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Analyzing the co-movement between CO2 emissions and disaggregated nonrenewable and renewable energy consumption in BRICS: evidence through the lens of wavelet coherence

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Abstract

This study investigates the time–frequency nexus of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with economic growth, nonrenewable (i.e., coal, natural gas, and oil), and renewable (i.e., hydro and geothermal) energy consumption. In this context, BRICS countries (namely, Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa), which are leading emerging countries, are included, and quarterly data from 1990/Q1 to 2019/Q4 is used. The study employs the wavelet coherence (WC) approach to explore the co-movement between the variables at different frequencies. The empirical results show that (i) there is a strong and positive co-movement between CO2 emission and economic growth; however, it is weak for Russia and South Africa in the medium and long-term; (ii) coal energy consumption is strongly and positively co-moved with CO2 emission for all BRICS countries; (iii) natural gas energy consumption is strongly and positively co-moved with CO2 emissions in Brazil, India, and China; however, it is weakly and positively co-moved in Russia and South Africa; (iv) oil energy consumption is strongly and positively co-moved with CO2 emissions in Brazil, India, and China; however, it changes a bit for Russia and South Africa; (v) hydro energy consumption is weakly and positively co-moved with CO2 emissions in general, whereas country-based results vary; (vi) geothermal energy consumption is also similar to hydro energy consumption. Thus, the WC results highlight the strong co-movement of economic growth and nonrenewable energy consumption with CO2 emissions, whereas renewable energy consumption has a relatively lower co-movement. Based on the results, policy implications are also discussed for BRICS countries.

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Notes

  1. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/primary-sub-energy-source

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Mersin-10, Turkey

    Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Mehmet Ağa

  2. Strategic Planning, Financial Reporting, and Investor Relations Directorate, Borsa Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey

    Mustafa Tevfik Kartal

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  1. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo
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Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo: the design of the study, conceptualization, methodology, econometric analysis, and writing—original draft; Mehmet Ağa: writing—review and editing; Mustafa Tevfik Kartal: conceptualization, methodology; writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing.

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Adebayo, T.S., Ağa, M. & Kartal, M.T. Analyzing the co-movement between CO2 emissions and disaggregated nonrenewable and renewable energy consumption in BRICS: evidence through the lens of wavelet coherence. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 38921–38938 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24707-w

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