Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aadland CR, Braun CB, Stölting KN, Alves-Gomes JA (2003) Intraspecific differences in the electric organ discharge of two species of sympatric gymnotiforms. In: Abstracts of the 2003 meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Manaus, Brazil.
Aguilera PA, Caputi AA (2003) Electroreception in G. carapo: detection of changes in waveform of the electrosensory signals. J Exp Biol 206:989–998.
Aguilera PA, Castello ME, Caputi AA (2001) Electroreception in Gymnotus carapo: differences between self-generated and conspecific-generated signal carriers. J Exp Biol 204:185–198.
Albert JS (2001) Species diversity and phylogenetic systematics of American knifefishes (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei). University of Michigan Misc Publ Mus Zool 190:1–127.
Albert JS (2002) Eternal vigilance on an Amazon floodplain. Curr Biol 12:R442–R443.
Albert JS (2003a) Family Apteronotidae. In: Reis RE, Kullander SO, Ferraris CJ Jr (eds), Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, pp. 503–508.
Albert JS (2003b) Family Sternopygidae. In: Reis RE, Kullander SO, Ferraris CJ Jr (eds), Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, pp. 493–497.
Albert JS, Campos-da-Paz R (1998) Phylogenetic systematics of American knifefishes: a review of the available data. In: Malabarba L, Reis RE, Vari RP, de Lucena CAS, de Lucena ZMS (eds), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, pp. 409–438.
Albert JS, Crampton WGR (2001) Five new species of Gymnotus (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes) from an Upper Amazonian floodplain, with descriptions of electric organ discharges and ecology. Ichthyol. Explor Freshwaters 12:241–226.
Albert JS, Crampton WGR (2003a) Seven new species of the Neotropical electric fish Gymnotus (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes) with a redescription of G. carapo (Linnaeus). Zootaxa 287:1–54.
Albert JS, Crampton WGR (2003b) Family Hypopomidae. In: Reis RE, Kullander SO, Ferraris CJ Jr (eds), Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, pp. 500–502.
Albert JS, Fink WL (1996) Sternopygus xingu, a new species of electric fish (Gymnotoidei, Teleostei), from South America, with comments on the phylogenetic position of Sternopygus. Copeia 1996:85–102.
Albert JS, Fink WL (in review) Phylogenetic relationships of fossil Neotropical electric fishes (Osteichthyes: Gymnotiformes) from the Upper Miocene of Bolivia. J Vert Paleontol (in review).
Albert JS, Miller RR (1995) Gymnotus maculosus: a new species of electric fish from Middle America (Teleostei: Gymnotoidei), with a key to the species of Gymnotus. Proc Biol Soc Wash 108:662–678.
Albert JS, Lannoo MJ, Yuri T (1998) Testing hypotheses of neural evolution in gymnotiform electric fishes using phylogenetic character data. Evolution 52:1760–1780.
Albert JS, Fernandes-Matioli FM, de Almeida-Toledo LF (1999) A new species of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei) from Southeastern Brazil: towards the deconstruction of Gymnotus carapo. Copeia 1999:410–421.
Albert JS, Froese R, Paulay D (2000) The brains table. In: Froese R, Paulay D (eds), FishBase 2000, Concepts, Design and Data Sources. Manila: ICLARM, pp. 234–237.
Albert JS, Lovejoy NR, Crampton WGR (2005a) Miocene tectonism and the separation of cis-and trans-Andean basins: evidence from Neotropical fishes. J. South Am Earth Sci (in press).
Albert JS, Crampton WGR, Thorsen DH, Lovejoy NR (2005b) Phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography of the Neotropical electric fish Gymnotus (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes). Systemat Biodivers (in press).
Alves-Gomes JA (1997) Informações preliminares sobre a bio-ecologia de peixes eléctricos (Ordem Gymnotiformes) em Roraima. In: Barbosa RI, Ferreira EJG, Castellón EG (eds), Homen, Ambiente e Ecologia no Estada de Roraima. Manaus: INPA, pp. 509–555.
Alves-Gomes JA (1999) Systematic biology of gymnotiform and mormyriform electric fishes: phylogenetic relationships, molecular clocks and rates of evolution in the mitochondrial rRNA genes. J Exp Biol 202:1167–1183.
Alves-Gomes JA (2001) The evolution of electroreception and bioelectrogenesis in teleost fish: a phylogenetic perspective. J Fish Biol 58:1489–1511.
