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Caches have the potential to provide multiprocessors with an automatic mechanism for reducing both network traffic and average memory access latency. However, cache-based systems must address the problem of cache coherence. This thesis presents the results of the search for a cache coherence solution for Alewife, a large-scale multiprocessor being built at MIT. The research focuses on coherence protocols that use a directory, a list of cached copies of data, to avoid the need for a system-wide broadcast mechanism. The structure and the implementation of a number of coherence schemes are evaluated with coupled and decoupled simulation techniques. In addition to comparing the protocols in terms of hardware overhead and performance, the thesis reports on the experience gained by implementing several different schemes in ASIM, the Alewife machine simulator. The protocol search reaches two major conclusions: First, by using system-level optimizations, it is possible to use caches to build large-scale shared-memory multiprocessors. Second, the Alewife machine should use the integrated systems approach - handling common cases in hardware and exceptional cases in software - to solve the cache coherence problem.