Abstract
Brain hypothermia treatment (BHT) is an active therapy for severe brain injury. It makes the temperature of the brain track a given temperature input curve so as to reduce the risk of tissue damage. BHT requires a brain-temperature control system because of environmental disturbances and changes in the human body. The thermal models of the human body devised so far are usually of a very high order and are not suitable for controlling brain temperature. This paper presents a method of finding a reducedorder thermal model of the human body for use in BHT. It combines minimal realization and balanced realization. Unlike other methods, this method yields a reduced-order model that is based on system theory and that takes the frequency characteristics of human thermal sensation into account. It features high precision in the frequency band for BHT and is suitable for the control of brain temperature.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
A. K. Gupta, P. G. Al-Rawi, P. J. Hutchinson, P. J. Kirkpatrick. Effect of hypothermia on brain tissue oxygenation in patients with severe head injury. British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 188–192, 2002.
A. R. Davies. Hypothermia improves outcome from traumatic brain injury. Critical Care and Resuscitation, vol.7, no. 3, pp. 238–243, 2005.
K. R. Diller, L. Zhu. Hypothermia therapy for brain injury. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 135–162, 2009.
M. A. Peberdy, C. W. Callaway, R.W. Neumar, R. G. Geocadin, J. L. Zimmerman, M. Donnino, A. Gabrielli, S. M. Silvers, A. L. Zaritsky, R. Merchant, T. L. Vanden Hoek, S. L. Kronick. Part 9: Post-cardiac arrest care: 2010 American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation, vol. 122 no. 18, pp. S768–S786, 2010.
F. Sadaka, C. Veremakis, R. Lakshmanan, A. Palagiri. Therapeutic Hypothermia in Traumatic Brain Injury, In-Tech, 2013.
G. L. Clifton, A. Valadka, D. Zygun, C. S. Coffey, P. Drever, S. Fourwinds, L. S. Janis, E. Wilde, P. Taylor, K. Harshman, A. Conley, A. Puccio, H. S. Levin, S. R. McCauley, R. D. Bucholz, K. R. Smith, J. H. Schmidt, J. N. Scott, H. Yonas, D. O. Okonkwo. Very early hypothermia induction in patients with severe brain injury (the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia II): A randomised trial. The Lancet Neurology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 131–139, 2011.
P. J. D. Andrews, H. L. Sinclair, C. G. Battison, K. H. Polderman, G. Citerio, L. Mascia, B. A. Harris, G. D. Murray, N. Stocchetti, D. K.Menon, H. Shakur, D. De Backer. European society of intensive care medicine study of therapeutic hypothermia (32–35°C) for intracranial pressure reduction after traumatic brain injury (the Eurotherm3235Trial). Trials, 2011.
A. Gibson, P. J. D. Andrews. Therapeutic Hypothermia, Still “Too Cool to be True?”, F1000Prime Reports, 2013.
M. M. Paulides, P. R. Staufffer, E. Neufeld, P. F. Maccarini, A. Kyriakou, R. A. M. Canters, C. J. Diederich, J. F. Bakker, G. C. Van Rhoon. Simulation techniques in hyperthermia treatment planning. International Journal of Hyperthermia, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 346–357, 2013.
P. Prakash, V. A. Salgaonkar, C. J. Diederich. Modelling of endoluminal and interstitial ultrasound hyperthermia and thermal ablation: Applications for device design, feedback control, and treatment planning. International Journal of Hyperthermia, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 296–307, 2013.
Y. H. Chiok, E. Y. K. Ng, V. V. Kulish. Global bioheat model for quick evaluation of the human physiological thermal profiles under differing conditions. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 231–238, 2002.
M. M. Paulides, J. F. Bakker, M. Linthorst, J. van der Zee, Z. Rijnen, E. Neufeld, P. M. T. Pattynama, P. P. Jansen, P. C. Levendag, G. C. van Rhoon. The clinical feasibility of deep hyperthermia treatment in the head and neck: New challenges for positioning and temperature measurement. Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 2465–2480, 2010.
S. Takada, H. Kobayashi, T. Matsushita. Thermal model of human body fitted with individual characteristics of body temperature regulation. Building and Environment, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 463–470, 2009.
J. K. Potocki, H. S. Tharp. Reduced-order modeling for hyperthermia control. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 1265–1273, 1992.
H. Wakamatsu, G. H. Lu. Biothermal model of patient for brain hypothermia treatment. IEEJ Transactions on Electronics Information and Systems, vol. 123, no. 9, pp. 1537–1546, 2003. (in Japanese)
H. Wakamatsu, G. H. Lu. Adaptive control of brain temperature for brain hypothermia treatment using Stolwijk-hardy model. Artificial Life and Robotics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 214–221, 2004.
