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An empirical investigation into the dimensions of run-time coupling in Java programs

Published: 16 June 2004 Publication History

Abstract

Software quality is an important external software attribute that is difficult to measure objectively. Several studies have identified a clear empirical relationship between static coupling metrics and software quality. However due to the nature of object-oriented programs, static metrics fail to quantify all the underlying dimensions of coupling, as program behaviour is a function of its operational environment as well as the complexity of the source code. In this paper a set of run-time object-oriented coupling metrics are described. A method of collecting such metrics which utilises the Java Platform Debug Architecture is described and a collection of Java programs from the SPECjvm98 benchmark suite are evaluated. A number of statistical techniques including descriptive statistics, a correlation study and principal component analysis are used to assess the fundamental properties of the measures and investigate whether they are redundant with respect to the Chidamber and Kemerer static CBO metric. Results to date indicate that run-time coupling metrics can provide an interesting and informative qualitative analysis of a program and complement existing static coupling metrics.

References

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Arisholm, E., "Dynamic Coupling Measures for Object-Oriented Software" 8th IEEE International Software Metrics Symposium (METRICS 2002), Ottawa, Canada, 4--7 June 2002.
[2]
Basili, V. R., Briand, L. C. and Melo W. L., "A Validation of Object-Oriented Design Metrics as Quality Indicators," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 751--761, October 1996.
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The Correlation Coefficient, Available at the following WWW site: http://www.bized.ac.uk/timeweb/crunching/crunch_relate_expl.htm.
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Briand, L. C., Daly, J. W. and Wüst, J. K., "A Unified Framework for Coupling Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems," IEEE Transactions on Software Eng., Vol. 25, no. 1 pp. 91--121, Jan/Feb 1999.
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Briand, L. C. and Wüst, J., "Empirical Studies of Quality Models in Object-Oriented Systems," Advances in Computers, Academic Press, vol. 59, pp. 97--166, 2002.
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Chidamber, S. R. and Kemerer, C. F., "A Metrics Suite for Object-Oriented Design," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 467--493, June 1994.
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Eder J., Kappel G. and Schrefl M., "Coupling and Cohesion in Object-Oriented Systems" Technical Report, University of Klagenfurt, 1994.
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Jolliffe, I. T., "Principal Component Analysis", 2nd Edition, Springer Verlag, 2002.
[9]
Java Platform Debug Architecture (JPDA), Available at the following WWW site: http://java.sun.com/products/jpda.
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Mitchell, A. and Power, J. F., "An Approach to Quantifying the Run-time Behaviour of Java GUI Applications," Winter International Symposium on Information and Communication Technologies, Cancun, Mexico, Jan. 5th-8th, 2004.
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Mitchell, A. and Power, J. F., "Towards a definition of run-time object-oriented metrics" Proceedings of the 7th ECOOP Workshop on Quantitative Approaches in Object-Oriented Software Engineering (QAOOSE'2003), Darmstadt, Germany, July 22, 2003.
[12]
Wilkie, F. G. and Kitchenham, B. A., "Coupling Measures and change ripples in C++ Application Software," The Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 52, pp. 157--164, 2000.

Cited By

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  • (2015)Evolution of object oriented coupling metricsProceedings of the Second International Workshop on Software Architecture and Metrics10.5555/2821327.2821337(48-54)Online publication date: 16-May-2015
  • (2014)Object Oriented Cohesion MetricsProceedings of the 2014 ACM Southeast Conference10.1145/2638404.2638464(1-6)Online publication date: 28-Mar-2014
  • (2014)Dynamic coupling metrics for object oriented software systemsACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes10.1145/2579281.257929639:2(1-8)Online publication date: 29-Mar-2014
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    PPPJ '04: Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Principles and practice of programming in Java
    June 2004
    166 pages
    ISBN:1595931716

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    Trinity College Dublin

    Publication History

    Published: 16 June 2004

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    View all
    • (2015)Evolution of object oriented coupling metricsProceedings of the Second International Workshop on Software Architecture and Metrics10.5555/2821327.2821337(48-54)Online publication date: 16-May-2015
    • (2014)Object Oriented Cohesion MetricsProceedings of the 2014 ACM Southeast Conference10.1145/2638404.2638464(1-6)Online publication date: 28-Mar-2014
    • (2014)Dynamic coupling metrics for object oriented software systemsACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes10.1145/2579281.257929639:2(1-8)Online publication date: 29-Mar-2014
    • (2014)Empirical investigation into static and dynamic coupling metricsACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes10.1145/2557833.255784739:1(1-8)Online publication date: 11-Feb-2014
    • (2011)Validation of dynamic coupling metrics for object-oriented softwareACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes10.1145/2020976.202098536:5(1-3)Online publication date: 30-Sep-2011
    • (2011)Towards a measure of object oriented runtime cohesion based on number of instance variable accessesProceedings of the 49th annual ACM Southeast Conference10.1145/2016039.2016105(255-257)Online publication date: 24-Mar-2011
    • (2011)Dynamic cohesion measures for object-oriented softwareJournal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal10.1016/j.sysarc.2010.05.00857:4(452-462)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2011
    • (2010)Towards an object-oriented complexity metric at the runtime boundary based on decision points in codeProceedings of the 48th annual ACM Southeast Conference10.1145/1900008.1900112(1-5)Online publication date: 15-Apr-2010
    • (2008)Measurement of dynamic metrics using dynamic analysis of programsProceedings of the WSEAS International Conference on Applied Computing Conference10.5555/1415804.1415820(81-86)Online publication date: 27-May-2008
    • (2008)DynaMetricsACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes10.1145/1449603.144961433:6(1-6)Online publication date: 31-Oct-2008
    • Show More Cited By

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