Are soluble carbohydrates ecologically relevant for salt tolerance in halophytes?
Ricardo Gil A , Monica Boscaiu B , Cristina Lull C , Inmaculada Bautista C , Antonio Lidón C and Oscar Vicente A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
B Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
C ReForest Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
D Corresponding author. Email: ovicente@ibmcp.upv.es
This paper originates from a presentation at the COST WG2 Meeting ‘Putting halophytes to work – genetics, biochemistry and physiology’ Hannover, Germany, 28–31 August 2012.
Functional Plant Biology 40(9) 805-818 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP12359
Submitted: 1 December 2012 Accepted: 5 April 2013 Published: 14 May 2013
Abstract
A general response of plants to high soil salinity relies on the cellular accumulation of osmolytes, which help the plant to maintain osmotic balance under salt stress condition and/or act as ‘osmoprotectants’ with chaperon or reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities. Yet the ecological relevance of this response for the salt tolerance mechanisms of halophytes in their natural habitats remains largely unknown. In this review, we describe and discuss published data supporting the participation of compatible solutes in those mechanisms, with especial focus on soluble carbohydrates. Evidence for a functional role of carbohydrates in salt tolerance include: (i) relatively high levels of specific sugars and polyols have been detected in many halophytic taxa; (ii) an increase in salt tolerance has often been observed in parallel with increased intracellular levels of particular soluble carbohydrates, in transgenic plants overexpressing the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes; (iii) there are several examples of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism which are induced under salt stress conditions; (iv) specific sugars or polyols have been shown to accumulate in different halophytes upon controlled salt treatments; and (v) although very few field studies on environmentally induced carbohydrate changes in halophytes exist, in general they also support the involvement of this type of osmolytes in salt stress tolerance mechanisms. We also highlight the complexities of unequivocally attributing carbohydrates a biological role in salt tolerance mechanisms of a given tolerant species. It is proposed that research on halophytes in their natural ecosystems should be intensified, correlating seasonal changes in carbohydrate contents with the degree of environmental stress affecting the plants. This could be an important complement to experiments made under more controlled (but artificial) conditions, such as laboratory set-ups.
Additional keywords: abiotic stress, biochemical diversity, carbohydrate metabolism, osmotic adjustment, salt stress, salinity stress.
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