H. Wakamatsu, T. Wakatsuki, T. Utsuki. Experimental qualification of automatic fuzzy control systems of brain temperature in clinical hypothermia treatment using a human thermal model. Japanese Journal of Clinical Physiology, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 289–296, 2006.
H. Wakamatsu, T. Utsuki, C. Mitaka, K. Ohno. Clinical system engineering of long-term automatic thermal control during brain hypothermia under changing conditions. Technology and Health Care, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 181–201, 2010.
J. H. She, H. Hashimoto, Q. Lei, M. Wu. Construction of reduced-order biothermal model of human body for brain hypothermia. In Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, IEEE, Buzios, Brazil, pp. 952–957, 2015.
H. H. Pennes. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 93–122, 1948.
M. Mattingly, E. A. Bailey, A.W. Dutton, R. B. Rocmer, S. Devasia. Reduced-order modeling for hyperthermia: An extended balanced-realization-based approach. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1154–1162, 1998.
A. J. Laub, M. T. Heath, C. C. Paige, R. C. Ward. Computation of system balancing transformations and other applications of simultaneous diagonalization algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 115–122, 1987.
Math Works. Control System Toolbox TM User’s Guide, Natick, MA, 2015.
K. M. Zhou, J. C. Doyel, K. Glover. Robust and Optimal Control, New York, USA: Prentice Hall, 1996.
B. De Schutter. Minimal state-space realization in linear system theory: An overview. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 121, no. 1–2, pp. 331–354, 2000.
J. W. Ring, R. de Dear, A. Melikov. Human thermal sensation: Frequency response to sinusoidal stimuli at the surface of the skin. Energy and Buildings, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 159–165, 1993.
S. Tanabe, J. Nakano, K. Kobayashi. Development of 65-node thermoregulation-model for evaluation of thermal environment. Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering, vol. 541, pp. 9–16, 2001. (in Japanese)
G. J. Monkman, P. M. Taylor. Thermal tactile sensing. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, vol.9, no. 3, pp. 313–318, 1993.
R. Daghigh, N. M. Adam, B. Saharib. The effect of air exchange rate on human thermal comfort in an airconditioned office under different opening arrangements. European Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 25 no. 2, pp. 174–191, 2009.
K. R. Foster, E. R. Adair. Modeling thermal responses in human subjects following extended exposure to radiofrequency energy. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 2004.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was supported by the JSPS KAKENHI (No. 26350673), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61473313 and 61210011), and Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2015CFA010).
Recommended by Associate Editor Yi Cao
Jinhua She received the B. Sc. degree in engineering from Central South University, China in 1983, and the M. Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in engineering from Institute of Technology, Japan in 1990 and 1993, respectively. In 1993, he joined the School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, where he is currently a professor. He is a member of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers, the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the Asian Control Association. He was the recipient of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) Control Engineering Practice Paper Prize in 1999 (jointly with M. Wu and M. Nakano).
His research interests include application of control theory, repetitive control, process control, internet-based engineering education, and robotics.
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3165-5045
Hiroshi Hashimoto received the Ph.D. degree in science engineering from Waseda University, Japan in 1990. He is currently a professor in the Master Program of Innovation for Design and Engineering, Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology, where he does research on intelligent robots, cybernetic interfaces, vision systems, welfare technology, and elearning. He is a member of the IEEE, the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers (SICE), and the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ).
His research interests include mechatronics and the application of control theory.
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2416-8038
Min Wu received the B. Sc. and M. Sc. degrees in engineering from Central South University, China in 1983 and 1986, respectively, and the Ph. D. degree in engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan in 1999. He was a faculty member of the School of Information Science and Engineering at Central South University from 1986 to 2014, attaining the position of full professor. In 2014, he moved to China University of Geosciences, China, where he is a professor of the School of Automation. He was a visiting scholar with Department of Electrical Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan from 1989 to 1990, and a visiting research scholar with the Department of Control and Systems Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology from 1996 to 1999. He was a visiting professor at the School of Mechanical, Materials, Manufacturing Engineering and Management, University of Nottingham, UK from 2001 to 2002. He is a member of the Chinese Association of Automation and is a senior member of the IEEE. He received the IFAC Control Engineering Practice Prize Paper Award in 1999 (together with M. Nakano and J. She).
His research interests include robust control and its applications, process control, and intelligent control.
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0668-8315
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
She, J., Hashimoto, H. & Wu, M. Reduced-order modeling of human body for brain hypothermia treatment. Int. J. Autom. Comput. 13, 159–167 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-016-0961-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11633-016-0961-y