions with or without the additional use of a social media. Subsequently, the second null hypothesis is that no difference neither occurs when considering the increase of knowledge on oral health and oral practices as well as on dietary habits.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Trial Design

This study was designed as a prospective parallel-group, randomized, controlled, and single-center trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio. No changes to the methods occurred after the commencement of the study.

2.2. Participants, Eligibility Criteria, and Settings

This study obtained the approval of the Internal Review Board (2019–0717). Patients undergoing a fixed orthodontic treatment were recruited at the affiliation of the Authors of this article. The following criteria were applied to select participants of both sexes: presence of fixed orthodontic appliances on both arches during the following 6 months, age between 13 and 19 years old, no mental disabilities and no difficulties in reading or speaking the Italian language. Patients allocated in the intervention group had also to own a mobile phone with a valid account on Instagram. Signed consent was obtained from patients or parents (in case of underage patients) who were informed about the aim of the study before the recruitment as well as that the participation was voluntary with the possibility to withdraw at any time.
All the experimental phases took place at the affiliation of the Authors.

2.3. Interventions

In order to investigate their knowledge on different topics related to oral health and hygiene, a multiple-choice questionnaire was given by a blind clinician to all participants at a first appointment (T0), before receiving oral instructions, and subsequently after six months, at the end of the study (T3). The questionnaire contained background information such as age, gender, parent’s education level, type of toothbrush, and 24 structured questions divided into three groups: oral health knowledge (see Table S1), oral health practices (see Table S2), and dietary habits (see Table S3). Questions were adapted from various questionnaires [26,27,28,29,30] and each question had 3 possible choices.
All patients received standardized oral hygiene instructions by the previous blind clinician who also used photos illustrating the most prevalent undesired effects of a bad plaque control. Motivation to oral hygiene was also performed during the succeeding appointments.
Participants selected according to the inclusion criteria were equally allocated to either the intervention or control group. In addition to the standard verbal information and motivation, patients allocated to the intervention group weekly received a post on Instagram for a period of 6 months by an unblind operator. The topics discussed on the social media were in form of photos and short videos and regarded 3 main themes, corresponding to the sections of the questionnaire: oral health knowledge, oral health practices, and dietary habits. Instagram posts were not sent to patients in the control group, however, during clinical appointments, they verbally received the same information.

2.4. Outcomes

At every time point of the study (T0, T1, T2, and T3), clinical evaluations of the patient’s compliance for oral hygiene were performed assessing the bleeding index (BI), modified gingival index (MGI), and plaque index (PI) for all Ramfjord teeth (maxillary right first molar, maxillary left central incisor, maxillary left first premolar, mandibular left first molar, mandibular right first incisor, and mandibular right first premolar) [31]. After probing three sites (mesio-buccal, buccal, and disto-buccal) of the gingival sulcus for each tooth examined (Probe UNC 15 R198; PDT, Missoula, MT, USA), the BI index was scored recording the absence of bleeding as 0, bleeding observed after 30 s as 1, and immediate bleeding as 2 [32]. On the same sites, the MGI was visually assessed assigning a grade from 0 to 3 denoting absent, mild, moderate, and severe inflammation of the buccal marginal gingiva, respectively [33]. Finally, the PI was determined by making the patients chew a disclosing agent (Gum Red-Cote, Sunstar Italiana Srl, Saronno, Italy) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The buccal surfaces of each tooth considered were divided into vertical and horizontal thirds with the bracket at the center [34] and for both the two boxes alongside (mesial and distal) and for the three gingival (mesial-gingival, center-gingival, and disto-gingival) to the bracket, a score 0 (absence of plaque) or 1 (presence of plaque) was assigned by the operator [35].
As regards the questionnaire submitted, the correct answers and those related to the optimal oral practice or dietary behaviour were scored. Percentages were calculated for the three different sections of the questionnaire.
Clinical assessments and questionnaires visualization were respectively performed by operators who were not involved in the previous phases and therefore did not know the participants’ allocation.
No changes to the outcomes occurred during the trial.

