Effect of increased pCO₂ on phytoplankton–virus interactions

• Bergh Ø, Børsheim KY, Bratbak G, Heldal M (1989) High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments. Nature 340:467–468

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Bratbak G, Egge JK, Heldal M (1993) Viral mortality of the marine alga Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae) and termination of algal blooms. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 93:39–48

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Brussaard CPD (2004) Optimization of procedures for counting viruses by flow cytometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(3):1506–1513

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Brussaard CPD, Thyrhaug R, Marie D, Bratbak G (1999) Flow cytometric analyses of viral infection in two marine phytoplankton species, Micromonas pusilla (Prasinophyceae) and Phaeocystis pouchetii (Primnesiophyceae). J Phycol 35:941–948

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Brussaard CPD, Short SM, Frederickson CM, Suttle CA (2004) Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of novel viruses infecting the phytoplankton Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae). Appl Environ Microbiol 70(6):3700–3705

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Caldeira K, Wickett ME (2003) Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature 425:365

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Charlson RJ, Lovelock JE, Andreae MO, Warren SG (1987) Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326:361–655

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Delille B, Harlay J, Zondervan I, Jacquet S, Chou L, Wollast R, Bellerby RGJ, Frankignoulle M, Borges AV, Riebesell U, Gattuso J-P (2005) Response of primary production and calcification to changes of pCO₂ during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 19: GB2023

• Engel A, Zondervan I, Aerts K, Beaufort L, Chou L, Delille B, Gattuso J-P, Harlay J, Heemann C, Hoffmann L, Jacquet S, Nejstgaard J, Pizay M-D, Rochelle-Newall E, Schneider U, Terbrueggen A, Riebesell U (2005) Testing the direct effect of CO₂ concentration on a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi in mesocosm experiments. Limnol Oceanogr 50(2):493–507

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Fernández E, Boyd P, Holligan PM, Harbour DS (1993) Production of organic and inorganic carbon within a large-scale coccolithophore bloom in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 97:271–285

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Frada M, Probert I, Allen MJ, Wilson WH, Cd Vargas (2008) The “Cheshire Cat” escape strategy of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in response to viral infection. PNAS USA 105(41):15944–15949

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Guinotte JM, Farby VJ (2008) Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosystems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1134:320–342

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Honjo S (1976) Coccoliths: production, transportation and sedimentation. Mar Micropaleontol 1:65–79

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hurd CL, Hepburn CD, Currie KI, Raven JA, Hunter KA (2009) Testing the effect of ocean acidification on algal metabolism: considerations for experimental designs. J Phycol 45:1236–1251

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Iglesias-Rodriguez MD, Halloran PR, Rickaby REM, Hall IR, Colmenero-Hidalgo E, Gittins JR, Green DRH, Tyrrell T, Gibbs SJ, Dassow Pv, Rehm E, Armbrust EV, Boessenkool KP (2008) Phytoplankton calcification in a high-CO₂ world. Science 320:336–340

  Article  Google Scholar 

• I.P.C.C. (2007) Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 996

• Lancelot C, Mathot S (1987) Dynamics of a Phaeocystis-dominated spring bloom in Belgian coastal waters. I. Phytoplankton activities and related parameters. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 37:239–248

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Larsen A, Flaten GAF, Sandaa R-A, Castberg T, Thyrhaug R, Erga SR, Jacquet S, Bratbak G (2004) Spring phytoplankton bloom dynamics in Norwegian coastal waters: Microbial community succession and diversity. Limnol Oceanogr 49(1):180–190

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Larsen JB, Larsen A, Thyrhaug R, Bratback G, Sandaa R-A (2008) Response of marine viral populations to a nutrient induced phytoplankton bloom at different pCO₂ levels. Biogeosciences 5:523–533

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Orr JC, Fabry VJ, Aumont O, Bopp L, Doney SC, Feely RA, Gnanadesikan A, Gruber N, Ishida A, Joos F, Key RM, Lindsay K, Maier-Reimer E, Matear R, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Najjar RG, Plattner G-K, Rodgers KB, Sabine CL, Sarmiento JL, Schlitzer R, Slater RD, Totterdell IJ, Weirig M-F, Yamanaka Y, Yool A (2005) Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and tis impact on calcifying organisms. Nature 437:681–686

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Paulino AI, Egge JK, Larsen A (2008) Effects of increased atmospheric CO₂ on small and intermediate sized osmotrophs during a nutrient induced phytoplankton bloom. Biogeosciences 5:739–748

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Riebesell U, Zonrvan I, Rost B, Tortell OD, Zeebe RE, Morel FMM (2000) Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO₂. Nature 407:364–367

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Riebesell U, Schulz KG, Bellerby RG, Botros M, Fritsche P, Meyehöfer M, Neill C, Nondal G, Oschlies A, Wohlers J, Zöllner E (2007) Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO₂ ocean. Nature 450:545–549

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Schoemann V, Becquevort S, Stefels J, Rousseau V, Lancelot C (2005) Phaeocystis blooms in the global ocean and their controlling mechanisms: a review. J Sea Res 53:43–66

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Westbroek P, Young JR, Linchooten KJ (1989) Coccolith production (biomineralization) in the marine algae Emiliania huxleyi. J Protozool 36:368–373

  Google Scholar 

• Wilhelm SW, Suttle CA (1999) Viruses and nutrient cycles in the sea. Bioscience 49(10):781–788

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zondervan I, Zeebe RE, Rost B, Riebesell U (2001) Decreasing marine biogenic calcification: a negative feedback on rising atmospheric pCO₂. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 15(2):507–516

  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references