Abstract
Purpose
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is a widely used technique where operating surgeons alternate between direct vision through minithoracotomy and monitor-aided vision as required. We analyzed surgeons’ line of sight to assess their proficiency at using an optical tracking system with a multifaceted marker device.
Methods
An infrared optical tracking system was developed that is capable of integrating information from a multifaceted marker device and analyzing three-dimensional (3D) dynamic movements including flexion and rotation. Using this system, we analyzed multiple aspects of surgeons’ head poses, thereby indirectly identifying their visual line of sight. A multifaceted device comprising 4 surfaces and 4 markers was constructed and attached to surgeons’ heads. The surgeons’ head motions were tracked using this multifaceted device and videotaped their face while they performed wedge resection. Both data sets were compared.
Results
The system could document 98.5% of surgeons’ head motions, with a high correlation \({(\langle kappa\rangle= 0.935)}\) between data acquired using the multifaceted device and video analysis. An inverse correlation was observed between tumor size and the monitor-viewing time ratio by surgeons in pulmonary wedge resection (R 2 = 0.728).
Conclusion
An optical tracking system with a multifaceted device was able to measure 3D dynamic movements of thoracic surgeons. The associated problems of reflection angle and marker shielding were solved. The utility of this device for analyzing surgeons’ visual line of sight during VATS was established.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rueth NM, Andrade RS (2010) Is VATS lobectomy better: perioperatively, biologically and oncologically?. Ann Thorac Surg 89: S2107–S2111. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.020
Kirby TJ, Mack MJ, Landreneau RJ, Rice TW (1995) Lobectomy-video-assisted thoracic surgery versus muscle-sparing thoracotomy: a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109: 997–1002. doi:10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70326-8
Whitson BA, Groth SS, Duval SJ, Swanson SJ, Maddaus MA (2008) Surgery for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review of the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy approaches to lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 86: 2008–2018. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.07.009
Flores RM, Alam N (2008) Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy (VATS): open thoracotomy and the robot for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 85: 710–715. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.09.055
Nishikawa A, Hosoi T, Koara K, Negoro D, Hikita A, Asano S, Kakutani H, Miyazaki F, Sekimoto M, Yasui M, Miyake Y, Takiguchi S, Monden M (2003) FAce MOUSe: a novel human-machine interface for controlling the position of a laparoscope. IEEE Trans Rob Autom 19: 825–841. doi:10.1109/TRA.2003.817093
Syed FI, Oza AL, Vanderby R, Heiderscheit B, Anderson PA (2007) A method to measure cervical spine motion over extended periods of time. Spine 32: 2092–2098. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e318145a93a
Hüfner T, Meller R, Kendoff D, Zeichen J, Zelle BA, Fu FH, Krettek C (2005) The role of navigation in knee surgery and evaluation of three-dimensional knee kinematics. Oper Tech Orthop 15(1): 64–69. doi:10.1053/j.oto.2004.11.005
Hirai N, Kosaka A, Kawamata T, Hori T, Iseki H (2005) Image-guided neurosurgery system integrating AR-based navigation and open-MRI monitoring. Comput Aided Surg 10: 59–71. doi:10.3109/10929080500229389
Labadie RF, Shah RJ, Harris SS, Cetinkaya E, Haynes DS, Fenlon MR, Juszczyk AS, Galloway RL, Fitzpatrick JM (2005) In vitro assessment of image-guided otologic surgery: submillimeter accuracy within the region of the temporal bone. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132: 435–442. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.09.141
Nishikawa A, Nakagoe H, Taniguchi K, Yamada Y, Sekimoto M, Takiguchi S, Monden M, Miyazaki F (2008) How does the camera assistant decide the zooming ratio of laparoscopic images? Analysis and implementation. Med Image Comput Assist Interv 11: 611–618. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85990-1_73
Blasinski H, Nishikawa A, Miyazaki F (2007) The application of adaptive filters for motion prediction in visually tracked laparoscopic surgery, In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE international conference on robotics and biomimetics (ROBIO2007). Sanya, China, pp 360–365. doi:10.1109/ROBIO.2007.4522188
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsunezuka, H., Kato, D., Terauchi, K. et al. Analysis of surgeon’s line of sight using an optical tracking system with a multifaceted marker device. Int J CARS 6, 803–809 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-011-0565-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-011-0565-5