2.5. Sample Size Calculation

Sample size calculation (Alpha = 0.05; Power = 90%) for two independent study groups and a continuous primary outcome (oral health parameters) required 40 total participants (20 cases and 20 controls). Concerning the variable bleeding index (primary outcome) an expected mean of 0.89 was hypothesized, with a standard deviation of 0.087 [31]. The expected difference between the means was supposed to be 0.09, therefore 20 patients were requested for each group. Loss to follow-up and incomplete compliance with therapy were excluded.
The answers to the questionnaire were considered as the secondary outcome. Interim analysis and stopping guidelines were not applicable.

2.6. Sequence Generation

Randomized sequence was generated with a computer software (R version 3.1.3, R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Wien, Austria) using a block randomization table and considering a permuted block randomization with twenty participants for each of the two fixed blocks.

2.7. Allocation Concealment

The operator who enrolled participants also achieved the allocation concealment using sequentially numbered and sealed envelopes containing the allocation cards previously prepared. The randomization list generated was held securely in remote location.

2.8. Implementation

The random allocation sequence list was generated by the operator who subsequently performed data analyses. Participants were enrolled by another operator who also assigned them to the respective treatment.

2.9. Blinding

Both the clinician giving verbal instructions to the patients, the two outcomes assessors and the data analyst were blinded during the study. The former operators were not aware of the allocation concealment, whereas the second did not took part to the clinical visits.

2.10. Statistical Methods

A computer software was used to calculate descriptive and inferential statistics (R version 3.1.3, R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Wien, Austria).
Descriptive statistics were used for the following clinical measurements: BI, MGI, and PI. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for each parameter at each time point. The normality of distributions was tested with Kolmogorov and Smirnov test. Inferential comparisons among groups were performed using ANOVA test with post hoc Tukey tests.
Chi squared test was used to analyze the frequency distributions of the answers in the three parts of the questionnaire.
The significant level was set at p < 0.05 for all the tests. No additional analyses were performed.

3. Results

3.1. Participant Flow

A CONSORT flow chart is shown in Figure 1. 51 participants were assessed for eligibility among which 11 were excluded. A total of 40 total patients were enrolled, and 20 were allocated in the intervention group, whereas the other 20 were considered as controls. No participants were lost during the study.

3.2. Recruitment

Participants’ recruitment commenced in October 2018 and ended in December 2018. Considering the six-month follow up, the study ended in June 2019, as provided.

3.3. Baseline Data

Baseline characteristics of the patients recruited for each group are reported in Table 1.

3.4. Number Analyzed, Outcomes and Estimation, Ancillary Analyses

Twenty subjects for each group were included in each analysis. ANOVA test revealed significant differences (p < 0.0001) for all the clinical measures investigated. For both groups, results demonstrated significantly lower BI (Table 2 and Figure 2), MGI (Table 3 and Figure 3), and PI (Table 4 and Figure 4) scores at T1 (one month after baseline point) compared to those assessed at T0 (p < 0.05). No significant differences were showed between T1, T2 (three months after T0), and T3 (six months after T0) (p > 0.05), conversely statistically significant differences were found comparing all these values with respect to those assessed at T0. Additionally, no significant differences were reported between the two groups in each single time considered (p > 0.05). Although the average values of GI and PI at T1, T2, and T3 were lower in the intervention group compared to those in the control group, no significant differences between the two groups occurred (p > 0.05).
In all sections of the questionnaire, results showed a significant increase in frequency distribution of correct answers in the trial group at T3, compared to T0 (p < 0.05) (Table 5 and Figure 5). The patients who obtained information only in verbal form did not register significant differences between the two endpoints (p > 0.05).

3.5. Harm

No harm was noticed during the trial.

