Abstract
We report the discovery of a faint optical tidal disruption event (TDE) in the nearby star-forming galaxy NGC 3799. Identification of the TDE is based on its position at the galaxy nucleus, a light curve declining as t−5/3, a blue continuum with an almost constant blackbody temperature of ∼12,000 K, broad (≈15,000 km s−1) Balmer lines, and characteristic He ii 4686 Å emission. The light curve of AT 2023clx peaked at an absolute magnitude of −17.16 mag in the g band and a maximum blackbody bolometric luminosity of 4.56 × 1042 erg s−1, making it the faintest TDE discovered to date. With a redshift of 0.01107 and a corresponding luminosity distance of 47.8 Mpc, it is also the closest optical TDE ever discovered to the best of our knowledge. Furthermore, our analysis of Swift/XRT observations of AT 2023clx yields a very tight 3σ upper limit of 9.53 × 1039 erg s−1 in the range 0.3–10 keV. AT 2023clx, together with very few other faint TDEs such as AT 2020wey, prove that there are probably a large number of faint TDEs yet to be discovered at higher redshifts, which is consistent with the prediction of luminosity functions (LFs). The upcoming deeper optical time-domain surveys, such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time and the Wide Field Survey Telescope, will discover more TDEs at even lower luminosities, allowing for a more precise constraint of the low end of the LF.
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1. Introduction
A tidal disruption event (TDE) is the phenomenon observed when a star comes too close to a supermassive black hole. The star will be tidally disrupted and produce a radiation flare peaked at the ultraviolet (UV) to soft X-ray band, which usually happens in the core of the galaxy (Rees 1988; Gezari 2021). Although the first TDE was detected in X-ray (Bade et al. 1996), optical surveys have gradually dominated the discovery of TDEs recently, especially since the operation of the Zwicky transient facility (Bellm et al. 2019; Masci et al. 2019). Moreover, a growing number of TDEs discovered in the infrared bands suggests that a considerable fraction of TDEs might be obscured by dust, which is missed by optical and X-ray surveys but can be revealed by their dust-reprocessed emission (Mattila et al. 2018; Jiang et al. 2021).
Recently, Yao et al. (2023) conducted a systematic analysis of the demographics of TDEs using a sample of 33 optically selected TDEs from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey over 3 yr. They found an average peak of 〈Mg,peak〉 = − 19.91 mag for the g band. However, there are a few nearby TDEs that are significantly fainter, such as iPTF16fnl at 70.8 Mpc (Blagorodnova et al. 2017; Brown et al. 2018; Onori et al. 2019) and AT 2019qiz at 65.6 Mpc (Nicholl et al. 2020), which belong to the spectroscopic class of H+He TDEs with Bowen fluorescence lines. Charalampopoulos et al. (2023) subsequently reported the faintest TDE in the ZTF sample at 119.7 Mpc, AT 2020wey, and found that these three fast-decaying H+He TDEs lacked any other common properties. The diversity indicates that a large sample is needed to pin down the nature of these faint TDEs. In reality, faint TDEs could make up the largest population of all TDEs, and we may be biased toward finding bright nuclear flares due to flux-limited wide-field surveys (Lin et al. 2022a; Charalampopoulos et al. 2023; Yao et al. 2023).
In this Letter, we present the discovery of the faintest and closest optical TDE so far in the nearby galaxy NGC 3799 at a redshift of 0.01107, which corresponds to a distance of 47.8 Mpc. This event was initially detected by the All Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN; Shappee et al. 2014), and it was suspected to be a TDE that could still be rising by Taguchi et al. (2023) on 2023 February 26. We describe our follow-up observations and data reduction in Section 2, followed by the analysis of the photometric properties of AT 2023clx and the identification of it as a robust TDE candidate combined with spectral characteristics in Section 3. Finally, we briefly discuss our results and draw conclusions in Sections 4 and 5. We assume a cosmology with H0 = 70 km s−1 Mpc−1, Ωm = 0.3, and ΩΛ = 0.7.