Alves-Gomes JA, Orti G, Haygood M, Heiligenberg W, Meyer A (1995) Phylogenetic analysis of the South American electric fishes (order Gymnotiformes) and the evolution of their electrogenic system—a synthesis based on morphology, electrophysiology, and mitochondrial sequence data. Mol Biol Evol 12:298–318.
Anderson MJ (1987) Molecular differentiation of neurons from ependyma-derived cells in tissue cultures of regenerating teleost spinal cord. Brain Res 388:131–136.
Anderson MJ, Waxman SG (1981) Morphology of regenerated spinal cord in Sternarchus albifrons. Cell Tissue Res 219:1–8.
Assad C, Rasnow B, Stoddard PK, Bower JM (1998) The electric organ discharges of the gymnotiform fishes: II. Eigenmannia. J Comp Physiol A 183:419–432.
Assunçã MI, Schwassman HO (1995) Reproduction and larval development of Electrophorus electricus on Marajó Island (Pará, Brazil). Ichthyol Explor Freshwaters 6: 175–184.
Barthem RB (1985) Ocorrencia, distribuicao e biologia de peixes da Baia de Marajo, Estuario Amazonico. Bol Mus Paraense Emilio Goeldi Zool 2:49–69.
Bass AH (1986) Electric organs revisited. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds), Electroreception. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 13–70.
Bastian J (1986) Electrolocation: behavior, anatomy, physiology. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds), Electroreception. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 577–612.
Bell C, Bodznick D, Montgomery J, Bastian J (1997) The generation and subtraction of sensory expectations within cerebellum-like structures. Brain Behav Evol 50:17–31.
Bennett MVL (1971) Electric organs. In: Hoar WS, Randal DJ (eds), Fish Physiology. New York: Academic Press, p. 346–491.
Benton MJ (1993) The Fossil Record 2. London: Chapman and Hall, 845 pp.
Bermingham E, Martin AP (1998) Comparative mtDNA phylogeography of neotropical freshwater fishes: testing shared history to infer the evolutionary landscape of lower Central America. Mol.Ecol 7:499–517.
Bermingham E, McCafferty SS, Martin AP (1997) Fish biogeography and molecular clocks: perspectives from the Panamanian Isthmus. In: Kocher TD, Stepien CA (eds), Molecular Systematic of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 113–128.
Black-Cleworth P (1970) The role of electrical discharges in the non-reproductive social behavior of Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae, Pisces). Animal Behav Monogr 3:1–77.
Boulenger GA (1898) On a collection of fishes from the Rio Juruá. Brazil. Trans Zool Soc Lond 14:421–428.
Campos-da-Paz R (2003) Family Gymnotidae. In: Reis RE, Kullander SO, Ferraris CJ (eds), Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, pp. 483–486.
Campos-da-Paz R, Albert JS (1998) The gymnotiform “eels” of tropical America: a history of classification and phylogenetic studies of South American electric knife-fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). In: Malabarba L, Reis RE, Vari RP, de Lucena CAS, de Lucena ZMS (eds), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, p. 401–417.
Campos-da-Paz R, Costa WJEM (1996) Gymnotus bahianus p. nov., a new gymnotid fish from Eastern Brazil (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Gymnotiforms), with evidence for the monophyly of the genus. Copeia 1996:937–944.
Campos-da-Paz R, Paepke HJ (1994) On Sternarchorhamphus hahni, a member of the rhamphichthyid genus Rhamphichthys (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes). Ichthyol Explor Freshwaters 5:155–159.
Caputi AA (1999) The electric organ discharge of pulse gymnotiforms: the transformation of a simple impulse into a complex spatiotemporal electromotor pattern. J Exp Biol 202:1229–1241.
Caputi A, Aguilera P (1996) A field potential analysis of the electromotor system in Gymnotus carapo. J Comp Physiol a 179:827–835.
Caputi AA, Aguilera PA (2003) Probability and amplitude of novelty responses as a function of the change in contrast of the reafferent image in G. carapo. J Exp Biol 206:999–1010.
Caputi A, Macadar O, Trujillo-Cenóz O (1989) Waveform generation of the electric organ discharge in Gymnotus carapo. 3. Analysis of the fish body as an electric source. J Comp Physiol A 165:361–370.
