research-article

Design tools for digital microfluidic biochips: toward functional diversification and more than moore

Authors:

Krishnendu Chakrabarty,

Richard B. Fair,

Jun ZengAuthors Info & Claims

IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Volume 29, Issue 7

Pages 1001 - 1017

https://doi.org/10.1109/TCAD.2010.2049153

Published: 01 July 2010 Publication History

Abstract

Microfluidics-based biochips enable the precise control of nanoliter volumes of biochemical samples and reagents. They combine electronics with biology, and they integrate various bioassay operations, such as sample preparation, analysis, separation, and detection. Compared to conventional laboratory procedures, which are cumbersome and expensive, miniaturized biochips offer the advantages of higher sensitivity, lower cost due to smaller sample and reagent volumes, system integration, and less likelihood of human error. This paper first describes the droplet-based "digital" microfluidic technology platform and emerging applications. The physical principles underlying droplet actuation are next described. Finally, the paper presents computer-aided design tools for simulation, synthesis and chip optimization. These tools target modeling and simulation, scheduling, module placement, droplet routing, pin-constrained chip design, and testing.

References

[1]

T. H. Schulte, R. L. Bardell, and B. H. Weigl, "Microfluidic technologies in clinical diagnostics," Clin. Chim. Acta, vol. 321, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2002.

[2]

V. Srinvasan, V. K. Pamula, M. G. Pollack, and R. B. Fair, "Clinical diagnostics on human whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, sweat, and tears on a digital microfluidic platform," in Proc. MicroTAS, 2003, pp. 1287-1290.

[3]

A. Guiseppi-Elie, S. Brahim, G. Slaughter, and K. R. Ward, "Design of a subcutaneous implantable biochip for monitoring of glucose and lactate," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 345-355, Jun. 2005.

[4]

R. B. Fair, A. Khlystov, T. D. Tailor, V. Ivanov, R. D. Evans, P. B. Griffin, V. Srinivasan, V. K. Pamula, M. G. Pollack, and J. Zhou, "Chemical and biological applications of digital-microfluidic devices," IEEE Design Test Comput., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 10-24, Jan.-Feb. 2007.

Digital Library

[5]

E. A. Ottesen, J. W. Hong, S. R. Quake, and J. R. Leadbetter, "Microfluidic digital PCR enables multigene analysis of individual environmental bacteria," Science, vol. 314, no. 5804, pp. 1464-1467, 2006.

[6]

V. Zhao and S. K. Cho, "Microparticle sampling by electrowetting actuated droplet sweeping," Lab Chip, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 137-144, 2006.

[7]

V. Srinivasan, V. K. Pamula, and R. B. Fair, "An integrated digital microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for clinical diagnostics on human physiological fluids," Lab Chip, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 310-315, 2004.

[8]

E. Verpoorte and N. F. D. Rooij, "Microfluidics meets MEMS," Proc. IEEE, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 930-953, Jun. 2003.

[9]

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Semiconductor Industry Association, San Jose, CA, 2007 {Online}. Available: http://www.itrs.net/Links/2007ITRS/Home2007.htm

[10]

M. G. Pollack, R. B. Fair, and A. D. Shenderov, "Electrowetting-based actuation of liquid droplets for microfluidic applications," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 77, no. 11, pp. 1725-1727, 2000.

[11]

J. Lee, H. Moon J. Fowler, C.-J. Kim, and T. Schoellhammer, "Addressable micro liquid handling by electric control of surface tension," in Proc. Int. Conf. MEMS, 2001, pp. 499-502.

[12]

S.-K. Cho, S.-K. Fan, H. Moon, and C.-J. Kim, "Toward digital microfluidic circuits: Creating, transporting, cutting and merging liquid droplets by electrowetting-based actuation," in Proc. TechDig MEMS Intl. Conf., 2002, pp. 11454-11461.

[13]

P. R. C. Gascoyne and J. V. Vykoukal, "Dielectrophoresis based sample handling in general-purpose programmable diagnostic instruments," Proc. IEEE, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 22-42, Jan. 2004.

[14]

D. A. Anton, J. P. Valentino, S. M. Trojan, and S. Wagner, "Thermocapillary actuation of droplets on chemically patterned surfaces by programmable microheater arrays," J. Microelectromech. Syst., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 873-879, 2003.