2. Observations and Data
2.1. Ground-based Optical Photometry
We initiated optical ugri band follow-up observations of AT 2023clx with the 1.0 m Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT; Brown et al. 2013) network immediately after the event was reported on the Transient Name Server on 2023 February 26 UT (Taguchi et al. 2023). We used PanSTARRS (Flewelling et al. 2020) gri band stack images as reference images and employed HOTPANTS (Becker 2015) for image subtraction. Prior to subtraction, we removed cosmic rays and aligned the images using Astrometry.net. After image subtraction, we conducted point-spread function (PSF) photometry on the difference image using the Photutils package of Astropy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2022) for the gri data. For the u band, we performed aperture photometry with a 5'' aperture and then subtracted the host-galaxy magnitude (16.69 ± 0.02 mag) with the same 5'' aperture measured in the rescaled Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS; Gunn et al. 2006) u-band image.
We tried to measure the position of AT 2023clx in the difference image of the LCOGT r-band image obtained on 2023 February 26 UT and the centroid of its host galaxy in the PanSTARRS r-band reference image by measuring the barycenter using SExtractor. The offset between them was measured to be 021 ± 0
17, taking into account the uncertainty during the alignment of the image. This corresponds to a physical offset of 49 ± 40 pc at the distance of NGC 3799. Therefore, we can conclude that AT 2023clx is consistent with the galaxy center at the resolution level of the LCOGT images, making it a potential candidate for TDE.
We were intrigued by this event because we believed that it was still in the rising stage, given that its luminosity was 2 mag fainter than the average peak luminosity of optical TDEs (Yao et al. 2023). However, our initial two observations indicated that it was already in decline, suggesting that it might be a rarely discovered faint TDE. In fact, its peak luminosity in the g band (Mg = − 17.16) is one of the faintest TDEs discovered thus far, comparable to that of iPTF16fnl (Blagorodnova et al. 2017; Brown et al. 2018; Mg = − 17.20).
2.2. Swift/UVOT Photometry
UV images were obtained with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (hereafter Swift) with the Ultra-Violet Optical Telescope (UVOT). The Swift photometry (PIs: Gomez, Huang, Leloudas, and Wevers) were measured with UVOTSOURCE task in the Heasoft package using 5'' apertures after subtracting the galaxy background using Swift/UVOT images taken on 2010 July 18. It was placed in the AB magnitude system (Oke & Gunn 1983), adopting the revised zero-points and the sensitivity of Breeveld et al. (2011).
2.3. Swift/XRT Photometry
The X-ray Telescope (XRT) photometry was performed using XRTPIPELINE and XRTPRODUCTES. We used a circle with a radius of 471 as the source region and an annulus with an inner radius of 100'' and an outer radius of 200'' as the background. The source was X-ray faint in the observations, and we assumed an absorbed power-law spectrum with an index of Γ = 1.75 (Ricci et al. 2017) and a Galactic hydrogen density of 2.51 × 1020 cm−2 (HI4PI Collaboration et al. 2016). We then derived the 3σ upper limit for the flux in the 0.3–10.0 keV range using WebPIMMS.
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In addition, we stacked the 26 event files ranging from MJD 60,002.74 to 60,089.23, deriving the upper limit of the mean luminosity of 9.53 × 1039 erg s−1 in 3σ level, with a total exposure time of 35.79 ks.
2.4. Archival Photometry Data
We also collected host-subtracted light curves of AT 2023clx from public time-domain surveys, including data from the Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS; Tonry et al. 2018; Smith et al. 2020), ZTF (Masci et al. 2019), and the ASAS-SN (Shappee et al. 2014; Kochanek et al. 2017).
The ATLAS c- and o-band light curves were obtained using the ATLAS Forced Photometry Service, which produces PSF photometry on the difference images. ATLAS has 3–4 single exposures within each epoch (typically within 1 day), so we binned the light curve every epoch to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The ZTF light curves were obtained using the Lasair alert broker 6 (Smith et al. 2019). The ASAS-SN host-subtracted g-band light curves were obtained using the ASAS-SN Sky Patrol photometry pipeline. We also collected and binned the photometry data of ASAS-SN. Considering the depth of g band of ASAS-SN is roughly 18.5 mag (de Jaeger et al. 2022), we only use the photometry data brighter than 18 mag because the data fainter than 18 mag have larger error than our LCOGT and ZTF photometry.
All light curves, after correction for Galactic extinction, are shown in Figure 1. We assumed a Cardelli et al. (1989) extinction law with RV = 3.1 and a Galactic extinction of E(B − V) = 0.0268 ± 0.0003 mag (Schlafly & Finkbeiner 2011).