4. Discussion

The present report examined the effect of the social media Instagram in improving both the oral hygiene compliance as well as the knowledge on oral health and dietary habits in young orthodontic patients belonging to the so-called generations of “millennials” and “post-millennials”, which generally include youth generations respectively born at the end of the last century and at the beginning of the present one. Subjects of these categories are characterized by a widespread resort to social media as a form of communication. In particular, Instagram was chosen in this study because it is the most common platform nowadays [9].
After the application of multibrackets appliances, a worsening of the oral hygienic conditions of the patient generally occurs [36]. In addition to the verbal information and motivation, the strategy used to promote oral hygiene compliance in the intervention group of this study was that of sharing on Instagram multimedia contents consisting of pictures and short videos with written explanations, to analyze whether this latter action could be more effective than the traditional verbal communication. A variation of the compliance was clinically assessed through oral health indicators (BI, MGI, and PI) whereas a multiple-choice questionnaire investigated the improvements in patients’ knowledge.
The first null hypothesis of the present investigation was accepted. For both the trial and control group, and therefore independently of the system used by the clinician to give information, results demonstrated significantly lower BI, MGI, and PI scores at T1 (one month after baseline point) compared to those shown at T0, with no significant differences between the groups. Moreover, no significant differences were revealed between T1, T2 (three months after T0), and T3 (six months after T0), neither within each group nor between the two. These data suggest that oral hygiene instructions and motivation performed at the initial appointment, rather than afterwards, play the most important role in improving clinical indexes since after the initial step average values remained constant. No influence has been shown as regards the method used to communicate with the patient.
Many authors have tried to find the most appropriate ways for maintaining patients’ compliance, considering that an ineffective plaque control can lead to undesired effects such as gingival inflammation and dental caries. In order to prevent the most frequent consequences due to plaque build-up during a fixed orthodontic treatment, different studies have evaluated the efficacy of text message reminders demonstrating significant lower BI, MGI, and PI scores after different times [31,37,38]. Leone et al., [39] also showed the positive influence of these tools when used twice a week for a period of three months to stress the usage of intermaxillary elastics in the treatment of Class II malocclusions. However, text messages belong more to past years and generations, whereas in the present era social media are the dominating way of communicating and they could be more appropriate especially for millennials and post-millennials since they spent most hours of their day right on these online platforms.
Until now, there has been quite little research on the efficacy of social media in relation to orthodontics, but a recent systematic review stated that information about orthodontics and other psychosocial factors related to orthodontic patients are spread on social media [40]. A study assessing their usage among patients and practitioners, as well as their potential benefit in marketing and communication strategies, has included Instagram [41]. Moreover, El Tantawi et al., [42] stated that social media, especially Instagram, were preferred by adolescents to receive oral health information. However, to date, we have found no study which ever tested this specific platform to improve the compliance and knowledge of the patients regarding dental hygiene during an orthodontic therapy and this makes our results not directly comparable to those of other analogue studies.
A randomized controlled trial considered an intervention with a messaging app (WeChat), consisting of regular reminders and educational messages which caused an improvement in the plaque index and in the gingival index but, as in the present study, the difference was not statistically significant with controls [43]. Conversely, the intervention with the app was effective in decreasing the treatment duration and the bracket bond failure. It would be also interesting to evaluate the variation of these parameters after providing multimedia contents on Instagram.
