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Epidemiology

Development of the food-based Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and its application in 129,369 Lifelines participants

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 72, pages 1111–1119 (2018)Cite this article

Subjects

A Correction to this article was published on 24 June 2019

This article has been updated

Abstract

Background/objectives

Many diet quality scores exist, but fully food-based scores based on contemporary evidence are scarce. Our aim was to develop a food-based diet score based on international literature and examine its discriminative capacity and socio-demographic determinants.

Subjects/methods

Between 2006 and 2013, dietary intake of 129,369 participants of the Lifelines Cohort (42% male, 45 ± 13 years (range 18–93)) was assessed with a 110-item food frequency questionnaire. Based on the 2015 Dutch Dietary Guidelines and underlying literature, nine food groups with positive (vegetables, fruit, whole grain products, legumes&nuts, fish, oils&soft margarines, unsweetened dairy, coffee and tea) and three food groups with negative health effects (red&processed meat, butter&hard margarines and sugar-sweetened beverages) were identified. Per food group, the intake in grams per 1000 kcal was categorized into quintiles, awarded 0 to 4 points (negative groups scored inversely) and summed. Food groups with neutral, unknown or inconclusive evidence are described but not included.

Results

The Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) discriminated well between high and low consumers of included food groups. This is illustrated by e.g. a 2-fold higher vegetable intake in the highest, compared to the lowest LLDS quintile. Differences were 5.5-fold for fruit, 3.5-fold for fish, 3-fold for dairy and 8-fold for sugar-sweetened beverages. The LLDS was higher in females and positively associated with age and educational level.

Conclusions

The LLDS is based on the latest international evidence for diet-disease relations at the food group level and has high capacity to discriminate people with widely different intakes. Together with the population-based quintile approach, this makes the LLDS a flexible, widely applicable tool for diet quality assessment.

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Change history

  • 24 June 2019

    An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Acknowledgements

The Lifelines Biobank initiative has been made possible by funds from FES (Fonds Economische Structuurversterking), SNN (Samenwerkingsverband Noord Nederland), and REP (Ruimtelijk Economisch Programma). We acknowledge the services of the Lifelines Cohort Study, the contributing research centers delivering data to Lifelines, and all study participants.

Funding

This study was partly funded by the Nutrition & Health initiative of the University of Groningen.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Petra C. Vinke, Eva Corpeleijn & Daan Kromhout

  2. Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Louise H. Dekker & Gerjan Navis

  3. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    David R. Jacobs Jr

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  1. Petra C. Vinke
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Correspondence to Petra C. Vinke.

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Vinke, P.C., Corpeleijn, E., Dekker, L.H. et al. Development of the food-based Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and its application in 129,369 Lifelines participants. Eur J Clin Nutr 72, 1111–1119 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0205-z

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