survey

SoK: Fully Homomorphic Encryption Accelerators

Authors:

Xiaodian Cheng,

Kai ChenAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Computing Surveys, Volume 56, Issue 12

Article No.: 316, Pages 1 - 32

https://doi.org/10.1145/3676955

Published: 03 October 2024 Publication History

Abstract

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a key technology enabling privacy-preserving computing. However, the fundamental challenge of FHE is its inefficiency, due primarily to the underlying polynomial computations with high computation complexity and extremely time-consuming ciphertext maintenance operations. To tackle this challenge, various FHE accelerators have recently been proposed by both research and industrial communities. This article takes the first initiative to conduct a systematic study on the 14 FHE accelerators: cuHE/cuFHE, nuFHE, HEAT, HEAX, HEXL, HEXL-FPGA, 100×, F1, CraterLake, BTS, ARK, Poseidon, FAB, and TensorFHE. We first make our observations on the evolution trajectory of these existing FHE accelerators to establish a qualitative connection between them. Then, we perform testbed evaluations of representative open-source FHE accelerators to provide a quantitative comparison on them. Finally, with the insights learned from both qualitative and quantitative studies, we discuss potential directions to inform the future design and implementation for FHE accelerators.

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Index Terms

SoK: Fully Homomorphic Encryption Accelerators
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Architectures
    1. Parallel architectures
2. Security and privacy
  1. Cryptography

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cover image ACM Computing Surveys

ACM Computing Surveys Volume 56, Issue 12

December 2024

966 pages

EISSN:1557-7341

DOI:10.1145/3613718

Editors:
David Atienza
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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Michela Milano
University of Bologna, Italy

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Publication History

Published: 03 October 2024

Online AM: 05 July 2024

Accepted: 03 July 2024

Revised: 26 December 2023

Received: 16 March 2023

Published in CSUR Volume 56, Issue 12

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Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province
Hong Kong RGC TRS
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NSFC
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province

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Cited By

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