Zotti et al. [44] tested a WhatsApp chat room-based competition in a protocol for domestic oral hygiene maintenance where a group of young orthodontic patients enrolled as trials had to monthly share with the other participants self-photographs showing their oral hygiene status. The efficacy of new technologies in the oral health status was demonstrated. Although this result contrasts with that reported in our study, the methodology used is surely different. The active competition among participants, instead of a simple flow of information like in our research, has surely influenced the outcomes with a greater effect.
The reason why a major advantage was not assessed for the trial group might be related to a lack of accuracy in visualizing all multimedia contents and for their whole duration time, which represents a limitation of this report. In fact, other research considers information provided in a visual modality effective in improving the attitude of the youngest towards the dental care, however an excessive length of the video might cause a loss of interest and attention [45]. Accordingly, this might justify why a significant improvement in oral hygiene indexes was found in some of the studies previously mentioned in which only text messages reminders were used [31,37,38]. These latter are obviously shorter compared to multimedia contents and therefore they are likely to have been read entirely by all participants. Other limitations of our study could be related to the intrinsic limitations of the procedures used to evaluate the clinical indexes such as a different pressure when evaluating the BI, the subjectivity in assessing the MGI, and the rigidity of the PI only distinguishing the presence or absence of plaque with no intermediate distinctions. Moreover, the presence of the oral appliance in the mouth could have made the clinical measurements more difficult resulting in altered results. Finally, the present report tested over time the cooperation of patients after conventional professional oral hygiene (using ultrasonic instruments). Other oral hygiene procedures and protocols (involving ozone, laser, or probiotic treatment) have been reported to be effective [46] so further studies on the topic are needed.
The second null hypothesis of this study was rejected: although weekly sharing of information on Instagram did not seem to be able to improve the oral hygiene compliance, it was effective in improving the patients’ knowledge on both oral health and correct oral practices as well as on dietary habits. Answers given to the same questionnaire at the beginning (T0) and at the end (T3) of the study were compared: for all the sections of the questionnaire, a significant increase in average scores of correct answers was shown in the intervention group. Instead, patients who obtained information only in a verbal form did not register statistically differences between the two timepoints considered. Despite a limitation of this questionnaire might regard a certain number of patients not always aware of the true answer but answering correctly by chance, these results are in line with the study of Al-Silwadi et al., [17] that used YouTube as an information tool for orthodontic patients demonstrating an improvement in knowledge related to the care of the dentition compared to standard methods of providing information.
Overall, the results we have obtained show a contrasting effect of Instagram in orthodontic young patients. Despite this social media seems not to improve compliance assessed clinically through the most common oral hygiene indexes, a positive effect was evident for the acquisition of notions linked to oral health. The use of Instagram to transfer information to the patients cannot substitute the traditional face-to-face communication requiring a clinician who gives instructions of oral hygiene to the person under treatment. Since orthodontic therapies might be quite long with an eventual risk of psychological disturbances for the youngest patients [47], it is fundamental for the operator to establish an alliance with the patient, firstly to obtain and subsequently to strength his/her compliance. Nevertheless, Instagram can be used as a support to make young patients aware of the oral health and of the best habits which favor this condition. In this sense, considering the amount of time spent on social media, weekly multimedia contents on Instagram might be effective to stress the importance of these topics on young orthodontic patients, more than what dentists could do since orthodontic visits generally occur over a long period of time with a low frequency.
It appears that presenting information to orthodontic young patients through the Instagram app guarantees improvements in knowledge, but social media alone without the instructions and motivation performed by the dentist and the dental hygienist is not enough to improve oral hygiene compliance. Further research would be necessary to understand how to completely take advantage of these potential resources.