Caputi A, Macadar O, Trujillo-Cenóz O (1994) Wave-form generation in Rhamphichthys rostratus (L) (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes). J Comp Physiol A 174:633–642.
Caputi AA, Silva AC, Macadar O (1998) The electric organ discharge of Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus. Brain Behav Evol 52:148–158.
Carr CE, Maler L (1986) Electroreception in gymnotiform fish: central anatomy and physiology. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds), Electroreception. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 319–374.
Carter GS, Beadle C (1931) The fauna of the swamps of the Paraguayan Chaco in relation to its environment. II. Respiratory adaptations in the fishes. Zool J Linn Soc Lond 37:327–366.
Castelnau F (1855) Poissons nouveaux ou rares récueillem pendant l’Expedition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Pará. Paris P. Bertrand, Libraire-Editeur, 112 pp.
Castro RMC, Casatti L (1997) The fish fauna from a small forest stream of the upper Paraná River basin, southeastern Brazil. Ichthyol Explor Freshwaters 7:337–352.
Chardon M, de la Hoz E (1974) Towards an improved classification of the gymnotiform fishes by the use of the splanchnocranium characters. Acta Biol Jugoslav, Beograd 6: 15–25.
Cox-Fernandes C (1998a) Sex related morphological variation in two species of apteronotid fishes (Gymnotiformes) from the Amazon River Basin. Copeia 1998:730–735.
Cox-Fernandes C (1998b) Detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) of electric fish assemblages in the Amazon. In: Val AL, Almeida-Val VMF (eds), Biology of Tropical Fishes, Manaus: INPA, pp. 21–39.
Cox-Fernandes C, Lundberg JGL, Riginos C (2002) Largest of all electric-fish snouts: hypermorphic facial growth in male Apteronotus hasemani and the identity of Apteronotus anas (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Copeia 2002:52–61.
Crampton WGR (1996a) Gymnotiform fish: an important component of Amazonian flood plain communities. J Fish Biol 48:298–301.
Crampton WGR (1996b) The electric fish of the Upper Amazon: ecology and signal diversity. Oxford: Department of Zoology, The University of Oxford.
Crampton WGR (1998a) Electric signal design and habitat preferences in a species rich assemblage of gymnotiform fishes from the Upper Amazon Basin. Anais Acad Brasil Ciên 70:805–847.
Crampton WGR (1998b) Effects of anoxia on the distribution, respiratory strategies and electric signal diversity of gymnotiform fishes. J Fish Biol 53:502–520.
Crampton WGR (1999) Os peixes da Reserva Mamiraua: diversidade e historia natural na planicie alagavel da Amazonia. In: Queiroz HL, Crampton WGR (eds), Estrategias para Manejo de Recursos Pesqueiros em Mamiraua. Sociedade Civil Mamiraua/CNPq, Brasilia, pp. 10–36.
Crampton WGR, Albert JS (2003) A redescription of Gymnotus coropinae, an often misidentified species of gymnotid fish, with notes on ecology and electric organ discharge. Zootaxa 348:1–20.
Crampton WGR, Albert JS (2005) Evolution of electric signal diversity in the gymnotiform fishes. In: Collin SP, Kapoor BG, Ladich F, Moller P (eds), Fish Communication. New York: Science Publishers (in press).
Crampton WGR, Hopkins CD (2005) Nesting and paternal care in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) with descriptions of larval and adult electric organ discharges of two species. Copeia (in press).
Crampton WGR, Lovejoy NR, Albert JS (2003) Gymnotus ucamara: a new species of Neotropical electric fish from the Peruvian Amazon (Ostariophysi: Gymnotidae). Zootaxa 277:1–18.
Crampton WGR, Thorsen DH, Albert JS (2004a) Steatogenys ocellatus, a new species of Neotropical electric fish (Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae) from the lowland Amazon Basin. Copeia 2004:78–91.
Crampton WGR, Hulen K, Albert JS (2004b) Sternopygus branco, a new species of Neotropical electric fish (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from the lowland Amazon basin, with descriptions of ecology and electric organ discharges. Copeia 2004:244–258.