Figure 1. Top left: LCOGT g-band image, which was taken on 2023 February 26 UT. Top middle: PanSTARRS g-band stack image of the host galaxy. Top right: difference image of AT 2023clx. Middle: host-galaxy-subtracted light curves of AT 2023clx in the UV and optical bands. The triangles represent the upper limits, and the dashed curve shows the power-law profile fit to the AT 2023clx g-band curve (red line for rise and black t−5/3 line for decline). Bottom: the Swift/XRT light curve of AT 2023clx. The triangles represent the upper limits. AT 2023clx was non-detected in 0.3–10 keV in any single observation, or even in the stacked image. The stacked X-ray upper limit is shown as the black horizontal line with an arrow. (The data used to create this figure are available.)
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Standard image High-resolution imageFor better comparison of the peak g-band luminosity between AT 2023clx and the ZTF TDE samples, we tried to fit the profile of the light-curve profile of AT 2023clx following the method of Yao et al. (2023; see Section 3.2 for details). The rise function was poorly constrained with either Gaussian or power-law function due to only three detected points in ASAS-SN. Hence, we combined the upper limit to estimate the rise function. Shown in Figure 1, AT 2023clx can roughly be described by a rise in power law (index n = 0.64) and a 
power-law decline (t0 = MJD 59977 ± 2 days) with a peak g-band luminosity of log Lg
= 42.31, which is the faintest TDE discovered by the ZTF survey to date compared to Yao et al. (2023).
2.5. Optical Spectra Observation and Data Reduction
Five spectra were acquired for AT 2023clx, including one from SDSS DR7, one observed by Taguchi et al. (2023) with the SEIMEI Telescope 7 on 2023 February 26 UT, one observed by the ZTF group with the Keck Telescope 8 on 2023 March 20 UT, and two obtained by ourselves with YFOSC on board the LiJiang 2.4 m telescope (hearafter LJT; Fan et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2019) on 2023 March 3 UT and 2023 March 13 UT. We reduced the LJT spectra according to the standard procedure for long-slit spectra with PyRAF, a Python-based package of IRAF (Tody 1986, 1993). All spectra are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. The spectra acquired for AT 2023clx. The identified H and He lines are labeled at the top (red for helium and black for hydrogen).(The data used to create this figure are available.)
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Standard image High-resolution image3. Analysis and Results
3.1. Photometric and Spectral Analysis
First, we use the package SUPERBOL (Nicholl 2018) to fit the spectral energy distribution (SED) of AT 2023clx with a blackbody model. The observing cadence after MJD 60,040 in r, i and u bands is quite sparse. So we use third-order polynomials only to interpolate the g-, c-, and o-band light curves in the late phase to match with the Swift epochs. The evolution of blackbody luminosity, temperature, and effective radius are shown in Figure 3, compared with other faint TDEs.
Figure 3. Evolution of the luminosity compared with iPTF16fnl (Blagorodnova et al. 2017), AT 2019qiz (Nicholl et al. 2020), and AT 2020wey (Charalampopoulos et al. 2023) (top panel), temperature (middle panel), and blackbody radius (bottom panel) of AT 2023clx. The dashed curve shows the 
power law (t0 = MJD 59,978 ± 4 days) fit to the AT 2023clx bolometric light curves after the peak, and the reference epoch is set to be the g-band peak at MJD = 60000.0.
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Standard image High-resolution imageThe optical/UV light curves of TDEs usually show a monthly rise followed by a decay with a timescale of months to years, sometimes following a t−5/3 power-law decline (Gezari 2021; van Velzen et al. 2021). In the case of AT 2023clx, it exhibited a similar decline behavior that was consistent with a t−5/3 power-law decline in both the g band and the bolometric light curves (see Figures 1 and 3). The blackbody temperature was approximately 11,000–13,000 K, which slowly decreased at the peak and was followed by a slow return to 13,000 K. The blackbody radius RBB was approximately 4.61 × 1014 cm at the peak, followed by a decline. It is worth noting that AT 2023clx has the lowest temperature among these faint TDEs albeit with a medium blackbody radius. As a result, the maximum blackbody luminosity of AT 2023clx is only (4.56 ± 0.53) × 1042 erg s−1, making it even fainter than previous low-luminosity TDEs (e.g., iPTF16fnl, Blagorodnova et al. 2017; AT 2019qiz, Nicholl et al. 2020; AT 2020wey, Charalampopoulos et al. 2023). Furthermore, these faint TDEs (e.g., AT 2020wey, Charalampopoulos et al. 2023) all exhibit fast declining light curves that are much steeper than the canonical t−5/3. In the case of AT 2023clx, the decline appears to be less extreme than that of this subclass of TDEs. However, the limited number of samples at present cannot reveal their true statistical characteristics.
