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Using the variogram for vector outlier screening: application to feature-based image registration

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International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Matching points that are derived from features or landmarks in image data is a key step in some medical imaging applications. Since most robust point matching algorithms claim to be able to deal with outliers, users may place high confidence in the matching result and use it without further examination. However, for tasks such as feature-based registration in image-guided neurosurgery, even a few mismatches, in the form of invalid displacement vectors, could cause serious consequences. As a result, having an effective tool by which operators can manually screen all matches for outliers could substantially benefit the outcome of those applications.

Methods

We introduce a novel variogram-based outlier screening method for vectors. The variogram is a powerful geostatistical tool for characterizing the spatial dependence of stochastic processes. Since the spatial correlation of invalid displacement vectors, which are considered as vector outliers, tends to behave differently than normal displacement vectors, they can be efficiently identified on the variogram.

Results

We validate the proposed method on 9 sets of clinically acquired ultrasound data. In the experiment, potential outliers are flagged on the variogram by one operator and further evaluated by 8 experienced medical imaging researchers. The matching quality of those potential outliers is approximately 1.5 lower, on a scale from 1 (bad) to 5 (good), than valid displacement vectors.

Conclusion

The variogram is a simple yet informative tool. While being used extensively in geostatistical analysis, it has not received enough attention in the medical imaging field. We believe there is a good deal of potential for clinically applying the proposed outlier screening method. By way of this paper, we also expect researchers to find variogram useful in other medical applications that involve motion vectors analyses.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Institute of Health Grants P41-EB015898-09 and P41-EB015902. This work was also supported by the International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN) at the University of Tokyo Institute for Advanced Study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Jie Luo, Sarah Frisken, Ines Machado, Steve Pieper, Prashin Unadkat, Alireza Sedghi, Haoyin Zhou, Alireza Mehrtash, Frank Preiswerk, Cheng-Chieh Cheng, Alexandra Golby & William M. Wells III

  2. Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5 Chome-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan

    Jie Luo & Masashi Sugiyama

  3. Computer Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA

    Miaomiao Zhang

  4. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA

    Polina Golland & William M. Wells III

  5. Ecole de Technologie Superieure, 1100 Rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montreal, H3C 1K3, Canada

    Matthew Toews

  6. Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan

    Masashi Sugiyama

Authors
  1. Jie Luo
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  2. Sarah Frisken
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  3. Ines Machado
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  4. Miaomiao Zhang
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  5. Steve Pieper
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  6. Polina Golland
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  7. Matthew Toews
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  9. Alireza Sedghi
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  10. Haoyin Zhou
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  11. Alireza Mehrtash
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  12. Frank Preiswerk
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  13. Cheng-Chieh Cheng
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  14. Alexandra Golby
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  15. Masashi Sugiyama
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  16. William M. Wells III
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jie Luo.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Cite this article

Luo, J., Frisken, S., Machado, I. et al. Using the variogram for vector outlier screening: application to feature-based image registration. Int J CARS 13, 1871–1880 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-018-1840-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-018-1840-5

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