Crampton WGR, Thorsen DH, Albert JS (2005) Three new species from a diverse assemblage of Gymnotus (Gymnotidae) in the Upper Amazon. Copeia (in press).
de Almeida-Toledo LF (1998) Cytogenetic markers in Neotropical freshwater fishes. In: Malabarba L, Reis RE, Vari RP, de Lucena CAS, de Lucena ZMS (eds), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, pp. 583–588.
de Almeida-Toledo LF, Daniel-Silva MFZ, F Foresti, Toledo SA (1998) Sex related heterochromatin in two neotropical fish species, order Gymnotiformes, presenting X1X2Y sex chromosome system. Cytogenet Cell Genet 81:68.
de Almeida-Toledo LF, Daniel-Silva MFZ, Lopes CE, Toledo SD (2000a) Sex chromosome evolution in fish. II. Second occurrence of an X1X2Y sex chromosome system in Gymnotiformes. Chromosome Res 8:335–340.
de Almeida-Toledo LF, Foresti F, Daniel MFZ, Toledo SA (2000b) Sex chromosome evolution in fish: the formation of the neo-Y chromosome in Eigenmannia (Gymnotiformes). Chromosoma 109:197–200.
de Almeida-Toledo LF, Daniel-Silva MFZ, Moysés CB, Fonteles SBA, Lopes CE, Akama A, Foresti F (2002) Chromosome evolution in fish: sex chromosome variability in Eigenmannia virescens (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae). Cytogenet Genome Res 99: 164–169.
de Pinna MCC (1998) Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical Siluriformes. In Malabarba L, Reis RE, Vari RP, de Lucena CAS, de Lucena ZMS (eds), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, pp. 279–330.
Diaz de Gamero ML (1996) The changing course of the Orinoco River during the Neogene: a review. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 123:385–402.
Duque-Caro H (1990) Major Neogene events in Panamaic South America. In: Tsuchi R (ed), Pacific Neogene Events, Their Timing, Nature and Interrelationships. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press, pp. 101–114.
Dye JC, Meyer JH (1986) Control over the electric organ discharge. In: Bullock TH Heiligenberg W (eds), Electroreception. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 71–102
Eernisse DJ, Kluge AG (1993) Taxonomic congruence versus total evidence, and amniote phylogeny inferred from fossils, molecules, and morphology. Mol Biol Evol 10:1170–1195.
Eigenmann CH (1905) Sternarchorhamphus gen. nov. In: Eigenmann CH, Ward DP (eds), The Gymnotidae. Proc Wash Acad Sci 7:157–186.
Eigenmann CH, Allen WR (1942) Fishes of Western South America. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 494 pp.
Eigenmann CH, Ward DP (1905) The Gymnotidae. Proc Wash Acad Sci 7:157–186.
Ellis MM (1912) Order Glanencheli, Family X. Gymnotidae. In: Eigenmann CH (ed), The Freshwater Fishes of British Guiana. Mem Carnegie Mus 5:422–442.
Ellis MM (1913) The Gymnotid Eels of Tropical America. Mem Carnegie Mus 6:109–195.
Eschmeyer WN (2003) Catalog of Fishes. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences.
Evans M (1929) Some notes on the anatomy of the electric eel, Gymnotus electrophorus, with special reference to a mouth breathing organ and the swim-bladder. Proc Zool Soc Lond 2:17–22.
Fernandes-Matioli FMC, de Almeida-Toledo LF (2001) A molecular phylogenetic analysis in Gymnotus species (Pisces: Gymnotiformes) with inferences on chromosome evolution. Caryologia 54:23–30.
Fernandes-Matioli FMC, de Almeida-Toledo LF, Toledo SA (1998a) Natural triploidy in the Neotropical species Gymnotus carapo (Pisces: Gymnotiformes). Caryologia 51: 319–322.
Fernandes-Matioli FMC, Marchetto MCN, de Almeida-Toledo LF, Toledo, SA (1998b) High intraspecific karyological conservation in four species of Gymnotus (Pisces: Gymnotiformes) from southeastern Brazilian basins. Caryologia 51:221–234.
Fernandes-Matioli FMC, Matioli SR, de Almeida-Toledo LF (2000) Species diversity and geographic distribution of Gymnotus (Pisces: Gymnotiformes) by nuclear (GGAC)(n) microsatellite analysis. Genet Mol Biol 23:803–807.
Ferraris CJ (2003) Family Rhamphichthyidae. In: Reis RE, Kullander SO, Ferraris CJ (eds), Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, pp. 492–493.