We then compared the optical spectra of these low-luminosity TDEs in Figure 4. Clearly, all these spectra near the peak display a blue continuum with broad Hα and Hβ emission, as well as the typical TDE emission line He ii 4686 Å. The broad Hα is blended with He i 6678 Å, and broad He i 5876 Å line was also evident in the +26 day Keck spectrum. The FWHM of the broad Balmer lines is ≈15,000 kms−1. The Hα profile is asymmetric, with a blueshifted peak at +4.3 days and a redshifted peak at +26 days (see Figure 4). A sharp peak on the blue side coincides in wavelength with [O i] 6300 Å, which would indicate the presence of low ionization, low density, and slow-moving gas. The red side may include some contribution from He i 6678 Å, but this is likely not a major contributor, as we see only a very weak He i 5876 Å, similar to AT 2019qiz (Nicholl et al. 2020). Nicholl et al. (2020) eventually attributed the evolution of such Hα profiles of AT 2019qiz to an outflow. In addition, as we have seen the asymmetric broad Hα profile, the N iii 4640 Å also could be blended with He ii and Hβ . Moreover, most spectra in Figure 4 do not cover the range of N iii 4100 Å, and it is hard to confirm whether the weak feature at +26 days is real or not. Thus, the N iii 4100 Å cannot be ruled out either.
Figure 4. The comparison of optical spectra between AT 2023clx and some other low-luminosity TDEs at similar phases, including iPTF16fnl (Blagorodnova et al. 2017), AT 2019qiz (Nicholl et al. 2020), and AT 2020wey (Charalampopoulos et al. 2023). Their spectroscopic evolution is nearly identical.
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Standard image High-resolution imageHowever, the lack of low-ionization metal features (e.g., oxygen and calcium) in spectra near the peak almost excludes the typical Type II supernovae scenario (Filippenko 1997). Type IIn supernovae also show strong broad Balmer lines, but sometimes with high ionization lines of intermediate width that can be regarded as a result of circum-stellar medium (CSM) interaction (e.g., SN 2005ip, SN 2006jd, and SN 2010jl; Stritzinger et al. 2012; Fransson et al. 2014). If the CSM interaction of Type IIn is relatively weak compared to the above three, the Fe ii and Ca ii P-Cygni lines appear again in their spectra (Taddia et al. 2013). Furthermore, the optical light curves of Type IIn are relatively long lived compared to AT 2023clx, and normal supernovae do not stay at a temperature as high as 13,000 K for months.
Therefore, AT 2023clx is consistent with a faint TDE scenario in both aspects of light curves and spectroscopic properties. Based on this, we classify AT 2023clx as a robust faint hydrogen and helium (H+He) optical TDE.
3.2. Host-galaxy Properties
NGC 3799, the host of AT 2023clx, is a well-resolved face-on spiral galaxy (see top panels of Figure 1). The pre-outburst SDSS spectra centered on the galaxy center have placed it in the low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) in the Baldwin–Phillips–Terlevich (BPT) diagram (Baldwin et al. 1981; Veilleux & Osterbrock 1987) based on its narrow-line ratios, indicating weak active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity albeit without broad emission lines.