5. Conclusions

The social media Instagram proved to be an effective and innovative way to increase the knowledge of young patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. On the other hand, it does not seem to be able to improve oral hygiene compliance in a statistically significant way. Therefore, it should not be used by clinicians as a replacement of the time to dedicate to the patient but as an auxiliary tool for the dissemination of oral health information, in addition to the education and the motivation performed during clinical visits.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/2/706/s1, Table S1: Section of the questionnaire about oral health knowledge; Table S2: Section of the questionnaire about oral health practices; Table S3: Section of the questionnaire about dietary habits.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.F.S. and A.S.; methodology, M.F.S. and A.S.; software, A.S.; validation, M.F.S.; formal analysis, A.S.; investigation, K.B. and S.M.; resources, P.G.; data curation, A.S., K.B., and S.M.; writing—original draft preparation, A.S. and S.G.; writing—review and editing, M.F.S.; visualization, P.G. and M.F.S.; supervision, P.G.; project administration, P.G., M.F.S., and A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study has been conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and consent was obtained from all participants. Internal Review Board approved the study.

Informed Consent Statement

Participants gave consent to the publication of individual person’s data.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

BIbleeding index
MGImodified gingival index
PIplaque index

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Applsci 11 00706 g001 550
Figure 1. CONSORT flow chart of the study.
Figure 1. CONSORT flow chart of the study.
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Applsci 11 00706 g002 550
Figure 2. Bleeding index (BI). Mean and standard deviation of the BI in the intervention and control group.
Figure 2. Bleeding index (BI). Mean and standard deviation of the BI in the intervention and control group.
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Applsci 11 00706 g003 550
Figure 3. Modified gingival index (MGI). Mean and standard deviation of the MGI in the intervention and control group.
Figure 3. Modified gingival index (MGI). Mean and standard deviation of the MGI in the intervention and control group.
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Applsci 11 00706 g004 550
Figure 4. Plaque index (PI). Mean and standard deviation of the PI in the intervention and control group.
Figure 4. Plaque index (PI). Mean and standard deviation of the PI in the intervention and control group.
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Applsci 11 00706 g005 550
Figure 5. Frequency distributions of questionnaire answers.
Figure 5. Frequency distributions of questionnaire answers.
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Table
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants recruited.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants recruited.
Control Group (n = 20)Intervention Group (n = 20)Total (n = 40)
Age (Years)
Mean15.7516.6416.20
St Dev1.351.511.49
Sex, n (%)
Female8 (40%)11 (55%)19 (47.5%)
Male12 (60%)9 (45%)21 (52.5%)
Parents’ education level, n (%)
Primary school000
Preparatory school4 (10%)2 (5%)6 (7.5%)
Secondary school30 (75%)25 (62.5%)55 (68.75%)
University6 (15%)13 (32.5%)19 (23.75%)
Type of toothbrush, n (%)
Manual9 (45%)13 (65%)22 (55%)
Electric11 (55%)7 (35%)18 (45%)
Type of toothbrush bristles, n (%)
Soft2 (10%)4 (20%)6 (15%)
Medium18 (90%)16 (80%)34 (85%)
Hard000
Table
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of BI results.
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of BI results.
BIMeanStandard DeviationIntragroup/Intergroup Differences *
Control T00.560.27A
Control T10.260.22B
Control T20.230.17B
Control T30.300.24B
Test T00.540.26A
Test T10.240.22B
Test T20.250.20B
Test T30.270.29B
*: different letters (A or B) show significant intragroup/intergroup differences (p < 0.05).
Table
Table 3. Descriptive statistics of MGI results.
Table 3. Descriptive statistics of MGI results.
MGIMeanStandard DeviationIntragroup/Intergroup Differences *
Control T01.230.41A
Control T10.770.36B
Control T20.700.44B
Control T30.740.58B
Test T01.180.39A
Test T10.650.46B
Test T20.550.49B
Test T30.590.51B
*: different letters (A or B) show significant intragroup/intergroup differences (p < 0.05).
Table
Table 4. Descriptive statistics of PI results.
Table 4. Descriptive statistics of PI results.
PIMeanStandard DeviationIntragroup/Intergroup Differences *
Control T00.870.23A
Control T10.530.20B
Control T20.550.17B
Control T30.570.21B
Test T00.930.20A
Test T10.490.21B
Test T20.460.19B
Test T30.470.27B
*: different letters (A or B) show significant intragroup/intergroup differences (p < 0.05).
Table
Table 5. Frequency distribution of correct and not correct answers in the various groups in the three sections of the survey.
Table 5. Frequency distribution of correct and not correct answers in the various groups in the three sections of the survey.
Questionnaire SectionPatientTimeNot CorrectCorrectSignificance
Health KnowledgeControlT032.5067.50
T328.1371.88ns
TrialT031.2568.75
T38.1391.88p < 0.05
Oral Health PracticesControlT038.7561.25
T333.7566.25ns
TrialT036.2563.75
T317.582.5p < 0.05
Dietary habitsControlT038.12561.875
T336.87563.125ns
TrialT041.2558.75
T321.2578.75p < 0.05
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Scribante, A.; Gallo, S.; Bertino, K.; Meles, S.; Gandini, P.; Sfondrini, M.F. The Effect of Chairside Verbal Instructions Matched with Instagram Social Media on Oral Hygiene of Young Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020706

AMA Style

Scribante A, Gallo S, Bertino K, Meles S, Gandini P, Sfondrini MF. The Effect of Chairside Verbal Instructions Matched with Instagram Social Media on Oral Hygiene of Young Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(2):706. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020706

Chicago/Turabian Style

Scribante, Andrea, Simone Gallo, Karin Bertino, Stefania Meles, Paola Gandini, and Maria Francesca Sfondrini. 2021. "The Effect of Chairside Verbal Instructions Matched with Instagram Social Media on Oral Hygiene of Young Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial" Applied Sciences 11, no. 2: 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020706

APA Style

Scribante, A., Gallo, S., Bertino, K., Meles, S., Gandini, P., & Sfondrini, M. F. (2021). The Effect of Chairside Verbal Instructions Matched with Instagram Social Media on Oral Hygiene of Young Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Applied Sciences, 11(2), 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020706

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