Finger TE (1986) Electroreception in catfish: behavior, anatomy, and physiology. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds), Electroreception. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 287–318.
Finger TE, Karten HJ (1978) The accessory optic system of teleosts. Brain Res 135: 144–149.
Fink SV, Fink WL (1981) Interrelationships of the ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei). Zool J Linn Soc 72:297–353.
Fink SV, Fink WL (1996) Interrelationships of ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei). In: Stiassney M, Parenti LR, Johnson GD (eds), Interrelationships of Fishes. New York: Academic Press, pp. 209–249.
Fonteles-Santos SBA, Fernandes-Matioli FMC, Lopes CE, Akama A, de Almeida-Toledo LF (2002) Electrophorus electricus (Gymnotiformes: Electrophoridae): características citogenéticas, genéticas e moleculares. 48 Congresso Nacional de Genética (GA110), realizado no período de 17 a 20 de setembro de 2002, Á guas de Lindóia-SP.
Franchina CR, Hopkins CD (1996) The dorsal filament of the weakly electric Apteronotidae (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei) is specialized for electroreception. Brain Behav Evol 47:165–178.
Franchina CR, Stoddard PK (1998) Plasticity of the electric organ discharge waveform on the electric fish Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus I. Quantification of day-night changes. J Comp Physiol A 183:759–768.
Garcia M (1995) Aspectos ecológicos dos peixes das águas abertas de um lago no arquipélago das Anavilhanas, Rio Negro, AM, INPA/UFAM, Unpublished MSc. Thesis, 99 pp.
Gayet M, Meunier F (2000) Rectification of the nomenclature of the genus name Ellisella Gayet and Meunier, 1991 (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes) in Humboldtichthys Nom. Nov. Cybium 24:104.
Gayet M, Meunier FJ, Kirschbaum F (1994) Ellisella kirschbaumi Gayet and Meunier, 1991, gymnotiform e fossile de Bolivie et ses relations phylogénétiques au sein des formes actuelles. Cybium 18:273–306.
Gill TN (1864) Ichthyological notes. Proc Acad Nat Sci Phil 16:151–154.
Giora J (2004) Biologia reprodutiva e hábito alimentar de Eigenmannia trilineata López and Castello, 1966 (Teleostei, Sternopygidae) do Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Rio Grande do Sul. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 90 pp.
Gotter AL, Kaetzel MA, Dedman JR (1998) Electrophorus electricus as a model system for the study of membrane excitability. Comp Biochem Physiol 119:225–241.
Goulding M, Carvalho ML, Ferreira EG (1988) Rio Negro, Rich Life in Poor Waters. The Hague, Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing, 200 pp.
Goulding MJ, Bartham R, Ferreira E (2003) The Smithsonian Atlas of the Amazon. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 253 pp.
Greenwood PH (1984) What is a species flock? In: Echelle AA Kornfield I (eds), Evolution of Fish Species Flocks. Orono, ME: University of Maine at Orono Press, pp. 13–25.
Gregory-Wodzicki KM (2000) Uplift history of the Central and Northern Andes: a review. Geol Soc Am Bull 112:1091–1105.
Guerrero J (1997) Stratigraphy, sedimentary environments, and the Miocene uplift of the Colombian Andes. In: Kay RF, Hadden RH, Cifelli RL, Flynn JJ (eds), Vertebrate Paleonotology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 15–43.
Hagedorn M (1985) Ecology and behaviour of a pulse-type electric fish, Hypopomus occidentalis (Gymnotiformes, Hypopomidae), in a fresh-water stream in Panama. Copeia 1985:324–335.
Hagedorn M, Keller C (1996) Species diversity of gymnotiform fishes in Manu Bioreserve, Pakitza, Peru. In: Wilson DE, Sandoval A (eds), Manu: The Biodiversity of Southeastern Peru. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 483–502.
Heiligenberg WF (1980) Species specificity of electric organ discharges in sympatric gymnotoid fish of the Rio Negro. Acta Biol Venezol 10:187–203.
Heiligenberg WF, Bastian A (1986) Jamming avoidance responses. Model systems for neuroethology. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg WF (eds), Electroreception. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 613–649.
Henderson PA, Walker I (1986) On the leaf litter community of the Amazonian black-water stream Tarumã-Mirim. J Trop Ecol 2:1–17.