Ramos Padilla et al. (2020) performed an SED analysis of a sample of 189 nearby galaxies, including NGC 3799. Their fitting considered the AGN emission and obtained a stellar mass of log (M*/M⊙) = 9.87 ± 0.02 and a star formation rate (SFR) of 
for NGC 3799. Consequently, it is located on the main sequence of star-forming (SF) galaxies (Chang et al. 2015; see Figure 5). AT 2023clx thus belongs to a TDE in a typical SF galaxy, whereas known optical TDEs show a preference for post-starburst (or green valley) galaxies (Arcavi et al. 2014; French et al. 2016, 2020; Hammerstein et al. 2021). Additionally, the fractional AGN contribution of NGC 3799 is indeed small (fAGN < 0.2) according to their fitting. We emphasize that the overall star formation activity does not conflict with its LINER classification in the BPT diagram since the central regions of SF galaxies are commonly found to be quenched (Tacchella et al. 2015; Ellison et al. 2018). Using the empirical relation between MBH and the total galaxy stellar mass in the local universe (Reines & Volonteri 2015):
The central MBH in NGC 3799 is estimated to be 106.26±0.28 M⊙, using α = 7.45 ± 0.08 and β = 1.05 ± 0.11.
Figure 5. Distribution of galaxies in the SFR vs. the Mstellar of galaxies from Chang et al. (2015). The SF sequence is shown in orange where the dashed lines show the 1σ scatter. The gray scale represents the number of galaxies after weighting by 1/
. The red star symbol marks the NGC 3799, which is well located on the SF sequence region.
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Standard image High-resolution image4. Discussion
Although only a handful of TDEs have been discovered to be faint (Mg > − 18), the luminosity functions (LFs) of optical TDEs suggest that their real number should be large as all of these LFs show a rising trend toward the low end (van Velzen 2018; Lin et al. 2022b; Charalampopoulos et al. 2023; Yao et al. 2023). However, an accurate LF profile calls for more precise constraints, particularly when discovering more faint TDEs.
As one of the faintest TDEs discovered by the ZTF survey, AT 2023clx could provide the first data point at Lg
< 1042.4 erg s−1. We also used the "
" method described in Lin et al. (2022b) to estimate the volumetric rate and considered the latest TDE selection criteria from the ZTF survey (Yao et al. 2023). The 
is defined as:
For the survey duration (τsurvey), we set a starting date of 2018 October 1 UT and an end date of 2023 May 1 UT. Consistent with Lin et al. (2022b), the effective survey area is set to A ≈ 15000, dg2. We binned the two faintest ZTF TDEs (AT 2020wey and AT 2023clx) to estimate the volumetric rate in the faint end (Lg < 1042.5 erg s−1) and compared it with known optical TDE LFs (see Figure 6). We found that our result is about a factor of 2 higher than that measured by Charalampopoulos et al. (2023), which is easily understood since they had only AT 2020wey when they constructed the LF. The data, although with a large uncertainty, seem to be well consistent with both the double power-law fitting measured by Yao et al. (2023) and the single power-law fitting measured by Lin et al. (2022b). However, the volumetric rate at the low end is much lower than that of van Velzen (2018). The general overestimation in van Velzen (2018) is probably due to sources that only have post-peak light curves in their sample (Lin et al. 2022b; Yao et al. 2023).
Figure 6. Our estimated volumetric rate using AT 2020wey and AT 2023clx is marked by red point; compare with the TDE LF from van Velzen (2018), Lin et al. (2022b), Charalampopoulos et al. (2023), and Yao et al. (2023).
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Standard image High-resolution imageFurthermore, we used the double power-law TDE LFs measured by Yao et al. (2023), which is consistent with our result, to estimate the proportion of faint TDE. Events that are fainter than or equally faint with AT 2019qiz constitute ∼74% in the currently observed g-band peak luminosity space (Lg ∼ 42.3–44.7). This result is greater than the estimation obtained by Charalampopoulos et al. (2023; roughly 50%–60%). Again, we conclude that faint TDEs are not rare by nature but constitute a large portion of the entire population, as mentioned by Charalampopoulos et al. (2023). The AT 2023clx might reveal that the contribution of the faint end may be even greater than previously thought.
