research-article

Towards Automating Retinoscopy for Refractive Error Diagnosis

Authors:

Aditya Aggarwal,

Siddhartha Gairola,

Uddeshya Upadhyay,

Akshay P. Vasishta,

Kaushik Murali,

Mohit JainAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, Volume 6, Issue 3

Article No.: 97, Pages 1 - 26

https://doi.org/10.1145/3550283

Published: 07 September 2022 Publication History

Abstract

Refractive error is the most common eye disorder and is the key cause behind correctable visual impairment, responsible for nearly 80% of the visual impairment in the US. Refractive error can be diagnosed using multiple methods, including subjective refraction, retinoscopy, and autorefractors. Although subjective refraction is the gold standard, it requires cooperation from the patient and hence is not suitable for infants, young children, and developmentally delayed adults. Retinoscopy is an objective refraction method that does not require any input from the patient. However, retinoscopy requires a lens kit and a trained examiner, which limits its use for mass screening. In this work, we automate retinoscopy by attaching a smartphone to a retinoscope and recording retinoscopic videos with the patient wearing a custom pair of paper frames. We develop a video processing pipeline that takes retinoscopic videos as input and estimates the net refractive error based on our proposed extension of the retinoscopy mathematical model. Our system alleviates the need for a lens kit and can be performed by an untrained examiner. In a clinical trial with 185 eyes, we achieved a sensitivity of 91.0% and specificity of 74.0% on refractive error diagnosis. Moreover, the mean absolute error of our approach was 0.75±0.67D on net refractive error estimation compared to subjective refraction measurements. Our results indicate that our approach has the potential to be used as a retinoscopy-based refractive error screening tool in real-world medical settings.

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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68862-1
Wolffsohn JBerkow DChan KChaurasiya SFadel DHaddad MImane TJones LSheppard AVianya-Estopa MWalsh KWoods JZeri FMorgan P(2024)BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Evaluation and diagnosisContact Lens and Anterior Eye10.1016/j.clae.2024.10215647:4(102156)Online publication date: Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2024.102156
Bhat KKumar NShamanna KKwatra NJain M(2023)Towards Intermediated Workflows for Hybrid TelemedicineProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3580653(1-17)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3544548.3580653

Index Terms

Towards Automating Retinoscopy for Refractive Error Diagnosis
1. Applied computing
  1. Life and medical sciences
    1. Consumer health
2. Human-centered computing
  1. Ubiquitous and mobile computing

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cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies

Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies Volume 6, Issue 3

September 2022

1612 pages

EISSN:2474-9567

DOI:10.1145/3563014

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Published: 07 September 2022

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Cited By

Mehta SKwatra NJain MMcDuff D(2024)Examining the challenges of blood pressure estimation via photoplethysmogramScientific Reports10.1038/s41598-024-68862-114:1Online publication date: 7-Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68862-1
Wolffsohn JBerkow DChan KChaurasiya SFadel DHaddad MImane TJones LSheppard AVianya-Estopa MWalsh KWoods JZeri FMorgan P(2024)BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Evaluation and diagnosisContact Lens and Anterior Eye10.1016/j.clae.2024.10215647:4(102156)Online publication date: Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2024.102156
Bhat KKumar NShamanna KKwatra NJain M(2023)Towards Intermediated Workflows for Hybrid TelemedicineProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3580653(1-17)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3544548.3580653

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