article

Collaborative operating system and compiler power management for real-time applications

Authors:

Nevine AbouGhazaleh,

Bruce R. Childers,

Rami MelhemAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS), Volume 5, Issue 1

Pages 82 - 115

https://doi.org/10.1145/1132357.1132361

Published: 01 February 2006 Publication History

Abstract

Managing energy consumption has become vitally important to battery-operated portable and embedded systems. Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) reduces the processor's dynamic power consumption quadratically at the expense of linearly decreasing the performance. When reducing energy with DVS for real-time systems, one must consider the performance penalty to ensure that deadlines can be met. In this paper, we introduce a novel collaborative approach between the compiler and the operating system (OS) to reduce energy consumption. We use the compiler to annotate an application's source code with path-dependent information called power-management hints (PMHs). This fine-grained information captures the temporal behavior of the application, which varies by executing different paths. During program execution, the OS periodically changes the processor's frequency and voltage based on the temporal information provided by the PMHs. These speed adaptation points are called power-management points (PMPs). We evaluate our scheme using three embedded applications: a video decoder, automatic target recognition, and a sub-band tuner. Our scheme shows an energy reduction of up to 57% over no power-management and up to 32% over a static power-management scheme. We compare our scheme to other schemes that solely utilize PMPs for power-management and show experimentally that our scheme achieves more energy savings. We also analyze the advantages and disadvantages of our approach relative to another compiler-directed scheme.

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Cited By

Tewary MSalcic ZBiglari-Abhari MMalik A(2022)Energy-aware scheduling, compilation, and execution of hard-real-time multi-task Java programsMicroprocessors & Microsystems10.1016/j.micpro.2022.10472195:COnline publication date: 1-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.micpro.2022.104721
Tewary MSalcic ZBiglari-Abhari MMalik A(2022)Compiler-assisted energy reduction of java real-time programsMicroprocessors & Microsystems10.1016/j.micpro.2022.10443689:COnline publication date: 1-Mar-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.micpro.2022.104436
Tewary MMalik ASalcic ZBiglari-Abhari MEbeling WPöschel T(2019)An Energy Efficient Embedded Processor for Hard Real-Time Java ApplicationsLectures on Quantum Statistics10.1007/978-3-030-18656-2_21(281-292)Online publication date: 25-Apr-2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18656-2_21
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Index Terms

Collaborative operating system and compiler power management for real-time applications
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Embedded and cyber-physical systems
    1. Embedded systems
2. Software and its engineering
  1. Software notations and tools
    1. Compilers
      1. Runtime environments
  2. Software organization and properties
    1. Software system structures
      1. Embedded software
      2. Real-time systems software

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Reviews

Reviewer: Michael Zastre

Embedded systems researchers who write compilers often run into the profiling problem: how can runtime statistics best be obtained and used to improve future runtime performance__?__ Such statistics are needed to determine how much energy should be used by embedded systems hardware to support an application's execution (slower or faster clock speed means less or more power consumption). For example, the deadline for rendering an MPEG-2 frame, as well as the progress of the application, may indicate that there is more or less slack in the schedule. If the former is the case, then there is time to spare before the frame must be rendered (more slack), and the central processing unit (CPU) frequency, and therefore speed, is lowered; if the latter is the case, there is a danger of missing a deadline; therefore, CPU speed must be increased. The authors of this paper propose a technique for discovering as much slack as possible at runtime. This involves code, into which power management hints (PMHs) are inserted. PMHs compute available slack, and power management points (PMPs), which use the statistics computed by the hints to increase or decrease chip frequency (voltage) in such a way that schedules are met and overall energy usage is minimized. The placement of PMHs is nontrivial, and the authors clearly describe the ways in which both performance profiles and worst-case timings can be used to insert PMHs into a control-flow graph. Some simulation results are provided that examine realistic tasks (for example, automatic target recognition and MPEG video decoding). The paper is clear and well written; the authors have thought about how best to express the many implementation details of their approach. Online Computing Reviews Service

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Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems

ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems Volume 5, Issue 1

February 2006

258 pages

ISSN:1539-9087

EISSN:1558-3465

DOI:10.1145/1132357

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2006 ACM.

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Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Journal Family

ACM Journals for the Design of Smart and Connected Systems

Publication History

Published: 01 February 2006

Published in TECS Volume 5, Issue 1

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Cited By

Tewary MSalcic ZBiglari-Abhari MMalik A(2022)Energy-aware scheduling, compilation, and execution of hard-real-time multi-task Java programsMicroprocessors & Microsystems10.1016/j.micpro.2022.10472195:COnline publication date: 1-Nov-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.micpro.2022.104721
Tewary MSalcic ZBiglari-Abhari MMalik A(2022)Compiler-assisted energy reduction of java real-time programsMicroprocessors & Microsystems10.1016/j.micpro.2022.10443689:COnline publication date: 1-Mar-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.micpro.2022.104436
Tewary MMalik ASalcic ZBiglari-Abhari MEbeling WPöschel T(2019)An Energy Efficient Embedded Processor for Hard Real-Time Java ApplicationsLectures on Quantum Statistics10.1007/978-3-030-18656-2_21(281-292)Online publication date: 25-Apr-2019
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18656-2_21
Paul SPandit M(2018)A QoS-enhanced intelligent stochastic real-time packet scheduler for multimedia IP trafficMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-017-4912-677:10(12725-12748)Online publication date: 1-May-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11042-017-4912-6
Wang JRoop PGirault A(2016)Energy and timing aware synchronous programmingProceedings of the 13th International Conference on Embedded Software10.1145/2968478.2968500(1-10)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2968478.2968500
TAKASE HZENG GGAUTHIER LKAWASHIMA HATSUMI NTATEMATSU TKOBAYASHI YKOSHIRO TISHIHARA TTOMIYAMA HTAKADA H(2014)An Integrated Framework for Energy Optimization of Embedded Real-Time ApplicationsIEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences10.1587/transfun.E97.A.2477E97.A:12(2477-2487)Online publication date: 2014
https://doi.org/10.1587/transfun.E97.A.2477
Sawalha LBarnes R(2012)Energy-Efficient Phase-Aware Scheduling for Heterogeneous Multicore Processors2012 IEEE Green Technologies Conference10.1109/GREEN.2012.6200965(1-6)Online publication date: Apr-2012
https://doi.org/10.1109/GREEN.2012.6200965
Gruian F(2012)Runtime voltage/frequency scaling for energy-aware streaming applications2012 Conference Record of the Forty Sixth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR)10.1109/ACSSC.2012.6489264(1439-1443)Online publication date: Nov-2012
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACSSC.2012.6489264
Mao YChen XWu XWu HGong Y(2012)A Dynamic Frequency Governor for Operating System Based on Performance-Energy Tradeoff ModelRecent Advances in Computer Science and Information Engineering10.1007/978-3-642-25766-7_64(475-486)Online publication date: 5-Feb-2012
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25766-7_64
Takase HZeng GGauthier LKawashima HAtsumi NTatematsu TKobayashi YKohara SKoshiro TIshihara TTomiyama HTakada HChang NNakamura HInoue KOsada KPoncino M(2011)An integrated optimization framework for reducing the energy consumption of embedded real-time applicationsProceedings of the 17th IEEE/ACM international symposium on Low-power electronics and design10.5555/2016802.2016863(271-276)Online publication date: 1-Aug-2011
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2016802.2016863
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