[15]

A. Renaudin, P. Tabourier, V. Zhang, C. Druhon, and J. C. Camart, "Plateforme SAW dédiée à la microfluidique discrète pour applications biologiques," in Proc. Congrès Fraçais de Microfluidique, Société Hydrotechnique de France, 2004, pp. 14-16.

[16]

A. Manz, N. Graber, and H. M. Widmer, "Miniaturized total chemical analysis systems: A novel concept for chemical sensing," Sens. Act. B. vol. 1, nos. 1-6, pp. 244-248, 1990.

[17]

J. Ding, K. Chakrabarty, and R. B. Fair, "Scheduling of microfluidic operations for reconfigurable 2-D electrowetting arrays," IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 1463- 1468, Dec. 2001.

Digital Library

[18]

B. Berge, "Electrocapillarite et mouillage de films isolants par l'eau," C. R. Acad. Sci. II, vol. 317, no. 2, pp. 157-163, 1993.

[19]

F. Su, K. Chakrabarty, and R. B. Fair, "Microfluidics-based biochips: Technology issues, implementation platforms, and design automation challenges," IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 211-223, Feb. 2006.

Digital Library

[20]

V. Srinivasan, V. K. Pamula, and R. B. Fair, "An integrated digital microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for clinical diagnostics on human physiological fluids," Lab Chip, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 310-315, 2004.

[21]

J. Aizenberg, T. Krupenkin, and P. Kolodner, "Accelerated chemical reactions for lab-on-a-chip applications using electrowetting-induced droplet self oscillations," in Proc. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp., vol. 915. 2006, pp. 103-111.

[22]

M. J. Madou and R. Cubicciotti, "Scaling issues in chemical and biological sensors," Proc. IEEE, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 830-838, Jun. 2003.

[23]

P. Thwar, J. L. Rouse, A. E. Eckhardt, P. Griffin, M. G. Pollack, and R. B. Fair, "Digital microfluidic DNA sequencing," in Proc. AGBT Meeting, Marco Island, FL, Feb. 2009.

[24]

L. Luan, R. D. Evans, D. Schwinn, R. B. Fair, and N. M. Jokerst, "Chip scale integration of optical microresonator sensors with digital microfluidics systems," in Proc. IEEE LEOS, Nov. 9-13, 2008, pp. 259- 260.

[25]

S. Dhar, S. Drezdzon, and E. Maftei, "Digital microfluidic biochip for malaria detection," 2008, unpublished.

[26]

G. Hu and D. Li, "Multiscale phenomena in microfluidics and nanofluidics," Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 62, no. 13, pp. 3443-3454, 2007.

[27]

L. G. Leal, Laminar Flow and Convective Transport Processes: Scaling Principles and Asymptotic Analysis. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.

[28]

A. W. Adamson and A. P. Gast, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. New York: Wiley, 1997.

[29]

A. A. Darhuber, J. P. Valention, S. M. Troian, and S. Wagner, "Thermocapillary actuation of droplets on chemically patterned surfaces by programmable microheater arrays," J. Microelectromech. Syst., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 873-879, 2003.

[30]

K. T. Katz, K. A. Noble, and G. W. Faris, "Optical microfluidics," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 85, no. 13, pp. 2658-2660, 2004.

[31]

P. Garstecki, M. J. Fuerstrnan, H. A. Stone, and G. M. Whitesides, "Formation of droplets and bubbles in a microfluidic T-junction: Scaling and mechanism of breakup," Lab Chip, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 437-446, 2006.

[32]

U. Lehmann, S. Hadjidj, V. K. Parashar, C. Vandevyver, A. Rida, and M. A. M. Gijs, "2-D magnetic manipulation of microdroplets on a chip as a platform for bioanalytical applications," Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 457-463, 2006.

[33]

J. A. Schwartz, J. V. Vykoukal, and P. R. C. Gascoyne, "Droplet-based chemistry on a programmable micro-chip," Lab Chip, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 11-17, 2004.

[34]

R. Sista, Z. Hua, P. Thwar, A. Sudarsan, V. Srinivasan, A. Eckhardt, M. Pollack, and V. Pamula, "Development of a digital microfluidic platform for point of care testing," Lab Chip, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 2091-2104, 2008.

[35]

J. Zeng and F. T. Korsmeyer, "Principles of droplet electro-hydrodynamics for lab-on-a-chip," Lab Chip, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 265-277, 2004.

[36]

H. A. Haus and J. R. Melcher, Electromagnetic Fields and Energy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989.

[37]

R. B. Fair, "Digital microfluidics: Is a true lab-on-a-chip possible?" Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 245-281, 2007.

