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Recent progress and challenges on the removal of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated soil and water

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A Correction to this article was published on 04 July 2022

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Abstract

Currently, due to an increase in urbanization and industrialization around the world, a large volume of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) containing materials such as aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), protective coatings, landfill leachates, and wastewater are produced. Most of the polluted wastewaters are left untreated and discharged into the environment, which causes high environmental risks, a threat to human beings, and hampered socioeconomic growth. Developing sustainable alternatives for removing PFAS from contaminated soil and water has attracted more attention from policymakers and scientists worldwide under various conditions. This paper reviews the recent emerging technologies for the degradation or sorption of PFAS to treat contaminated soil and water. It highlights the mechanisms involved in removing these persistent contaminants at a molecular level. Recent advances in developing nanostructured and advanced reduction remediation materials, challenges, and perspectives in the future are also discussed. Among the variety of nanomaterials, modified nano-sized iron oxides are the best sorbents materials due to their specific surface area and photogenerated holes and appear extremely promising in the remediation of PFAS from contaminated soil and water.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Change history

Abbreviations

PASF:

Perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride

PFAA:

Perfluoroalkyl acids

PFAS:

Per- and polyfuoroalkyl substances

PFBA:

Perfluorobutanoic acid

PFBS:

Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid

PFCA:

Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids

PFDA:

Perfluorodecanoic acid

PFDoDA:

Perfluorododecanoic acid

PFDS:

Perfluorodecane sulfonic acid

PFHpA:

Perfluoroheptanoic acid

PFHpS:

Perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid

PFHxA:

Perfluorohexanoic acid

PFHxDA:

Perfluorohexadecanoate

PFHxS:

Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid

PFNA:

Perfluorononanoic acid

PFNS:

Perfluorononane sulfonic acid

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoic acid

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid

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Acknowledgements

Italian Agency for Development Cooperation supported this study through the partnerships for knowledge (PFK) program. S. Rtimi thanks the support from the Global Institute for Water, Environment and Health and the access offered by the UOC.

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  1. Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy

    Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye & Mentore Vaccari

  2. Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Shiv Prasad

  3. Global Institute for Water, Environment and Health, CH-1201, Geneva, Switzerland

    Sami Rtimi

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  1. Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye
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TGA and SP: writing first draft; MV and SR: writing—editing last version; SR and MV: supervision.

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Ambaye, T.G., Vaccari, M., Prasad, S. et al. Recent progress and challenges on the removal of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated soil and water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 58405–58428 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21513-2

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