Hoedeman JJ (1962) Notes on the ichthyology of Surinam and other Guianas, 11. New gymnotiform fishes from Surinam and French Guiana, with additional records and a key to the groups and species from Guiana. Bull Aquat Biol Amst 3:97–107.
Hoorn C (1996) Miocene deposits in the Amazonian foreland basin. Science 273:122–123.
Hoorn C, Guerrero J, Sarmiento GA, Lorente MA (1995) Andean Tectonics as a Cause for Changing Drainage Patterns in Miocene Northern South-America. Geology 23:237–240.
Hopkins CD (1972) Sex differences in electric signaling in an electric fish. Science 176:1035–1037.
Hopkins CD (1983) Functions and mechanisms in electroreception. In: Northcutt RG, Davis RE (eds), Fish Neurobiology, Vol. 1. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, pp. 215–259.
Hopkins CD (1999) Design features for electric communication. J Exp Biol 202:1217–1228.
Hopkins CD, Heiligenberg WF (1978) Evolutionary designs for electric signals and electroreceptors in gymnotiform fishes of Surinam. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 3:113–134.
Hopkins CD, Comfort NC, Bastian J, Bass A (1990) Functional analysis of sexual dimorphism in an electric fish, Hypopomus pinnicaudatus, order Gymnotiformes. Brain Behav Res 35:350–367.
Hulen K, Crampton WGR, Albert JS (2005) Phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography of the Neotropical electric fish Sternopygus (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei). Systemat Biodivers (in press).
Ituralde-Vincent MA, MacPhee RDE (1999) Paleogeography of the Caribbean region implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 238:1–95.
Jordan DS, Evermann BW (1896) The fishes of North and Middle America. Bull US Nat Mus 47:i–lx, 1–954.
Julian D, Crampton WGR, Wolgemuth S, Albert JS (2003) Oxygen consumption by weakly electric Neotropical fishes. Oecologia 137:502–511.
Junk WJ, Robertson BA (1997) Aquatic invertebrates. In: Junk W (ed), The Central Amazon Floodplain: Ecology of a Pulsing System. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 279–298
Kaup JJ (1856) Family Gymnotidae. In: Catalogue of Apodal Fishes. Br Mus Nat Hist, pp. 124–142.
Kirschbaum F (1977) Electric organ ontogeny: distinct larval organ precedes the adult organ in weakly electric fish. Naturwissenchaften 64:387–388.
Kirschbaum F (1995) Taxonomy, zoogeography, and general ecology of South American knifefishes (Gymnotiformes). In: Moller P (ed), Electric Fishes. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 446–464
Kirschbaum F, Meunier FJ (1981) Experimental regeneration of the caudal skeleton of the glass knifefish Eigenmannia virescens (Rhamphichthyidae, Gymnotoidei). J Morphol 168:121–135.
Kirschbaum F, Wieczorek L (2002) Entdeckung einer neuen Fortpflanzungs-strategie bei südamerikainischen Messerfischen (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae): Maulbrüten bei Gymnotus carapo. Verhalt Aquarienfisch 2:99–107.
Kornfield I, Smith PF (2000) African cichlid fishes: model systems for evolutionary biology. Ann Rev Ecol Systemat 31:163–196.
Korringa M (1970) A new gymnotiform fish from the Rio Tocantins, Brazil. Proc Cal Acad Sci 38:265–271.
Lacépède BGE (1798–1803) Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 5 volumes, Paris.
Lasso C, Rial AB, Lasso-Alcalá O (1997) Bioecological aspects of the taxocenosis of electric fishes (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes), in the Apure Llanos of Venezuela. Acta Biol Venezuél 17:7–29.
Lazar GP, Toth P, Szabo T (1987) Retinal projections in gymnotiform fishes. J Hirnforsch 28:13–26.
Liem KF, Eclancher B, Fink WL (1984) Aerial respiration in the banded knife fish Gymnotus carapo (Teleostei: Gymnotoidei). Physiol Zool 57:185–195.
Linnaeus C (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X, Vol. 1,246. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii, 824 pp.
Lorenzo D, Velluti JC, Macadar O (1988) Electrophysiological properties of abdominal electrocytes in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo. J Comp Physiol A 162:141–144.
Lovejoy NR, deAraújo MLG (2000) Molecular systematics, biogeography, and population structure of Neotropical freshwater needlefishes of the genus Potamorrhaphis. Mol. Ecol 9:259–268.
