Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
10.1145/863955.863992acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagescommConference Proceedingsconference-collections
Article
Free access

Estimating flow distributions from sampled flow statistics

Published: 25 August 2003 Publication History

Abstract

Passive traffic measurement increasingly employs sampling at the packet level. Many high-end routers form flow statistics from a sampled substream of packets. Sampling is necessary in order to control the consumption of resources by the measurement operations. However, knowledge of the statistics of flows in the unsampled stream remains useful, for understanding both characteristics of source traffic, and consumption of resources in the network.This paper provide methods that use flow statistics formed from sampled packet stream to infer the absolute frequencies of lengths of flows in the unsampled stream. A key part of our work is inferring the numbers and lengths of flows of original traffic that evaded sampling altogether. We achieve this through statistical inference, and by exploiting protocol level detail reported in flow records. The method has applications to detection and characterization of network attacks: we show how to estimate, from sampled flow statistics, the number of compromised hosts that are sending attack traffic past the measurement point. We also investigate the impact on our results of different implementations of packet sampling.

References

[1]
J. Apisdorf, K. Claffy, K. Thompson, R. Wilder, "OC3MON: Flexible, Affordable, High Performance Statistics Collection," See: http://www.nlanr.net/NA/Oc3mon
[2]
B.-Y. Choi, J.Park, Zh.-L. Zhang, "Adaptive Random Sampling for Load Change Detection", ACM SIGMETRICS 2002 (Extended Abstract).
[3]
Cisco NetFlow; for further information see http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/netflow/index.html
[4]
K. C. Claffy, H.-W. Braun, and G. C. Polyzos. "Parameterizable methodology for internet traffic flow profiling", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1481--1494, Oct. 1995.
[5]
K. C. Claffy, G. C. Polyzos, and H.-W. Braun. "Application of Sampling Methodologies to Network Traffic Characterization", Proceedings ACM SIGCOMM'93, San Francisco, CA, September pp. 13--17, 1993.
[6]
D. Comer, "Internetworking with TCP/IP, Volume 1: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture", Third Edition, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1995.
[7]
A. P. Dempster, N. M. Laird, D. B. Rubin, "Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm (with discussion)", J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser., vol. 39, pp. 1--38, 1977.
[8]
N. G. Duffield, C. Lund, M. Thorup, "Charging from sampled network usage," ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop 2001, San Francisco, CA, November 1-2, 2001.
[9]
N. G. Duffield, C. Lund, M. Thorup, "Properties and Prediction of Flow Statistics from Sampled Packet Streams", ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop 2002, Marseille, France, November 6-8, 2002.
[10]
C. Estan and G. Varghese, "New Directions in Traffic Measurement and Accounting", Proc SIGCOMM 2002, Pittsburgh, PA, August 19--23, 2002.
[11]
A. Feldmann, R. Caceres, F. Douglis, G. Glass, M. Rabinovich, "Performance of Web Proxy Caching in Heterogeneous Bandwidth Environments," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM'99, New York, NY, March 23-25, 1999.
[12]
A. Feldmann, J. Rexford, and R. Cáceres, "Efficient Policies for Carrying Web Traffic over Flow-Switched Networks," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 6, no.6, pp. 673--685, December 1998.
[13]
P.J. Haas and L. Stokes, "Estimating the number of classes in a finite population," J. Amer. Statist. Assoc., vol. 93, pp 1475--1487, 1998.
[14]
Inmon Corporation, "sFlow accuracy and billing", see: http://www.inmon.com/PDF/sFlowBilling.pdf
[15]
P.J. Green, "On the use of the EM algorithm for penalized likelihood estimation," J. R. Statist. Soc. B, vol. 52, pp. 443--452, 1990.
[16]
"Internet Protocol Flow Information eXport" (IPFIX). IETF Working Group. See: http://net.doit.wisc.edu/ipfix/
[17]
D. Moore, V. Paxson, S. Savage, C. Shannon, S. Staniford, N. Weaver, "The Spread of the Sapphire/Slammer Worm", Technical Report, CAIDA, 2003. See http://www.caida.org/outreach/papers/2003/sapphire/sapphire.html.
[18]
NLANR Moat PMA trace archive. See http://pma.nlanr.net/Traces/long/ipls1.html
[19]
V. Paxson, "Empirically-Derived Analytic Models of Wide-Area TCP Connections", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 2 No. 4, August 1994.
[20]
V. Paxson, G. Almes, J. Mahdavi, M. Mathis, "Framework for IP Performance Metrics", RFC 2330, May 1998.
[21]
Packet Sampling (PSAMP) IETF Working Group Charter. See http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/psamp-charter.html
[22]
J. Postel, "Transmission Control Protocol," RFC 793, September 1981.
[23]
L. Sachs, "Applied Statistics", Second Edition, Springer, New York, 1984.
[24]
C.F. Jeff Wu, "On the convergence properties of the EM algorithm", Annals of Statistics, vol. 11, pp. 95--103, 1982.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)FARM: Comprehensive Data Center Network Monitoring and Management2024 IEEE 44th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)10.1109/ICDCS60910.2024.00055(520-530)Online publication date: 23-Jul-2024
  • (2023)ChameleMon: Shifting Measurement Attention as Network State ChangesProceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference10.1145/3603269.3604850(881-903)Online publication date: 10-Sep-2023
  • (2023)SketchINT: Empowering INT With TowerSketch for Per-Flow Per-Switch MeasurementIEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems10.1109/TPDS.2023.330392434:11(2876-2894)Online publication date: Nov-2023
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Estimating flow distributions from sampled flow statistics

