Abstract
In this paper, we propose anomaly based intrusion detection algorithms in computer networks using artificial immune systems, capable of learning new attacks. Unique characteristics and observations specific to computer networks are considered in developing faster algorithms while achieving high performance. Although these characteristics play a key role in the proposed algorithms, we believe they have been neglected in the previous related works. We evaluate the proposed algorithms on a number of well-known intrusion detection datasets, as well as two new real datasets extracted from the data networks for intrusion detection. We analyze the detection performance and learning capabilities of the proposed algorithms, in addition to performance criteria such as false alarm rate, detection rate, and response time. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms exhibit fast response time, low false alarm rate, and high detection rate. They can also learn new attack patterns, and identify them the next time they are introduced to the network.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Shon T, Moon J (2007) A hybrid machine learning approach to network anomaly detection. Inf Sci 177:3799–3821
Zhou Z, Leckie C, Karunasekera S (2010) A survey of coordinated attacks and collaborative intrusion detection. Comput Security 29:124–140
Teodoro P, Verdejo J, Fernandez G, Va′zquez E (2009) Anomaly-based network intrusion detection: techniques, systems and challenges. Comput Secuity 28:18–28
Axelsson S (1999) Research in intrusion detection systems: a survey. Technical Report TR 98-17. Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden
Debar H, Dacier M, Wespi A (2000) A revised taxonomy for intrusion detection systems. Ann Télécommun 55(7–8):361–378
Masri W, Podgurski A (2008) Application-based anomaly intrusion detection with dynamic information flow analysis. Comput Security 27:176–187
Twycross J, Aickelin U (2006) Libtissue—implementing innate immunity. In: Aickelin U (ed) Proceedings of the IEEE congress on evolutionary, computation (CEC’06). Vancouver, Canada, pp 16–21
Luther K, Bye R, Alpcan T, Muller A, Albayrak S (2007) A cooperative ais framework for intrusion detection. In: IEEE international conference on communications (ICC’07), Glasgow, Scotland, 4–28 June 2007, pp 1409–1416
Kim J (2003) Integrating artificial immune algorithms for intrusion detection, PhD Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University College London
Kim J, Bentley P (2002) Towards an artificial immune system for network intrusion detection: an investigation of dynamic clonal selection. In: Fogel DB, El-Sharkawi MA, Yao X, Greenwood G, Iba H, Marrow P, Shackleton M (eds) Proceedings of the IEEE congress on evolutionary computation (CEC’02), vol 2, Honolulu, HI, USA, 12–17 May 2002. IEEE Press, pp 1015–1020
Liu F, Qu B, Chen R (2004) Intrusion detection based on immune clonal selection algorithms. In: Webb GI, Yu X (eds) AI 2004: advances in artificial intelligence, volume 3339 of lecture notes in computer science. Springer, Berlin, pp 1226–1232
Xian J, Lang F, Tang X (2005) A novel intrusion detection method based on clonal selection clustering algorithm. In: Proceedings of 2005 international conference on machine learning and cybernetics, vol 6, 18–21 August 2005, pp 3905–3910
Ye N, Emran S, Chen Q, Vilbert S (2002) Multivariate statistical analysis of audit trails for host-based intrusion detection. IEEE Trans Comput 51(7):810–820
Kerkar R, Srinivas S (2009) Knowledge-based systems. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury
Burbeck K, Tehrani A (2004) Adwice—anomaly detection with real-time incremental clustering. Inf Security Cryptol 3506:407–424
Borah B, Bhattacharyya D (2008) Catsub: a technique for clustering categorical data based on subspace. J Comput Sci 2:7–20
Khan L, Awad M, Thuraisingham B (2007) A new intrusion detection system using support vector machines and hierarchical clustering. Int J Very Large Data Bases 16:507–552
Gaddam S, Phoha V, Balagani K (2007) K-means + id3: a novel method for supervised anomaly detection by cascading k-means clustering and id3 decision tree learning methods. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 19(3):345–354
