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Facial expression recognition via transfer learning in cooperative game paradigms for enhanced social AI

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Abstract

Facial Expression Recognition (FER) is an effortless task for humans, and such non-verbal communication is intricately related to how we relate to others beyond the explicit content of our speech. Facial expressions can convey how we are feeling, as well as our intentions, and are thus a key point in multimodal social interactions. Recent computational advances, such as promising results from Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), have drawn increasing attention to the potential of FER to enhance human–agent interaction (HAI) and human–robot interaction (HRI), but questions remain as to how “transferrable” the learned knowledge is from one task environment to another. In this paper, we explore how FER can be deployed in HAI cooperative game paradigms, where a human subject interacts with a virtual avatar in a goal-oriented environment where they must cooperate to survive. The primary question was whether transfer learning (TL) would offer an advantage for FER over pre-trained models based on similar (but the not exact same) task environment. The final results showed that TL was able to achieve significantly improved results (94.3% accuracy), without the need for an extensive task-specific corpus. We discuss how such approaches could be used to flexibly create more life-like robots and avatars, capable of fluid social interactions within cooperative multimodal environments.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to the fact the data comprises video and audio recordings of identifiable human subjects during gameplay. However, extracted de-identified data may be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported through funding by a Grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF Grant# 2021R1G1A1003801).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Paula Castro Sánchez

  2. Department of Intelligence Computing, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea

    Paula Castro Sánchez & Casey C. Bennett

  3. Department of Computing and Digital Media, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Casey C. Bennett

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  1. Paula Castro Sánchez
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Correspondence to Casey C. Bennett.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hanyang University (protocol #HYU2021-138) for studies involving humans. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in this study.

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Sánchez, P.C., Bennett, C.C. Facial expression recognition via transfer learning in cooperative game paradigms for enhanced social AI. J Multimodal User Interfaces 17, 187–201 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-023-00410-z

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