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Factorial Kriging analysis and sources of heavy metals in soils of different land-use types in the Yangtze River Delta of Eastern China

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Abstract

The objectives of this study are to analyse the pollution status and spatial correlation of soil heavy metals and identify natural and anthropogenic sources of these heavy metals at different spatial scales. Two hundred and twenty-four soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected and analysed for eight heavy metals (Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn and Ni) in soils of different land-use types in the Yangtze River Delta of Eastern China. The multivariate methods and factorial Kriging analysis were used to achieve the research objectives. The results indicated that the human and natural effects of different land-use types on the contents of soil heavy metals were different. The Cd, Hg, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils of industrial area were affected by human activities, and the pollution level of these heavy metals in this area was moderate. The Pb in soils of traffic area was affected by human activities, and eight heavy metals in soils of residential area and farmland area were affected by natural factor. The ecological risk status of eight heavy metals in soils of the whole study area was light. The heavy metals in soils showed three spatial scales (nugget effect, short range and long range). At the nugget effect and short range scales, the Cd, Hg, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils were affected by human and natural factors. At three spatial scales, the As, Cr and Ni in soils were affected by soil parent materials.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Special Fund from Ministry of Environmental Protection for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation Project (Grant No. SL32106427) and Yangzhou City Environmental Protection Fund (Grant No. YZHB3210035). The authors thank the China University of Mining and Technology for providing spatial analysis, and thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China

    Jie Zhou

  2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225008, China

    Ke Feng

  3. Qingdao Appraisal Center for Environment and Engineering, Qingdao, 266003, China

    Yinju Li

  4. Aquaculture Technical Extension Station of Dafeng City, Yancheng, 224100, China

    Yang Zhou

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  1. Jie Zhou
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  2. Ke Feng
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  3. Yinju Li
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  4. Yang Zhou
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Correspondence to Ke Feng.

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Responsible editor: Zhihong Xu

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Zhou, J., Feng, K., Li, Y. et al. Factorial Kriging analysis and sources of heavy metals in soils of different land-use types in the Yangtze River Delta of Eastern China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 14957–14967 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6619-z

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