[38]

V. Peykov, A. Quinn, and J. Ralston, "Electrowetting: A model for contact-angle saturation," Colloid and Polymer Science, vol. 278, no. 8, pp. 789-793, 2000.

[39]

H. J. J. Verheijen and M. W. J. Prins, "Reversible electrowetting and trapping of charge: Model and experiments," Langmuir, vol. 15, no. 20, pp. 6616-6620, 1999.

[40]

B. Shapiro, H. Moon, R. L. Garrell, and C.-J. Kim, "Equilibrium behavior of sessile drops under surface tension, applied external fields, and material variations," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 5794--5811, 2003.

[41]

J. R. Melcher and G. I. Taylor, "Electrohydrodynamics: A review of the role of interfacial shear stresses," Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 111-146, 1969.

[42]

J. H. Song, R. Evans, Y.-Y. Lin, B.-N. Hsu, and R. B. Fair, "A scaling model for electrowetting-on-dielectric microfluidic actuators," Microfluidics Nanofluidics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 75-89, 2009.

[43]

J. B. Keller, S. I. Rubinow, and Y. O. Tu, "Spatial instability of a jet," Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 2052-2055, 1973.

[44]

F. H. Harlow and J. E. Welch, "Numerical study of large amplitude free surface motions," Phys. Fluids, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 842-851, 1966.

[45]

C. W. Hirt and B. D. Nichols, "Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries," J. Comput. Phys., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 201- 225, 1981.

[46]

J. A. Sethian, Level Set Methods and Fast Marching Methods: Evolving Interfaces in Computational Geometry, Fluid Mechanics, Computer Vision, and Materials Science. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999.

[47]

S. O. Unverdi and G. Tryggvason, "A front-tracking method for viscous, incompressible, multi-fluid flows," J. Comput. Phys., vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 25-37, 1992.

Digital Library

[48]

X. W. Shan and H. D. Chen, "Lattice Boltzmann model for simulation flows with multiple phases and components," Phys. Rev. E, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 1815-1819, 1993.

[49]

J. Zeng, "Modeling and simulation of electrified droplets and its application to computer-aided design of digital microfluidics," IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 224-233, Feb. 2006.

Digital Library

[50]

K. Chakrabarty and F. Su, Digital Microfluidic Biochips: Synthesis, Testing, and Reconfiguration Techniques. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006.

[51]

R. Diestel, Graph Theory. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2005.

[52]

E. Maftei, P. Pop, J. Madsen, and T. Stidsen, "Placement-aware architectural synthesis of digital microfluidic biochips using ILP," in Proc. Int. Conf Very Large Scale Integr. Syst. Chip, 2008, pp. 425-430.

[53]

G. De Micheli, Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.

[54]

H. G. Kerkhoff, "Testing of microelectronic-biofluidic systems," IEEE Design Test Comput., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 72-82, Jan.-Feb. 2007.

Digital Library

[55]

F. Su, S. Ozev, and K. Chakrabarty, "Testing of droplet-based micro-electrofluidic systems," in Proc. IEEE Int. Test Conf, 2003, pp. 1192- 1200.

[56]

F. Su and K. Chakrabarty, "Architectural-level synthesis of digital microfluidics-based biochips," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. CAD, 2004, pp. 223-228.

[57]

F. Su, S. Ozev, and K. Chakrabarty, "Ensuring the operational health of droplet-based microelectrofluidic biosensor systems," IEEE Sens., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 763-773, Aug. 2005.

[58]

F. Su, W. Hwang, A. Mukherjee, and K. Chakrabarty, "Testing and diagnosis of realistic defects in digital microfluidic biochips," J. Electron. Test.: Theory Appl., vol. 23, pp. 219-233, Jun. 2007.

Digital Library

[59]

F. Su and K. Chakrabarty, "Unified high-level synthesis and module placement for defect-tolerant microfluidic biochips," in Proc.IEEE/ACM Design Automat. Conf., 2005, pp. 825-830.

[60]

F. Su and K. Chakrabarty, "Design of fault-tolerant and dynamically-reconfigurable microfluidic biochips," in Proc. DATE Conf., 2005, pp. 1202-1207.

[61]

F. Su and K. Chakrabarty, "Reconfiguration techniques for digital microfluidic biochips," in Proc. Design, Test, Integr. Packag. MEMS/MOEMS Symp., 2005, pp. 143-148.