Lovejoy NR, Bermingham RE, Martin AP (1998) Marine incursions into South America. Nature 396:421–422.
Lundberg JG (1993) African-South American freshwater fish clades and continental drift: problems with a paradigm. In: Goldblatt P (ed), Biological Relationships Between Africa and South America. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 156–199.
Lundberg JG (1997) Freshwater fishes and their paleobiotic implications. In: Kay RF, Hadden RH, Cifelli RL, Flynn JJ (eds), Vertebrate Paleonotology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 67–92.
Lundberg JG (1998) The temporal context for the diversification of Neotropical fishes. In: Malabarba L, Reis RE, Vari RP, de Lucena CAS, de Lucena ZMS (eds), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, pp. 49–68.
Lundberg JG, Mago-Leccia F (1986) A review of Rhabdolichops (Gymnotiformes, Sternopygidae), a genus of South American freshwater fishes, with descriptions of four new species. Proc Acad Nat Sci Phil 138:53–85.
Lundberg JG, Lewis WM, Saunders JF, Mago-Leccia F (1987) A major food web component in the Orinoco River channel: evidence from planktivorous electric fishes. Science 237:81–83.
Lundberg JG, Cox-Fernandes C, Albert JS, Garcia M (1996) Magosternarchus, a new genus with two new species of electric fish (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae) from the Amazon River basin, South America. Copeia 1996:657–670.
Lundberg JG, Marshall LC, Guerrero J, Horton B, Malabarba MCSL, Wesselingh F (1998) The stage for Neotropical fish diversification: a history of tropical South American rivers. In: Malabarba L, Reis RE, Vari RP, de Lucena CAS, de Lucena ZMS (eds), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, pp. 13–48.
Mago-Leccia F (1994) Electric Fishes of the Continental Waters of America. Biblioteca de la Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matematicas, y Naturales, Caracas, Venezuela 29:1–206.
Mago-Leccia F, Lundberg JG, Baskin JN (1985) Systematics of the South American freshwater genus Adontosternarchus (Gymnotiformes, Apteronotidae). Contrib Sci LA County Mus Nat Hist. 358:1–19.
Maldonado-Ocampo JA, Albert JS (2003) Species diversity of gymnotiform fishes in Colombia. Biota Colomb 4:145–163.
Marrero C (1987) Notas preliminares acerca de la historia natural de los peces del Bajo Llano. I. Comparacion de los habitos alimentarios de tres especies de peces gymnotiformes en el Rio Apure (Edo Apure, Venezuela). Rev Hydrobiol Trop 20:57–63.
Martin AP, Bermingham E (2000) Regional endemism and cryptic species revealed by molecular and morphological analysis of a widespread species of Neotropical catfish. Proc R Soc Lond B 267:1135–1141.
McAnelly L, Silva A, Zakon HH (2003) Cyclic AMP modulates electrical signaling in a weakly electric fish. J Comp Physiol A 189:273–282.
Mills A, Zakon HH, Marchaterre MA, Bass AH (1992) Electric organ morphology of Sternopygus macrurus, a tone-type weakly electric fish with a sexually dimorphic EOD. J Neurobiol 23:920–932.
Moller P (1995a) Basic elements of electrocommunication systems. In Moller P (ed), Electric Fishes: History and Behavior. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 167–198.
Moller P (1995b) Electric Organs. In Electric Fishes: History and Behavior. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 385–402.
Motta-Bührnheim C, Cox-Fernandes C (2001) Low seasonal variation of fish assemblage in Amazonian rain forest streams. Ichthyol Explor Freshwaters 12:65–78.
Müller J, Troschel FH (1848) Horae Ichthyologicae. Beschreibung und Abbildung neuer Fische. Berlin: Drittes Heft, 28 pp.
Nijssen H, Isbrücker IJH (1972) On Hypopygus lepturus, a little known dwarf gymnotid fish from South America (Pisces, Cypriniformes, Gymnotoidei). Zool Meded 47:160–176.
Paxton CGM, Crampton WGR, Burgess P (1996) Miocene deposits in the Amazonian foreland basin. Science 273:122–123.
Rasnow B, JM Bower (1996) The electric organ discharges of the gymnotiform fishes I. Apteronotus leptorhynchus. J Comp Physiol A 178:383–396.
