In this contribution, we discuss the basic concepts of genotypes and phenotypes in tree-based GP (TGP), and then analyze their behavior using five real-world datasets. We show that TGP exhibits the same behavior that we can observe in other GP ...

The detection of fake news has received increasing attention over the past few years, but there are more subtle ways of deceiving one's audience. In addition to the content of news stories, their presentation can also be made misleading or biased. In ...

We investigate the potential benefits of semantically neutral rewrites in Genetic Programming. These rewrites are expressed in the form of domain-specific axioms and building-block strategies of their application. We develop the strategies with the goal ...

Whereas evolutionary computation usually solves problems from scratch, organisms evolve under changing environments and possess flexibility, adapting from being good at one task to being good at a related task. There is abundant evidence that there are ...

Currently, machine learning plays an important role in the lives and individual activities of numerous people. Accordingly, it has become necessary to design machine learning algorithms to ensure that discrimination, biased views, or unfair ...

Recent research on genotype-phenotype (G-P) maps in natural evolution has contributed significantly to our understanding of neutrality, redundancy, robustness, and evolvability. Here we investigate the properties of the digital logic gate G-P map and ...

Every few months or so since graduate school, I encounter new circumstances that remind me of the relation between the descriptive and prescriptive approaches humans use to understand and navigate the world in which we live. My most recent reminder ...

Recently, I've been reading Kendi's How to be an Antiracist, in which he posits "there is no neutrality in the racism struggle" and further notes "the claim of 'not racist' neutrality is a mask for racism" [5]. This position and his subsequent ...

We introduce a form of neutral Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) to Evolving Graphs by Graph Programming (EGGP). We introduce the µ × λ evolutionary algorithm, where µ parents each produce λ children who compete with only their parents. HGT events then ...

There are situations where the need for optimisation with a global precision tolerance arises - for example, due to measurement, numerical or evaluation errors in the objective function. In such situations, a global tolerance ϵ > 0 can be predefined ...

The data revolution continues to transform every sector of science, industry, and government. Due to the incredible impact of data-driven technology on society, we are becoming increasingly aware of the imperative to use data and algorithms responsibly—...

Exploratory Landscape Analysis provides sample-based methods to calculate features of black-box optimization problems in a quantitative and measurable way. Many problem features have been proposed in the literature in an attempt to provide insights into ...

We extend the extant research on neutral recommendation agents RAs to those that lack recommendation neutrality and are biased toward sponsors. We first investigate the effects of recommendation neutrality on users' trust and distrust in RAs by ...

Feature selection is a complex problem used across many fields, such as computer vision and data mining. Feature selection algorithms extract a subset of features from a greater feature set which can improve algorithm accuracy by discarding features ...

The first event of the Black-Box Discrete Optimization Benchmarking (BB-DOB) workshop series aims to establish a set of example problems for benchmarking black-box optimization algorithms for discrete or combinatorial domains. In this paper, we 1) ...

In an evolutionary system, robustness describes the resilience to mutational and environmental changes, whereas evolvability captures the capability of generating novel and adaptive phenotypes. The research literature has not seen an effective ...

There is a significant body of research on neutrality and its effects in single-objective optimization. Particularly, the neutrality concept has been precisely defined and the neutrality between neighboring solutions efficiently exploited in local ...

Currently, machine learning plays an important role in the lives and individual activities of numerous people. Accordingly, it has become necessary to design machine learning algorithms to ensure that discrimination, biased views, or unfair treatment do ...

Mean proximity rules provide a simple geometric framework to achieve consensus among a collection of rankings (votes) over a set of alternatives. They embed all rankings into a Euclidean space, take the mean of the embeddings of the input votes, and ...

With more than 22 million articles, the largest collaborative knowledge resource never sleeps, experiencing several article edits every second. Over one fifth of these articles describes individual people, the majority of which are still alive. Such ...