[62]

F. Su and K. Chakrabarty, "Defect tolerance for gracefully-degradable microfluidics-based biochips," in Proc. IEEE VLSI Test Symp., 2005, pp. 321-326.

[63]

F. Su, W. Hwang, and K. Chakrabarty, "Droplet routing in the synthesis of digital microfluidic biochips," in Proc. DATE Conf., 2006, pp. 323- 328.

[64]

F. Su, S. Ozev, and K. Chakrabarty, "Test planning and test resource optimization for droplet-based microfluidic systems," J. Electron. Test.: Theory Appl., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 199-210, 2006.

Digital Library

[65]

F. Su and K. Chakrabarty, "Module placement for fault-tolerant microfluidics-based biochips," ACM Trans. Design Automat. Electron. Syst., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 682-710, 2006.

Digital Library

[66]

F. Su and K. Chakrabarty, "High-level synthesis of digital microfluidic biochips," ACM J. Emerg. Technologies in Computing Systems, vol. 3, no. 4, 2008.

[67]

F. Su, "Synthesis, testing, and reconfiguration techniques for digital microfluidic biochips;' Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, 2006.

[68]

T. Xu and K. Chakrabarty, "Droplet-trace-based array partitioning and a pin assignment algorithm for the automated design of digital microfluidic biochips," in Proc. IEEE/ACM Int. Conf Hardw./Softw. Codesign Syst. Synth., 2006, pp. 112-117.

[69]

T. Xu and K. Chakrabarty; "Functional testing of digital microfluidic biochips," in Proc. IEEE Int. Test Conf., 2007, pp. 1-10.

[70]

T. Xu and K. Chakrabarty, "Parallel scan-like test and multiple-defect diagnosis for digital microfluidic biochips;' IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 148-158, Jun. 2007.

[71]

T. Xu and K. Chakrabarty, "Integrated droplet routing in the synthesis of microfluidic biochips," in Proc. IEEE/ACM Design Automat. Conf., 2007, pp. 948-953.

[72]

T. Xu and K. Chakrabarty, "A cross-referencing-based droplet manipulation method for high-throughput and pin-constrained digital microfluidic arrays," in Proc. DATE Conf., 2007, pp. 552-557.

[73]

T. Xu and K. Chakrabarty, "Broadcast electrode-addressing for pinconstrained multi-functional digital microfluidic biochips," in Proc. IEEE/ACM Design Automat. Conf., 2008, pp. 173-178.

[74]

P.-H. Yuh, C.-L. Yang, and Y.-W. Chang, "Placement of defect-tolerant digital microfluidic biochips using the T-tree formulation," ACM J. Emerg. Tech. Comput. Sys., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 13.1-13.32, 2007.

Digital Library

[75]

P.-H. Yuh, C.-L. Yang, and Y.-W. Chang, "BioRoute: A network flow based routing algorithm for digital microfluidic biochips," in Proc. ICCAD, 2007, pp. 752-757.

[76]

P.-H. Yuh, S. Sapatnekar, C.-L. Yang, and Y.-W. Chang, "A progressive-ILP based routing algorithm for cross-referencing biochips," in Proc. DAC, 2008, pp. 284-289.

[77]

M. Cho and D. Z. Pan, "A high-performance droplet router for digital microfluidic biochips," in Proc. ISPD, 2008, pp. 200-206.

Digital Library

[78]

S.-K. Fan, C. Hashi, and C.-J. Kim, "Manipulation of multiple droplets on N × M grid by cross-reference EWOD driving scheme and pressure-contact packaging," in Proc. MEMS, 2003, pp. 694-697.

[79]

H. Brenner and D. Edwards, Macrotransport Processe (Butterworth-Heinemann Series in Chemical Engineering). Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.

[80]

"Benchmarks" for Digital Microfluidic Biochip Design and Synthesis {Online}. Available: http://people.ee.duke.edu/~fs/Benchmark.pdf

[81]

K. Chakrabarty, "Design automation and test solutions for digital microfluidic biochips," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 4-17, Jan. 2010.