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Conferences
      SIGCOMM '03: Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
      August 2003
      432 pages
      ISBN:1581137354
      DOI:10.1145/863955
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

      Sponsors

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 25 August 2003

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. IP flows
      2. maximum likelihood estimation
      3. packet sampling

      Qualifiers

      • Article

      Conference

      SIGCOMM03
      Sponsor:

      Acceptance Rates

      SIGCOMM '03 Paper Acceptance Rate 34 of 319 submissions, 11%;
      Overall Acceptance Rate 462 of 3,389 submissions, 14%

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)136
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)31
      Reflects downloads up to 25 Nov 2024

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2024)FARM: Comprehensive Data Center Network Monitoring and Management2024 IEEE 44th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)10.1109/ICDCS60910.2024.00055(520-530)Online publication date: 23-Jul-2024
      • (2023)ChameleMon: Shifting Measurement Attention as Network State ChangesProceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2023 Conference10.1145/3603269.3604850(881-903)Online publication date: 10-Sep-2023
      • (2023)SketchINT: Empowering INT With TowerSketch for Per-Flow Per-Switch MeasurementIEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems10.1109/TPDS.2023.330392434:11(2876-2894)Online publication date: Nov-2023
      • (2022)FlyMonProceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2022 Conference10.1145/3544216.3544239(486-502)Online publication date: 22-Aug-2022
      • (2022)Rethinking Fine-Grained Measurement From Software-Defined Perspective: A SurveyIEEE Transactions on Services Computing10.1109/TSC.2021.310396815:6(3649-3667)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2022
      • (2022)Erasable Virtual HyperLogLog for Approximating Cumulative Distribution over Data StreamsIEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering10.1109/TKDE.2021.305293834:11(5336-5350)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2022
      • (2022)FlexMonJournal of Network and Computer Applications10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103344201:COnline publication date: 1-May-2022
      • (2021)PR-sketchProceedings of the VLDB Endowment10.14778/3467861.346786814:10(1783-1796)Online publication date: 26-Oct-2021
      • (2021)SmartWatchProceedings of the 17th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies10.1145/3485983.3494861(60-75)Online publication date: 2-Dec-2021
      • (2021)Software Packet-Level Network Analytics at Cloud ScaleIEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management10.1109/TNSM.2021.305865318:1(597-610)Online publication date: Mar-2021
      • Show More Cited By

      View Options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Login options

      Media

      Figures

      Other

      Tables

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media