Holland J (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Glover F (1977) Heuristic for integer programming using surrogate constraints. Decis Sci 8(1):156–166
Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt C, Vecchi M (1983) Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220:671–680
Mohammadi M, Raahemi R, Akbari A, Nassersharif B, Moeinzadeh H (2011) Improving linear discriminant analysis with artificial immune system-based evolutionary algorithms. Inf Sci 189:219–232
Zhao W, Davis W (2011) A modified artificial immune system based pattern recognition approach an application to clinical diagnostics. Artif Intell Med 52(1):1–9
Polat K, Güneş S, Tosun S (2006) Diagnosis of heart disease using artificial immune recognition system and fuzzy weighted pre-processing. Pattern Recogn 39(11):2186–2193
Zhou J, Dasgupta D (2004) Real-valued negative selection algorithm with variable-sized detectors, LNCS 3102. In: Proceedings of GECCO, pp 287–298
Bolón-Canedo V, Sánchez-Maroño N, Betanzos A (2011) Feature selection and classification in multiple class datasets: an application to KDDCup99 dataset. Expert Syst Appl 38(5):5947–5957
Tsai C, Lin C (2010) A triangle area based nearest neighbors approach to intrusion detection. Pattern Recognit 43(1):222–229
Toosi AN, Kahani M (2007) A new approach to intrusion detection based on an evolutionary soft computing model using neuro-fuzzy classifiers. Comput Commun 30(10):2201–2212
Mahbod T, Ebrahim B, Wei L, Ali AG (2009) A detailed analysis of the KDD CUP 99 data set in proceeding of computational intelligence in security and defense application
McHugh J (2000) Testing intrusion detection systems: a critique of the 1998 and 1999 darpa intrusion detection system evaluations as performed by Lincoln laboratory. ACM Trans Inf Syst Security 3:262–294
Botta A, Dainotti A, Pescapè A (2012) A tool for the generation of realistic network workload for emerging networking scenarios. Comput Netw 56(15):3531–3547
Asgharian Z, Asgharian H, Akbari A, Raahemi B (2011) A framework for SIP intrusion detection and response systems. Computer networks and distributed systems (CNDS), pp 100–105
Asgharian Z, Asgharian H, Akbari A, Raahemi B (2012) Detecting denial of service attacks on sip based services and proposing solutions. Intrusion Detect Response Technol Protect Netw 6:145–167
Nassar M, State R, Festor O (2010) Labeled VoIP data-set for intrusion detection evaluation. Conference on Networked services and applications: engineering, control and management (EUNICE’10), pp 97–106
Nassar M, State R, Festor O (2008) Monitoring SIP traffic using support vector machines. In: Proceedings of the 11th international symposium on recent advances in intrusion detection (RAID ‘08), pp 311–330
Nassar M, State R, Festor O (2009) VoIP malware: attack tool & attack scenarios, ICC ‘09. IEEE international conference on communications, pp 1–6
Dunn J (1973) A fuzzy relative of the isodata process and its use in detecting compact well-separated clusters. J Cybern 3:32–57
Mohammadi M, Raahemi B, Akbari A. Unsupervised sample reduction using clustering for intrusion detection system. Technical Report, Knowledge Discovery and Data mining Lab. University of Ottawa. http://web5.uottawa.ca/www5/braahemi/publications.htm/Sample-Reduction.pdf
Web references
NSL-KKD dataset is available at: http://iscx.ca/NSL-KDD/ last visit: May 2012
“Nmap”. http://nmap.org/download.html last visit: May 2012
“PacketStorm”. http://packetstormsecurity.org last visit: May 2012
“Libsvm,” http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/cjlin/libsvm/.last visit: May 2012
“DataSets”. http://nrg.iust.ac.ir/index.php/research. Last visit August 2013
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mohammadi, M., Akbari, A., Raahemi, B. et al. A fast anomaly detection system using probabilistic artificial immune algorithm capable of learning new attacks. Evol. Intel. 6, 135–156 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-013-0101-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-013-0101-3