Reid S (1983) La biologia de los bagres rayados Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum y P. tigrinum en la cuenca del rio Apure, Venezuela. Rev. UNELLEZ Cienc Tecnol 1:13–41.
Reis RE (1998) Systematics, biogeography, and the fossil record of the Callichthyidae: a review of available le data. In: Malabarba L, Reis RE, Vari RP, de Lucena CAS, de Lucena ZMS (eds), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, pp. 351–362.
Silva A, Quintana L, Galeano M, Errandonea P (2003) Biogeography and breeding in Gymnotiformes from Uruguay. Environ Biol Fishes 66:329–338.
Stewart DJ, Ibarra M, Barriga-Salazar RB (2002) Comparison of deep-river and adjacent sandy-beach fish assemblages in the Napo River Basin, Eastern Ecuador. Copeia 2002:333–343.
Stoddard PK (1999) Predation enhances complexity in the evolution of electric fish signals. Nature 400:254–256.
Stoddard PK, Rasnow B, Assad C (1999) Electric organ discharges of the gymnotiform fishes: III. Brachyhypopomus. J Comp Physiol A 184:609–630.
Sullivan JP (1997) A phylogenetic study of the Neotropical hypopomid electric fishes (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyoidea). Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Duke University.
Triques ML (1993) Filogenia dos gêneros de Gymnotiformes (Actinopterygii, Ostariophysi), com base em caracteres esqueléticos. Comun Mus Cienec PURCS, Zool Porto Alegre 6:85–130.
Triques ML (1996a) Eigenmannia vicentespelae, a new species of cave dwelling electrogenic Neotropical fish (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae). Rev Aquariol 23:1–4.
Triques ML (1996b) Iracema caiana, new genus and species of electrogenic Neotropical freshwater fish (Rhamphichthyidae: Gymnotiformes: Ostariophysi: Actinopterygii). Rev Aquariol 23:91–92.
Triques ML (1997) Stegostenopos cryptogenys, new genus and species of Hypopomidae electrogenic neotropical fish from the Rio Negro system, Brazil (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes). Rev Aquariol 24:31–36.
Triques ML (1999) Three new species of Rhamphichthys Muller et Troschel, 1846 (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae). Rev Aquariol 26:1–6.
Trujillo-Cenóz O, Echaguë JA, Macadar O (1984) Innervation pattern and electric organ discharge waveform in Gymnotus carapo. J Neurobiol 15:273–281.
Unguez GA, Zakon HH (1998) Phenotypic conversion of distinct muscle fiber populations to electrocytes in a weakly electric fish. J Comp Neurol 399:20–34.
Vari RP (1988) The Curimatidae: a Lowland Neotropical fish family (Pisces: Characiformes); Distribution, Endemism, and Phylogenetic Biogeography. In: Vanzolini P, Heyer WR (eds), Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, pp. 343–377.
Vari RP (1995) The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): Supra and interfamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study. Smithsonian Contrib Zool 564:1–97.
Vari RP (1998) Higher level phylogenetic concepts within Characiformes (Ostariophysi): a historical review. In: Malabarba L, Reis RE, Vari RP, de Lucena CAS, de Lucena ZMS (eds), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia, pp. 111–122.
Vari RP, Weitzman SH (1990) A review of the phylogenetic biogeography of the freshwater fishes of South America. In: Peters G, Hutterer R (eds), Vertebrates in the Tropics. Bonn: Museum Alexander Koenig, pp. 381–393.
Watson D, Bastian J (1979) Frequency response characteristics of electroreceptors in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus carapo. J Comp Physiol A 134:191–202.
Westby GWM (1988) The ecology, discharge diversity and predatory behaviour of gymnotiform electric fish in the coastal streams of French Guiana. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 22:341–354.
Winemiller KO, Adite A (1997) Convergent evolution of weakly electric fishes from floodplain habitats in Africa and South America. Environ Biol Fish 49:175–186.
Zakon HH (1986) The electroreceptive periphery. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds), Electroreception. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 103–156.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Albert, J.S., Crampton, W.G.R. (2005). Diversity and Phylogeny of Neotropical Electric Fishes (Gymnotiformes). In: Bullock, T.H., Hopkins, C.D., Popper, A.N., Fay, R.R. (eds) Electroreception. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 21. Springer, New York, NY . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28275-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28275-0_13
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-23192-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-28275-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)