Digital Library

Cited By

Liang TChang YZhong ZBigdeli YHo TChakrabarty KFair R(2023)Dynamic Adaptation Using Deep Reinforcement Learning for Digital Microfluidic BiochipsACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems10.1145/363345829:2(1-24)Online publication date: 23-Nov-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3633458
Guo WLian SDong CChen ZHuang X(2022)A Survey on Security of Digital Microfluidic Biochips: Technology, Attack, and DefenseACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems10.1145/349469727:4(1-33)Online publication date: 12-Feb-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3494697
Elfar MLiang TChakrabarty KPajic M(2022)Formal Synthesis of Adaptive Droplet Routing for MEDA BiochipsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2021.311019041:8(2504-2517)Online publication date: 1-Aug-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TCAD.2021.3110190
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Design automation and test solutions for digital microfluidic biochips

Microfluidics-based biochips are revolutionizing high-throughput sequencing, parallel immunoassays, blood chemistry for clinical diagnostics, and drug discovery. These devices enable the precise control of nanoliter volumes of biochemical samples and ...
Broadcast electrode-addressing for pin-constrained multi-functional digital microfluidic biochips
DAC '08: Proceedings of the 45th annual Design Automation Conference

Recent advances in digital microfluidics have enabled lab-on-a-chip devices for DNA sequencing, immunoassays, clinical chemistry, and protein crystallization. Basic operations such as droplet dispensing, mixing, dilution, localized heating, and ...
Seamless joining of porous membrane with thermoplastic microfluidic devices

This paper introduces a novel fabrication method for integrating commercially available porous membranes onto thermoplastic microfluidics devices. This method involves a two-step bonding process that creates a sturdy fusion between the membrane and the ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems

IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems Volume 29, Issue 7

July 2010

149 pages

ISSN:0278-0070

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2010.

Publisher

IEEE Press

Publication History

Published: 01 July 2010

Revised: 01 March 2010

Received: 19 October 2009

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

23
Total Citations
View Citations
0
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)0
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 20 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Liang TChang YZhong ZBigdeli YHo TChakrabarty KFair R(2023)Dynamic Adaptation Using Deep Reinforcement Learning for Digital Microfluidic BiochipsACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems10.1145/363345829:2(1-24)Online publication date: 23-Nov-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3633458
Guo WLian SDong CChen ZHuang X(2022)A Survey on Security of Digital Microfluidic Biochips: Technology, Attack, and DefenseACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems10.1145/349469727:4(1-33)Online publication date: 12-Feb-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3494697
Elfar MLiang TChakrabarty KPajic M(2022)Formal Synthesis of Adaptive Droplet Routing for MEDA BiochipsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2021.311019041:8(2504-2517)Online publication date: 1-Aug-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TCAD.2021.3110190
Liang TZhong ZBigdeli YHo TChakrabarty KFair RDaumé HSingh A(2020)Adaptive droplet routing in digital microfluidic biochips using deep reinforcement learningProceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning10.5555/3524938.3525500(6050-6060)Online publication date: 13-Jul-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3524938.3525500
Zhong ZWille RChakrabarty KShibuya T(2019)Robust sample preparation on digital microfluidic biochipsProceedings of the 24th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference10.1145/3287624.3287709(474-480)Online publication date: 21-Jan-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3287624.3287709
Liu CLi BHo TChakrabarty KSchlichtmann U(2018)Design-for-testability for continuous-flow microfluidic biochipsProceedings of the 55th Annual Design Automation Conference10.1145/3195970.3196025(1-6)Online publication date: 24-Jun-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3195970.3196025
Firouzi FFarahani BIbrahim MChakrabarty K(2018)Keynote Paper: From EDA to IoT eHealth: Promises, Challenges, and SolutionsIEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems10.1109/TCAD.2018.280122737:12(2965-2978)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TCAD.2018.2801227
Liu CLi BHo TChakrabarty KSchlichtmann U(2018)Design-for-Testability for Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Biochips2018 55th ACM/ESDA/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)10.1109/DAC.2018.8465883(1-6)Online publication date: 24-Jun-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/DAC.2018.8465883
Zhong ZLi ZChakrabarty KParameswaran S(2017)Adaptive error recovery in MEDA biochips based on droplet-aliquot operations and predictive analysisProceedings of the 36th International Conference on Computer-Aided Design10.5555/3199700.3199782(615-622)Online publication date: 13-Nov-2017
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3199700.3199782
Zhong ZLi ZChakrabarty K(2017)Adaptive error recovery in MEDA biochips based on droplet-aliquot operations and predictive analysis2017 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD)10.1109/ICCAD.2017.8203834(615-622)Online publication date: 13-Nov-2017
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/ICCAD.2017.8203834
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents