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Diversity-Enabled and Power-Efficient Transceiver Designs for Peak-Power-Limited SIMO-OFDM Systems
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing volume 2010, Article number: 535943 (2010)
Abstract
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely adopted for high data rate wireless transmissions. By deploying multiple receiving antennas, single-input multiple-output- (SIMO-) OFDM can further enhance the performance with spatial diversity. However, due to the large dynamic range of OFDM signals and the nonlinear nature of analog components, it is pragmatic to model the transmitter with a peak-power constraint. A natural question to ask is whether SIMO-OFDM transmissions can still enjoy the antenna diversity in this case. In this paper, the effect of the peak-power limit on the error performance of uncoded SIMO-OFDM systems is studied. In the case that the receiver has no information about the transmitter nonlinearity, we show that full antenna diversity can still be collected by carefully designing the transmitters, while the receiver performs a maximum ratio combining (MRC) method which is implemented the same as that in the average power constrained case. On the other hand, when the receiver has perfect knowledge of the peak-power-limited transmitter nonlinearity, zero-forcing (ZF) equalizer is able to collect full antenna diversity. In addition, an iterative method on joint MRC and clipping mitigation is proposed to achieve high performance with low complexity.
1. Introduction
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted by various modern communication standards because of its high spectral efficiency and low complexity in combating frequency-selective fading effects [1, 2]. Equipped with multiple antennas, OFDM systems can further enhance the performance by collecting spatial diversity [3]. Thus, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) OFDM transmission has been adopted by several communication standards and becomes a strong candidate for future cellular systems [4].
However, OFDM experiences certain implementation challenges due to the large dynamic range of its signal waveforms, which is usually measured by the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) [5]. Large PAR values may lead to low power efficiency or severe nonlinear distortions which decrease system performance. It is possible to back-off (i.e., scale down) the waveform so that distortions are less likely, but this comes at the cost of the reduced transmission power efficiency. Conversely, although the signal power can be boosted by reducing the amount of back-off, nonlinear distortions will inevitably be increased. Power efficiency and nonlinear distortions are thus conflicting metrics that must be balanced. There has been extensive research on improving the transmission power efficiency with constraints on nonlinear distortions in single-input single-output (SISO) OFDM channels (see e.g., [6]).
In light of the power efficiency and nonlinear distortion considerations, the error performance of OFDM systems with peak-power-limited power amplifier (PA) should be investigated. To quantify the error performance of wireless transmissions over fading channels, two parameters are usually used: diversity order and coding gain (see e.g., [7, 8]). The diversity order describes how fast the error probability decays with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while the coding gain measures the error performance gap among different schemes when they have the same diversity. Thus, diversity-enabled transceivers have well-appreciated merits. For single-antenna OFDM systems with clipping at the transmitter, the approximated symbol error rate (SER) has been derived for maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) [9]. The results show that the clipping nonlinearity leads to a certain (may not be full) multipath diversity order over frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. However, MLSD requires near exponential complexity to collect some diversity gain. When the number of subcarriers is large which is usually the case in current standards, the complexity of MLSD is prohibitive. In such a case, the OFDM system loses its advantage as a simple equalizer which may reduce its practical applicability.
In this paper, we are interested in low-complexity diversity-enabled transceiver design over peak-power-limited channels. Instead of the multipath diversity, we focus on the antenna diversity from multiple antennas deployed at the receiver (i.e., single-input multiple-output (SIMO) channels). When OFDM signals are linearly transmitted, linear equalizers are sufficient to collect the antenna diversity by optimally combining the multiple faded replicas of the same information bearing signal [10, 11]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the question of whether and how the peak-power-limited SIMO-OFDM system can still enjoy antenna diversity with linear equalizers has not been addressed in the literature. A few iterative methods to reconstruct the clipped OFDM signals in multiple-antenna systems have been proposed in [12–14] based on the assumption that the receiver knows the transmitter nonlinearity. However, the diversity gain has not been quantitatively analyzed.
This paper focuses on error performance analysis for SIMO-OFDM systems over peak-power-limited channels. Several low-complexity transceiver designs are proposed to collect the antenna diversity and near maximum-likelihood (ML) SER performance is achieved.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The OFDM system and SIMO channel models are described in Section 2. In Section 3, the diversity combining methods for linear SIMO channels are briefly reviewed. The transceiver designs over the peak-power-limited SIMO channels are mainly discussed in Sections 4 and 5 based on different a priori information requirements. Numerical results are shown in Section 6. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 7.
Notation 1.
Throughout this paper, we use lower-case and upper-case bold face letters for column vectors and matrices, respectively. Their elements are denoted in italic with subindices. * denotes conjugate, T transpose, and H Hermitian. Let blackboard bold letters represent number sets, then stands for an
matrix whose elements belong to a number set
. In particular, we use
to represent the set of all complex numbers.
stands for the
th norm of vector
.
is an
-by-1 vector with all zero entries and
is an
-by-
identity matrix.
denotes a diagonal matrix with vector
on its diagonal and
stands for the trace of a matrix. Additionally,
is used for the expectation over a random variable
.
2. System Model
In an uncoded OFDM system, data are transmitted on orthogonal subcarriers. The frequency-domain OFDM symbols are denoted as
where
's are drawn from an ideal constellation
. For notational simplicity, equal power allocation among subcarriers is assumed in this paper, but the proposed methods can be generalized with minor modifications. Prior to cyclic extension (which does not impact the signal dynamic range [5]), the
-times oversampled time-domain waveform can be obtained from the
-point inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operation, that is, (c.f. [5])
where is the
oversampling FFT matrix formed by retaining only the first
rows of a full FFT matrix whose
th entry is
. Since this FFT operation is unitary, we have
.
To characterize the dynamic range of the OFDM signal, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) for each OFDM symbol is defined as
There is a peak-power-limited PA with output peak-power limit before the signal is transmitted. Here we assume an ideal linear class-A PA, which implies that the time-domain output signal
is characterized by [5,
]
where denotes the phase of a complex variable
. Without loss of generality, unit gain is assumed for the PA linear region. The input back-off (IBO) is defined as
. Clipping occurs when
.
The frequency-domain symbol corresponding to the in-band subcarriers can be obtained from as
Notice that, by digital clipping and filtering methods, out-of-band spectral regrowth can be constrained according to certain spectral mask or totally eliminated [15, 16]. In this case, the following analysis still holds valid and the proposed methods can be modified accordingly by treating the clipping and filtering as a deterministic nonlinear process.
The receiver is equipped with uncorrelated receiving antennas. After removing the cyclic extension and performing the FFT, the received signal in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels is
where denotes the OFDM symbol received on the
th antenna.
,
, and
(
) is the channel frequency response of the
th in-band subcarrier on the
th receiving antenna. In addition,
and
where
(
) consists of the circularly complex white Gaussian noise with variance
.
In this paper, we study the symbol error rate (SER) in peak-power-limited SIMO fading channels. First, we give some definitions.
Definition 1 (PSNR).
For the peak-power-limited PA, the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is used to compare the PA power consumption and the channel noise level, that is,
which is the product of and the usual average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), that is,
.
Definition 2 (Diversity gain).
Suppose that is the average SER for a certain peak-power-limited system as a function of PSNR. We define the diversity gain
as
Unlike linear channels, the SER and the diversity gain are defined in terms of PSNR in peak-power-limited channels. For certain transmitters with a given , the diversity gain describes how fast the SER decays with decreasing channel noise power.
3. Diversity Combining in Linear SIMO Channels
For linear SIMO channels, several diversity combining techniques are available to achieve the antenna diversity [10], for example, maximal ratio combining (MRC) and selective combining (SC). Before discussing the peak-power-limited case, we briefly review the MRC method for the linear SIMO-OFDM channel.
Suppose that the receiver has perfect channel knowledge. Without the peak-power limit, the received signal of (5) becomes . The MRC method chooses the
coefficient matrix
to combine the received signal, where
is the
th column of
. The estimate of
is thus given as
To maximize the postprocessing (received) SNR for an uncoded OFDM system, the optimal weights can be shown as [10]
where is the
th column of
, that is,
. The corresponding received SNR is
. In the end, the decision
is obtained by hard decoding on
, denoted as
Therefore, for uncoded SIMO-OFDM, MRC is essentially the zero-forcing (ZF) and also the maximum-likelihood (ML) equalizer in the linear SIMO channel with Gaussian noise, that is, where
is the Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse of
[17]. When an
-ary QAM constellation is used, the average SER over SIMO Rayleigh fading channels is [18]
where . It is ready to show that
that is, MRC collects full antenna diversity. From the existing literature, however, it is not clear yet whether (and if so, how) full antenna diversity can be achieved in the presence of the peak-power constraint. We address this open question in the following sections.
4. Transparent Receivers: A Statistical Model
By "transparent" we mean that the receivers have no information about the transmitter nonlinearities. In this case, no receiver-side cooperation is expected. The nonlinear distortion noise has to be dealt with in the same way as the uncorrelated Gaussian channel noise. Therefore, the following statistical model is introduced at first to quantify the clipping noise.
Definition 3 (Statistical model).
According to Bussgang's theorem [19], the clipped waveform in (3) can be decomposed into a linear term
plus a statistically uncorrelated distortion term
, that is,
where is chosen so that the signal
and the nonlinear distortion noise
are uncorrelated, that is,
. Because clipping causes
, we have
and thus the effective signal power is reduced. The distortion noise power is
. The received frequency-domain symbol is thus given by
where is the equivalent channel frequency response. The frequency-domain nonlinear distortion noise can be found as
with power
.
In the presence of distortion noise, signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) should be used to incorporate both the signal power attenuation and nonlinear distortions, and characterize the overall SER performance in the given channel [20]. Based on the statistical model, the post-processing SNDR of the th subcarrier is given as
To maximize the SNDR, the MRC weights are given in the following proposition.
Proposition 1.
For transparent receivers that have no information about the transmitter nonlinearity, the optimal MRC weights are given by whose
th column is
, where
(
).
Proof.
See Appendix .
At first, it appears that the transparent receiver has to know in order to acquire
, which is inconsistent with the "transparent" definition. In fact, for OFDM systems with embedded pilot subcarriers, since the pilot signals are also attenuated by
,
is the effective channel response which is acquired by channel estimation at the receiver. Therefore, transparent receivers do not need to know
aforehand and the SNDR-maximizing combining weights can be used to achieve the best error performance.
Unlike the linear case, using the optimal MRC weights at the receiver may not guarantee full antenna diversity. The necessary and sufficient condition for achieving the antenna diversity gain with transparent receivers is given as follows.
Proposition 2.
For OFDM transmitters with a fixed peak-power limit, the transparent receiver is able to achieve full antenna diversity if and only if the distortion noise vanishes as the PSNR increases.
Proof.
See Appendix .
Proposition 2 demonstrates that the distortions at the transmitter have to be controlled in order to achieve the antenna diversity with transparent receivers. The corresponding system diagram is shown in Figure 1(a). In the following, we give some examples to illustrate the design of the diversity-enabled peak-power-limited OFDM transmitter. The performance will be verified by simulations in Section 6.
Transceiver block diagrams. (a) The system structure with transparent receivers (b) The system structure with receiver-side cooperations
Example 1 (Constant clipping).
When a constant IBO is maintained, clipping occurs if the PAR of an OFDM symbol exceeds the IBO. It implies that and
for the statistical model in (12). Therefore, no antenna diversity can be achieved with transparent receivers. In fact, as indicated in Appendix , error floor should be observed.
Example 2 (Piece-wise linear scaling).
The piece-wise linear scaling (PWLS) method is a simple way to guarantee that no distortion happens with the soft-limiter PA [21]. It is realized by multiplying a symbol-wise gain to each OFDM symbol before passing it to the PA, namely,
Because so that clipping never occurs, we have
and
in (3) and (4). The symbol-wise gain will not affect the demodulation because it is essentially a part of the channel and can be recovered by receivers with pilot-aided channel estimation.
Proposition 2 indicates that full antenna diversity can be achieved with PWLS. Owing to the linear transmission, the postprocessing SNDR becomes
which is inversely proportional to the harmonic mean of the PAR. Still, low power efficiency and small coding gain may result due to the large PAR of OFDM signals. A number of distortionless methods have been proposed to reduce the PAR of OFDM signals, for example, coding [22], selected mapping [23], and tone reservation [5]. They can be combined with PWLS and improve the coding gain at the cost of implementation complexity, spectral efficiency and/or receiver-side cooperation.
Example 3 (Optimal clipping).
When the PSNR is known at the transmitter, an optimal amount of clipping distortion can be methodically introduced to improve the error performance for transparent receivers [20, 24].
Instead of the original OFDM waveform, the following signal is input to the PA:
where is called the clipping threshold [24]. Because
, the PA output has
. Accordingly, the Bussgang parameters
and
in (12) can be numerically determined for different
's. Then, the postprocessing SNDR for the optimal clipping can be found as
If the channel noise level (or PSNR) is known at the transmitter, the optimal clipping threshold can be determined to minimize the average SER, that is,
where is the SER for
-ary QAM constellations and
[7, page 278]. When the OFDM waveform is approximated as a complex Gaussian random variable, a numerical method to solve for
can be found in [24].
Unlike PWLS which is trying to avoid any clipping, the optimum clipping method maximizes the SNDR in (18) for a given PSNR. In the high PSNR region, a large is yielded in which case
and
[24]. Thus, full antenna diversity is sustained according to Proposition 2. On the other hand, in the low PSNR region, some distortion is introduced to achieve a more desired tradeoff with the increase in signal power so that the error performance is optimized. Therefore, the optimal clipping method can achieve a better coding gain while maintaining the full antenna diversity for transparent receivers.
5. Transmitter Nonlinearity Known at the Receiver: A Deterministic Model
Instead of a random process, the clipping distortion, based on the PA model in (3), is a deterministic function of the data. When the receiver knows or estimates a priori the transmitter nonlinearity, it can exploit the deterministic nature of the clipping process for better performance [25]. In this case, receiver-side cooperation can be adopted to achieve antenna diversity with nondiminishing distortion noise at the transmitter. The corresponding system diagram is given in Figure 1(b).
In order to design the receiver-side cooperation, we first establish a deterministic model to characterize the clipping process.
Definition 4 (Deterministic model).
After clipping, the frequency-domain OFDM symbol in (4) can be represented by the following deterministic matrix operation [25, 26]
where
is the function of and
is the frequency-domain representation of the deterministic clipping noise.
As proven in [9, 27], when for
-ary QAM (
) and when the MLSD receiver is used, clipping the Nyquist-sampling OFDM signal only causes a constant SNR loss on the SER performance. Therefore, with constant clipping, the effective transmit SNR becomes
, where
. Plugging this effective SNR into (10), the average SER of MLSD in flat Rayleigh fading SIMO channels is given by
Although clipping was also shown to enable certain multipath diversity in frequency-selective fading channels [9], we focus on antenna diversity in this paper. In addition, the SER performance for clipping and filtering oversampled OFDM signals was shown to be well approximated by that of the Nyquist sampling in SISO fading channels [9]. This approximation remains for the SIMO channel case. Therefore, the average SER for general SIMO fading channels can be approximated by (22), which is referred as the MLSD bound in accordance with [9]. Again, full antenna diversity can be verified similar to (B.4) in Appendix .
However, MLSD receivers have exponential complexity, which is not practical for implementations especially for a large number of subcarriers. Instead, linear equalizers are usually used as low-complexity solutions, but do not necessarily offer the same diversity gains as MLSD [17]. For the received signal in (5), if is known at the receiver, the ZF equalizer is given as
where . In the following, we first quantify the diversity order collected by the ZF equalizer when
is known. Then, an iterative method will be proposed to jointly estimate both
and
and realize the ZF equalizer in the absence of a priori knowledge about
.
Proposition 3.
For clipped OFDM signals transmitted through SIMO fading channels with receiving antennas, if the receiver has perfect knowledge of the
given in (21), the diversity order collected by the ZF equalizer is
.
Proof.
See Appendix .
Proposition 3 states that ZF equalizers can achieve full antenna diversity if the clipping-based matrix is known or can be estimated at the receiver. It also indicates that in frequency-selective fading channels, ZF equalizers are not able to collect any multipath diversity. It is the compromise that low-complexity solutions have to make. The same fact was previously observed in [9] without proof. It is also worth mentioning that, unlike the linear case in Section 3, MRC is no longer the same as the ZF equalizer in the presence of clipping.
Although is a function of the data
and cannot be known a priori at the receiver, the following recursive method can jointly estimate
and
. The transmitter peak-power limit
is assumed available at the receiver. Based on decision feedback, the proposed iterative method can be summarized in three steps:
where    denotes the estimate for the corresponding variable and the superscript
stands for the iteration index. As the initialization,
.
Calculating the pseudoinverse in (24) may require high computational complexity, but it can be further simplified as , where
(i.e., the MRC weights), because of the full column ranks of
and
[28]. Moreover, the inverse of
can be avoided because
In each iteration, the estimate of can be recursively updated as
Further, because , the clipping noise can be estimated (i.e.,
) to avoid the FFT, IFFT, and matrix inverse operations for
. Therefore, the iterative method in (31) is equivalent to the following low-complexity method, starting with
and
:
We refer to it as the joint MRC and clipping mitigation method. Its complexity is dominated by one pair of operations per iteration and on the order of
.
The mean square error (MSE) of the estimate of can be defined as
is decreasing quickly, especially in the high PSNR region, which will be shown in Section 6. As a result, the joint estimation method can empirically approach the ideal case of ZF equalizers. Acting as the receiver-side cooperation as plotted in Figure 1(b), it can collect full antenna diversity with constant clipping at the transmitter.
Two more remarks about the use of the joint MRC and clipping mitigation method are now in order.
Remark 1.
The smaller the IBO, the larger the ratio for a fixed PSNR. Meanwhile, however,
in (22) decreases along with the decrease of IBO. Therefore, an optimal IBO exists with respect to the SER performance, which can be found as
where denotes the simulated average SER performance for the joint MRC and clipping mitigation method.
Remark 2.
The proposed method can be regarded as an extension to the iterative quasi-ML clipping estimation method [29], which was designed for SISO-OFDM systems. However, the quasi-ML clipping estimation method provides poor error performance in fading channels, which will be shown in Section 6. The main reason is that the subcarriers with deep fadings will have low received SNR and large error probabilities. The clipping estimation then propagates the errors and yields degraded estimation for both clipping noise and data. In SIMO fading channels, multiple receptions over independently faded channels not only provide the diversity gain for the data error performance, but also achieve better estimation for the clipping noise. The proposed joint MRC and clipping mitigation method thus exploits this benefit. In Section 6, we will show that the SER performance gets close to the MLSD bound within five iterations even for very small IBOs.
In summary, the proposed joint MRC and clipping mitigation method can provide the near-MLSD error performance. It requires the knowledge about the transmitter nonlinearity as well as receiver-side modifications. Compared with the transparent receiver, the extra complexity is on the order of , which is far less than the complexity of MLSD. From the transmitter perspective, the joint MRC and clipping mitigation method has lower complexity than PWLS and optimal clipping schemes. In addition, it can achieve better coding gain, which will be shown in the following section.
6. Simulation Results
For all simulations in this section, the uncoded OFDM system has subcarriers and uses 16-QAM modulation. Unless otherwise specified, frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel with two taps and
receiving antennas are assumed. Since the antenna diversity is focused in this paper, the results are independent with the number of channel taps as long as the total average gain of these taps stays the same. In addition, ideal channel estimation is assumed so that
is known at the receivers.
In Figure 2, the SER versus PSNR curves are plotted for the proposed transceivers in the peak-power-limited SIMO-OFDM channel.
The SER versus PSNR curves for the constant clipping (IBO=1.3dB), PWLS, optimal clipping, joint MRC and clipping mitigation (with the optimal IBO° = 1.3dB and five iterations) schemes, as well as the assumed ideal case with IBO = 0dB but no clipping..
First, the ideal case with  dB but linear PA (i.e., no clipping, thus
and
) is plotted as a benchmark in Figure 2. Although only constant-envelope modulations (rather than OFDM) may actually achieve this error performance in practice, it gives an SER lower bound for this channel. For OFDM, by setting
and assuming no clipping happens, Monte Carlo simulation gives the SER curve for this ideal case. The curve agrees well with the theoretical MLSD bound in (22) with
 dB and
.
Using the transparent receivers with the MRC weights given in Proposition 1, three transmitter schemes are also compared in Figure 2, namely, the constant clipping, the PWLS, and the optimal clipping approaches. As expected in Section 4, no antenna diversity can be obtained with the constant clipping method. In fact, the SER reaches an error floor that is determined by the clipping threshold. The PWLS-based transceiver can provide full antenna diversity but poor coding gain. Compared to the case with ideal linear PA, the PSNR degradation is more than 9 dB in the simulated system, as shown in Figure 2. On the other hand, the optimal clipping method achieves about 3 dB coding gain better than PWLS.
For the iterative method of (31), the MSE curves for the estimate of (i.e., (32)) are plotted in Figure 3. The cases with
 dB and
 dB as well as two oversampling ratios (
and
) are examined. The results illustrate that the MSE decreases quickly along with iterations, especially at high PSNR. For comparison, the corresponding MSE curves are plotted when the SISO iterative clipping mitigation method [29] is adopted on one of the antennas and the combining technique is used subsequently. It demonstrates that the benefit of multiple receiving antennas can be exploited to improve the clipping noise estimation performance. In Figure 4, the joint MRC and clipping mitigation method is illustrated to achieve near-MLSD SER performance within five iterations for both the Nyquist-rate and oversampled (
) OFDM signals. It also works well for more than 2 receiving antennas as shown in Figure 5. In contrast, if the SISO iterative clipping mitigation method [29] and MRC are used separately, the antenna diversity cannot be collected even after 100 iterations.
versus the number of iterations (q) for the joint MRC and clipping mitigation methods. The corresponding MSE curves of separately using clipping mitigation [29] and MRC methods are also plotted for comparison. IBO = 1dB,
, the oversampling ratio L = 1 or 4, and PSNR = 30dB or 40 dB.
SER performance of the joint MRC and clipping mitigation method for both the Nyquist-rate and oversampling OFDM system. The SER curves of the ideal linear PA and the MLSD bound in (22) with IBO = 1dB are also shown for comparison. .
The SER versus PSNR curves for different numbers of receiving antennas , 3, or 4. The proposed joint MRC and clipping mitigation method achieves a near-MLSD SER within five iterations. But separately using clipping mitigation [29] and MRC cannot collect full antenna diversity even after 100 iterations. IBO = 1dB.
As mentioned in (33), the optimal can be determined to achieve the best SER for the joint MRC and clipping mitigation method. Some numerical results of the SER versus IBO curves are given for different PSNR values and numbers of antennas in Figure 6. The optimal IBO is found to remain about the same for different numbers of antennas. In addition, since diversity gain is achieved,
is generally independent with the PSNR. For example,
 dB can be found for
, 3, and 4 receiving antennas. With
 dB and five iterations, the SER curve for the joint MRC and clipping mitigation method is plotted back into Figure 2 and shown to outperform the other approaches.
For PSNR = 20dB or 30dB, the SER versus IBO curves for the joint MRC and clipping mitigation method with , 3, or 4 receiving antennas and 5 iterations.
7. Conclusion
In this paper, we have examined the antenna diversity gain in the peak-power-limited SIMO-OFDM system. The main conclusion is that full antenna diversity can be achieved for the transparent receiver by intelligently choosing the transmission method: PWLS and optimal clipping achieve diversity, while a constant back-off clipping does not. To achieve full antenna diversity, the MRC coefficients are derived for the peak-power-limited channel and can be obtained in the same way with those in the average-power-constrained linear channel. Additionally, we showed that for systems where the receiver has perfect knowledge of the transmitter nonlinearity, antenna diversity can be achieved with low-complexity linear equalizers. The joint MRC and clipping mitigation method is also proposed to employ the multiple antennas to better estimate both the clipping noise and the data. To extend the results to coded multiantenna OFDM systems is a part of our future work.
Appendices
A. Proof of Proposition 1
The optimal MRC weights suffice to maximize the SNDR in (14). Taking the first-order derivative of with respect to
and setting it to zero, we obtain
Recall that . After some basic algebraic manipulations, (A.1) leads to
Obviously, satisfies (A.2). In addition, these weights are channel-normalizing (i.e.,
) as well as orthogonal to the channels of other subcarriers (i.e.,
,
). Therefore,
with
gives the optimal MRC weights and the transparent receiver can decode according to
.
B. Proof of Proposition 2
For transparent receivers, the SER performance is a function of the SNDR. Therefore, a necessary condition to achieve the diversity gain is that the postprocessing SNDR goes to infinity along with the PSNR. With the optimal MRC weights given in Proposition 1, the postprocessing SNDR becomes
For a given peak-power limit , increasing PSNR is equivalent to decreasing the noise power
. From (B.1), we have
As mentioned in Section 4, . In addition,
. Therefore,
is the necessary condition for the limit of SNDR in (B.2) to go to infinity, as well as for the transparent receiver to collect antenna diversity.
On the other hand, when , the limit of SNDR becomes
which is the same as the postprocessing SNR of the linear channel case in Section 3. Plugging the SER of into the diversity gain definition of (7), full antenna diversity can be easily proved. For given
and
, by referring to (11), we have
where .
Therefore, for a fixed , the necessary and sufficient condition for the transparent receiver to collect full antenna diversity is that the distortion noise power vanishes as the PSNR increases.
C. Proof of Proposition 3
Suppose that the symbol transmitted on the th subcarrier is
, but at the receiver it is erroneously decoded as
. The pairwise error probability is given as [30]
where and
is the (
)th element of
Because the channel matrix has full column rank with probability 1 and
is a diagonal matrix with positive real diagonal entries, we have
, where
is a nonsingular Hermitian and Toeplitz matrix. Since
,
can be expressed as
Since has full rank,
for all
. Let
and
. We have the following inequalities
where and
. Therefore, the bounds for the error probability are
Because the channel responses are complex Gaussian distributed, is a chi-squared random variable with
degrees of freedom. Therefore, by averaging over this random variable, the quantity on the left-hand side of (C.5) obeys
where for
-ary QAM constellations (
is the minimum Euclidean distance of the constellation) and
is a constant that is independent of the SNR. For the right-hand side (RHS) of (C.5), we have [30, Lemma
]
Integrating the RHS of (C.5) over the channel response gives
where is a Gaussian random variable with zero mean and unit variance and
is a constant independent of the SNR. Therefore, combining (C.5), (C.6), and (C.8), we infer
which means the diversity order collected by the ZF equalizer with known is
.
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Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by the U. S. Army Research Laboratory under the Collaborative Technology Alliance Program, Cooperative Agreement DAAD19-01-2-0011.
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Liu, Q., Baxley, R., Ma, X. et al. Diversity-Enabled and Power-Efficient Transceiver Designs for Peak-Power-Limited SIMO-OFDM Systems. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2010, 535943 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/535943
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/535943