It is worth noting that the distance used in this work is taken as a simple cosmological deduction from the redshift. The precise distance measurement for nearby galaxies is challenging, and thus previous works on faint nearby TDEs all adopted the same approach as us (e.g., 66.6 Mpc for iPTF16fnl, Blagorodnova et al. 2017; 65.6 Mpc for AT 2019qiz, Nicholl et al. 2020). However, at these short distances, peculiar velocities and some redshift independent distances are not negligible, which might affect the luminosity estimate of AT 2023clx significantly. Mould et al. (2000) performed a flow field correction on the nearby secondary distance indicators, including three attractors: the Local Supercluster, the Great Attractor, and the Shapley Supercluster. The corrected recessional velocity of NGC 3799 in this way is 3823 ± 31 km s−1, and the corrected distance is 54.6 ± 4.6 Mpc, resulting in a peak g-band magnitude of −17.45 ± 0.12 mag and a peak blackbody luminosity of Lbb = (5.95 ± 1.23) × 1042 erg s−1 for AT 2023clx. Although the luminosity has increased by ∼30%, it remains lower than iPTF16fnl (1.0 ± 0.15 × 1043 erg s−1; Blagorodnova et al. 2017) and AT 2020wey (8.74 ± 0.69 × 1042 erg s−1; Charalampopoulos et al. 2023).
We have carefully examined other distance estimates for NGC 3799 from the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database, such as a 3K cosmic microwave background correction distance of 52.3 ± 3.8 Mpc and a Galactocentric distance of 46.4 ± 3.4 Mpc. They are all less than the above value of 54.6 ± 4.6 Mpc and thus lead to a lower correction of luminosity. Based on this, we confidently conclude that AT 2023clx is the faintest optical TDE observed to date.
5. Conclusion
In this work, we report the discovery of a new faint TDE in NGC 3799, a main-sequence SF galaxy located at a distance of only ∼50 Mpc. It holds the lowest peak blackbody luminosity and the closest distance among all optical TDEs discovered up to now. The main properties of AT 2023clx discovered by us are summarized below:
- 1.The peak blackbody luminosity Lbb = (4.56 ± 0.53) × 1042 erg s−1 is lower than that of all other low-luminosity TDEs although its absolute magnitude in the g band (Mg = − 19.16) is comparable to iPTF16fnl. It is also the closest optical TDE with a redshift of 0.01107 or a luminosity distance of 47.8 Mpc.
- 2.Both the optical/UV light curves and the bolometric light curve show a t−5/3 power-law decay after the peak, which is not as fast as that of other faint TDEs discovered before.
- 3.AT 2023clx was not detectable in X-rays by Swift/XRT in any single observations or even in the stacked image. This yields a very tight 3σ upper limit of 9.53 × 1039 erg s−1 in the range of 0.3–10 keV.
- 4.The spectra taken around the optical peak show a strong blue continuum and broad Balmer lines blended with helium features (FWHM ≈ 15,000 kms−1), which is reminiscent of other faint TDEs.
AT 2023clx is the second optical TDE with a peak g-band luminosity of Lg < 1042.5 erg s−1 in the ZTF survey. The addition of AT 2023clx increases the volumetric rate at the extreme faint end by a factor of 2 compared to that given by Charalampopoulos et al. (2023). This finding further demonstrates that the LF is continuously rising toward the low end, and there are likely many more faint TDEs waiting to be discovered. The rarity of reported faint TDEs is simply due to selection bias as we are biased toward finding bright events due to the flux-limited surveys, as mentioned by Charalampopoulos et al. (2023). The upcoming deeper surveys, such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (Ivezić et al. 2019) and the Wide Field Survey Telescope (Lin et al. 2022a; WFST Collaboration et al. 2023), will undoubtedly find more faint TDEs, which will help us measure their rate and constrain the lower end of the TDE LF more precisely.
Acknowledgments
We thank the anonymous referee for an extremely quick response and for providing valuable comments, which helped to improve the manuscript. This work is supported by the National SKA Program of China (2022SKA0130102), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11833007, 12073025, 12192221), and the 111 Project for "Observational and Theoretical Research on Dark Matter and Dark Energy" (B23042). We acknowledge the support of the Cyrus Chun Ying Tang Foundations. This research uses data obtained through the Telescope Access Program (TAP), which has been funded by the TAP member institutes. The authors acknowledge the support of the Lijiang 2.4 m telescope staff. Funding for the telescope has been provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the People's Government of Yunnan Province." The ZTF forced photometry service was funded under the Heising-Simons Foundation grant #12540303 (PI: Graham). We thank the Swift PI Brad Cenko, the Observation Duty Scientists, and the science planners for approving and executing these Swift observations.
Footnotes
- 5
- 6
- 7
We collected this spectrum from the TNS website: https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2023clx.
- 8
The ZTF group uploaded this spectrum to another transient by mistake: https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2018meh.